REINWARDTIA
A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY,
PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Vol. 14(1): 1-248, December 23, 2014
Chief Editor
Kartini Kramadibrata (Mycologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Editors
Dedy Darnaedi (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Ecologist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Taxonomist, Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Ecologist, Kagoshima University, Japan)
Jun Wen (Taxonomist, Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA)
Managing Editor
Himmah Rustiami (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih (Taxonomist, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary
Endang Tri Utami
Layout Editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Medi Sutiyatno
Illustrators Subari
Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty
Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION,
RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY- INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER, JLN. RAYA JAKARTA - BOGOR KM 46, CIBINONG 16911, P.O. Box 25 Cibinong
INDONESIA
PHONE (+62) 21 8765066; Fax (+62) 21 8765062 E-MAIL: reinwardtia@mail.lipi.go.id
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2 3
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The Editors would like to thanks all reviewers of volume 14(1):
Abdulrokhman Kartonegoro - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
Altafhusain B. Nadaf - University of Pune, Pune, India
Amy Y. Rossman - Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory USDA-ARS, Beltsville, USA
Andre Schuiteman - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Ary P. Keim - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
Barry Conn - Royal Botanic Gardens National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Dato' Abdul Latiff Mohamad - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Daniel Potter - Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Deby Arifiani - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
Ferry J. W. Slik - University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
Henti H. Rachmat - Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Bogor, Indonesia
Ian M. Turner - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Iskandar Z. Siregar - Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Jay H. Bernstein - Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, New York, USA
Jens G. Rohwer - University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Joan Pereira - SAN Herbarium, Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia
Kuswata Kartawinata - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
Lars H. Schmidt - University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Mark Hughes - Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, UK
Masahiro Kato - Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Nuril Hidayati - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
Ong Poh Teck - Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia
Peter C. van Welzen - National Herbarium Netherlands, Leiden University Branch, Leiden, Netherlands
Reuben Nilus - Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia
Rugayah - Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
Ruth Kiew - Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia
REINWARDTIA
cultivated for their survival. For example,
‘Parai’ (in Dusun Tambunan language) or
Oryza
sativa
(Poaceae) is a staple food for the Dusun
peo-ple in Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. They believed
that
the
plant
has
special
spirit
called
‘Bambarayon’ (Dusun Tambunan). They cultivate
this plant every year and at the end of harvesting
period, they will celebrate to give thanks to God the
creator (‘Kinorohingan’ in Dusun Tambunan
lan-guage) for the abundant harvest and they call it
‘Tadau Kaamatan’ festival or Harvest Festival. A
powerful medicinal plant called ‘Komburongoh’ (in
INTRODUCTION
but most importantly produce oxygen. Nowadays,
ethnobotany is getting more popular when more and
more scientific investigations are done in order to
satisfy the curiosity and the desire to understand the
plants in their surroundings. In countries where
modern medicines are very expensive and difficult
to get, plants are their source as primary healthcare.
There are several reasons on why people still
depend on plants for survival, one of them is
be-cause they are easy to get and cheaper (Ahmad &
Raji, 1991). Besides, plants are main source of
THE ETHNOBOTANY OF DUSUN PEOPLE IN TIKOLOD VILLAGE,
TAMBUNAN DISTRICT, SABAH, MALAYSIA
Received December 16, 2013; accepted June 9, 2014
JULIUS KULIP
Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Locked Bag No. 2073, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kina-balu, Sabah, Malaysia. E-mail: julkulip@ums.edu.my
ABSTRACT
KULIP, J. 2014. The ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia.
Reinwardtia 14 (1): 101 – 121. ― The ethnobotanical studies of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia were conducted from July 25th to 30th, 2011 and from March 9th to 10th, 2012. The result shows that there were 160 species in 62 families of plants used. Among them, there were 83 species (in 36 families) of edible plants, 75 species (in 44 families) were medicines, 12 species (in nine families) were used for constructions and handi-craft and eight species (in six families) were used for musical instruments and animal traps. There were 24 species of plants that have two or more uses. Of the total, 87 species or 54% were native or collected from the natural forest nearby and 73 species or 45% of these plants were exotic (introduced plants). The most commonly used of plant families were Poaceae (Gramineae) with 14 species, followed by Moraceae and Zingiberaceae, with eight species each and Arecaceae (Palmae), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae, with seven species each.
Keywords: Dusun people, ethnobotany, Sabah, Malaysia, Tambunan, Tikolod.
ABSTRAK
KULIP, J. 2014. Studi etnobotani masyarakat Dusun di desa Tikolod, distrik Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia. Reinwardtia
14 (1): 101 –121. ― Studi etnobotani masyarakat Dusun di desa Tikolod, Distrik Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia dilaku-kan dari tanggal 25 - 30Juli 2011 dan pada tanggal 9 - 10 Maret 2012. Hasil studi menunjukkan terdapat 160 jenis tumbuhan dari 62 suku yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Dusun. Terdapat 83 jenis tumbuhan (dari 36 suku) yang dapat dimakan, 75 jenis (dari 44 suku) digunakan sebagai tumbuhan obat, 12 jenis (dari sembilan suku) untuk bahan bangunan dan kerajinan tangan serta delapan jenis (dari enam suku) yang digunakan sebagai alat musik dan perangkap binatang. Terdapat 24 jenis tumbuhan yang mempunyai dua atau lebih kegunaan. Dari total tumbuhan yang didata, se-banyak 87 jenis atau 54% adalah tumbuhan asli atau yang dikumpulkan dari hutan alam yang terdapat di sekitar tempat tinggal masyrakat Dusun serta terdapat 73 jenis atau 45% dari tumbuhan yang dikumpulkan adalah tumbuhan eksotik atau introduksi. Tumbuhan yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan adalah dari suku Poaceae (Gramineae) dengan 14 jenis, diikuti Moraceae dan Zingiberaceae, dengan masing-masing delapan jenis dan Arecaceae (Palmae), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae dan Solanaceae, masing-masing sebanyak tujuh jenis.
REINWARDTIA
102 [VOL.14
Dusun Tambunan language) or
Acorus calamus
(Araceae) is highly regarded as ‘Rusap Tagayo’
among the Dusuns people in Tambunan. When
modern medicines had not reached Tambunan in
early days, they cultivated this plant and used it to
cure sick persons in the village. They even make it
as necklace
and wear them every day to protect
from falling sick and bad spirits.
Malaysia is one of the 12 mega-diversity
countries of the world that together make up about
60% of the world’s known species (Latiff, 2005).
Out of 500.000 identified plants found in the world,
more than 20.000 plant species are found in the wild
in the roughly 19.12 million hectares of rainforest
covering 58.1% of Malaysia’s total land area (Md.
Bakri, 2005). The biodiversity of Malaysia’s
rain-forest is very rich because the rain-forest is a unique
and third largest island in the world, South West of
the Philippines and North of Java. Being the second
largest state in the Federation of Malaysia after
Sarawak, Sabah has a total land area of about 7.4
million hectares whereby more than half of the land
or 4.7 million hectares are forested area that is rich
in biodiversity (Kulip, 2004). A total of 3.21 million
of people was found in Sabah as the result of
Cen-sus 2010 by Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Sabah has 36 groups of native people. Out of these
36 groups, Dusun and Kadazan are the largest
groups comprising 555.647 people or 24.7%, and
are followed by Bajau and Murut with 436.672
people or 19.4% and 100.631 people or 5.3%,
respectively (Dept. Statistics, 2010).
With the presence of various indigenous people
and the large area of forest in Sabah, the interaction
of human beings and plants definitely occurs as
humans always rely on the environment for
survival. It also means that there will be lots of
traditional knowledge which is possessed by them.
The trees and herbaceous plants have been
contri-buting immensely to the livelihood of the native
people in Sabah and always have a connection with
the different cultures of the people. Plants are used
as food, clothing, shelter materials, flavor and
fra-grance, health care preparations, musical
instru-ments, handicraft, spiritual ceremony and so on. In
Sabah only, about 1.300 medicinal plants have been
recorded (Kulip, 2004).
Tambunan District
Tambunan is located in the interior district of
Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. It is about 90 km from
Kota Kinabalu city by road towards east of Sabah.
Geographically, it is a valley. It is surrounded by
mountain ranges
i.e.
Crocker Ranges on the western
side and Trus Madi Ranges on the eastern side. The
distance from Kota Kinabalu city to Tambunan
township is about 90 km by road to the east of
Sabah (Fig. 1). The elevation of Tambunan is
between 500-700 meter above sea level. Most of the
vegetations can be described as either Upper Mix
Dipterocarps forest or Lower Montane forest.
There are several published reports on
ethno-botanical studies which were conducted in
Fig. 1. Map of Sabah showing Tambunan district. (Source: Map Land and Survey Kota
2014] KULIP: The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Sabah, Malaysia 103
Tambunan district previously namely, Kulip &
Matunjau (1992) on bamboos utilizations, Kulip
et.
al.
(2005) on the medicinal plants in Kaingaran
village and Kulip (1996) on medicinal plants and
other useful plants in Tambunan.
The objectives of this study were to document all
traditional useful plants that are or have been used
by the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan
and to name them scientifically.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Locality of study
The studies were conducted in Tikolod village
which is in the district of Tambunan, Sabah,
Malaysia. It is about 10 km towards southern part of
Tambunan town ship.
Malaysia Department Statistics, Tambunan
popula-tion was about 30,529 people, of which the
Tambunan Dusun tribe is the majority. There were
seven sub-tribes, namely Tuwawon, Tagahas,
Tibabar, Bunduh, Gunnah, Palupuh and Kohub, in
the early 20th century but only three sub-tribes,
Tuwawon, Tagahas and Tibabar, are left now (Low,
2006). They cultivate mostly wet padi rice on the
plain and some hill padi rice on hilly and
mountain-ous areas. The people of Tambunan have used a lot
of bamboo resources especially ‘Poring’ bamboo or
Gigantochloa levis,
in their daily lives since the
1800s. This can be seen by the fact that most of the
old houses that are still exist are constructed by
bamboo materials and the western part of
Tambu-nan valley is mostly covered by ‘Poring’ bamboo
vegetation, which is the largest area of ‘Poring’
bamboos plantation in Sabah.
Tikolod village (study site)
Tikolod village is located in the southern part of
Tambunan district, at 05°46’30”N; 116°21’02”E
and is about 500 meters above sea level (Fig. 2).
Tikolod village is almost entirely inhabited by
Dusun people. The majority of them are Christians
(Catholic) but some of the elders are pagan.
According to the Chairman of the Village Security
and Development (JKKK), Mr. Waidi Siwil, the
number of inhabitants was about 600 in 2012. There
were about 83 households in the village and the
average size of the households was 5-8 persons.
People first arrived in the village of Tikolod in
the 1500s (Waidi, pers. comm., 2012). They were
mainly from Kionob, a village in the Penampang
district. Their reason for moving to Tikolod then
was to seek a better livelihood by settling in an area
closer to a market, which is about 10 km from the
‘Tikalod’ in Dusun or a tree species of
Lithocarpus
sp. (Fagaceae). This tree produced nuts which were
eaten by wild boars at that time. The villagers hunt
the wild boars for their meat. Secondly from a
situation whereby one day the village was affected
by a long dry season and the river was dried out.
There was only one source of water left and the
villagers were grabbing or ‘mogisosolod’ with each
other to get the water. Both stories lead to the name
of this village as Tikolod.
Tikolod village (Fig. 3) stretches about 4km
along a narrow valley and is surrounded by rather
large areas of secondary and primary forests and
Fig. 3. View of Tikolod village. Cultivated land with padi, banana and other vegetables. Far behind is secondary forest and newly opened land for planting hill padi (Photo by Julius Kulip 2013).
REINWARDTIA
104 [VOL.14
scattered cultivated fields. Some households have
official native titles to their lands but most have
applied for them and yet to receive them. The
villagers rely mainly on subsistence farming for
their livelihood and most grow wet paddy rice
combined with some cash crop production like
vegetables and ginger. The villagers also practice
shifting cultivation on slopes to plant hill padi rice
around the village where forested areas have been
cut, burned and cultivated for a few years. There is
an official State’s jungle trekking trail named as
change of their forests’ products from Tambunan.
Fallow periods are usually between February and
June. The forest around the village is characterized
by many different stages of succession. Near the
village, most forests are secondary, but farther away
the forests are less disturbed and some have reached
a climax stage akin to that of a primary forest. The
northern most part of the village is located within
the Crocker Range National Park (CRNP). Most of
the households are situated within 60-minute
walk-ing distance from the CRNP.
Data and specimen collections
A Prior Inform Consent (PIC) letter was firstly
sent to the Village Head of Tikolod via People
Development Officer of Tambunan before entering
the village, asking for permission and agreement of
this study to be conducted in Tikolod. Surveys were
conducted to investigate the diversity of resources
being used. There were 13 plant informants
inter-Thadius bin Yongut (66 years), who is producer of
‘Sompoton’ or a bamboo mouth organ.
For each informant, a semi-structured interview
(See Appendix I) at their house compound was
conducted
in
Bahasa
Malaysia
(Malaysian
language) and sometimes was translated into Dusun
language, followed by a forest walk and interview.
The forest walks provided information on forest
products used by the villagers as well as their
gathering sites. During the forest walks, locally
used plants pointed out by the informant but not
known or unidentified were collected, pictured and
made into voucher specimen. Common and easily
identified plants on the field were recorded but not
collected. For each specimen, its local name,
locality (GPS reading), use and application were
recorded. The plant specimens were identified by
the author and some by referring to herbarium
specimens at the Sandakan Herbarium (SAN),
Forest Research Centre, Sepilok, Sabah Forestry
Department, Sandakan. The specimens are now kept
at the Institute for Tropical Biology and
Conserva-tion, Borneensis Herbarium (BORH), Universiti
Malaysia Sabah.
RESULTS
The result shows that there were 160 species in
62 families of plants used by the Dusun in Tikolod
in their everyday life activities. Among them, there
were 83 species of edible plants in 36 families
(Table 1), 75 species were medicines in 44 families
(Table 2) with 37 types of illness documented
(Table 3), 12 species in 9 families were used for
constructions and handicraft (Table 4), and eight
species in six families were used for musical
instru-ments and animal traps
(Table 5). There were 24
species of plants which have two or more uses.
About 87 species or 54% of them were natives or
found from the natural forests nearby and 73 species
or 45% of these plants were exotics (introduced
plants). The most commonly used plant families
were from the Poaceae (Gramineae) family with a
total of fourteen species followed by Moraceae and
Zingiberaceae with eight species each and
Arecaceae (Palmae), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Rutaceae and Solanaceae with seven species each.
‘edible plants’ used here refers to any plant that is
consumed whether as vegetables or fruits. But
sometimes there is no clear botanical distinction
between vegetables and fruits when a fruit is also
consumed as vegetables
eg
. Unripe fruit of
‘Timadang’ or
Artocarpus
odoratissimus
(Moraceae) traditionally cooked with chicken and
served during dinner or it is consumed as vegetable,
but eaten as fruit when it is ripe. The most
commonly consumed families were from the
Cucur-bitaceae family followed by Zingiberaceae,
Ruta-ceae, PoaRuta-ceae, SolanaRuta-ceae, MoraRuta-ceae, AraRuta-ceae,
Leguminosae and Anacardiaceae. The main
catego-ries consumed were fruits, leaves, tendrils and piths.
There were 25 species found in the forest whereby
16 species of them were domesticated.
2014] KULIP: The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Sabah, Malaysia 105
families (Table 2), among the common plants that
were commonly used to treat illnesses were
Justicia
gendarrussa, Blumea balsamifera, Cymbopogon
citratus, Etlingera elatior, Eupathorium odoratum,
Ageratum conyzoides, Psidium guajava
and
Piper
betle.
Most of them were exotics. There were 37
types of illnesses cured by plants in Tikolod (Table
3). Common illnesses were flatulence, cuts and
stomachache. There were two species planted in
large scale, namely
Curcuma domestica
or ‘Kunyit’
and
Zingiber officinale
or ‘Layo’, which were high
in economic value. This village is famous for
producing top quality of these plants for domestic
use as well as for export. Roots and stems were the
most plant parts used. Shrubs and herbs were the
two common habit of plants which were used for
medicines. A question was asked to the Shaman
(Mr. Paulus bin Dandan) on how the Dusun people
know that a plant is medicinal. According to him, it
was ‘trial and error’ method. According to
Mr. Paulus bin Dandan, usually a plant that is
containing medicinal properties will shows some of
these features, for example, the plant is rare (or
found in deep far forest), possess an aromatic or bad
smell, with a unique morphological feature and
showing a bright color. Usually domestic animals
such as dog, cat or chicken will be used to try the
plant first. If the animal is not dead, this means that
the plant is safe and with medicinal value.
Twelve species in nine families were used for
handicraft & construction (Table 5). The most used
species was ‘Tuai’ or
Calamus levis
(Arecaceae)
eight species of plants used frequently when making
a musical instruments in this village. Whereby the
most frequently used plant is ‘Poring’ or
Gigantochloa
levis
(Bambusoideae).
Tikolod
village is famous of being the producer of
‘Sompoton’ musical instrument in Sabah. It is
solely made and tuned by Mr. Thaedius bin Yungot.
To make a ‘Sompoton’, it took five species of
plants. Four of which were forest plants. This means
that if the forest is cleared or gone, the ‘Sompoton’
will also be gone as well! According to Mr.
Thaedius Yungot, it was hard to make a ‘Sompoton’
nowadays because the plant resources were getting
rare and the forests were getting further away.
CONCLUSION
The ethnobotanical studies of the Dusun people
in Tikolod village, Tambunan District, Sabah,
shows that there were 160 species in 62 families of
plants used. Among them, there were 83 species (in
36 families) of edible plants, 75 species (in 44
fami-lies) were medicines, 12 species (in eight famifami-lies)
were used for constructions and handicraft and eight
species (in six families) were used for musical
instruments and animal traps. There were 24 species
of plants that have two or more uses. Of the total,
87 species or 54% were native or collected from the
natural forest nearby and 73 species or 45% of these
plants were exotic (introduced plants). The most
commonly used of plant families were Poaceae
(Gramineae) with 14 species, followed by Moraceae
and Zingiberaceae, with eight species each, and
Ar-ecaceae (Palmae), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Rutaceae and Solanaceae, with seven species each.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost I would like to acknowledge the Institute for Tropical Borneo and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, for granted permission and budget to conduct this study. To Lab Assistants Mr. Johnny Gisil and Boni Jaumin, and to students Hafizah bt. Sunning, Nor Ezani Ahmad, Nur Afifah bt. Mohd. Nasir and Farah Nadiah bt. Omar who helped in field works. This documentation would not be successful without the help of villagers in Tikolod especially to Mr. Waidi Siwil. I appreciate your contribu-tions. Thank you very much.
REFERENCES
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DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA. 2010. Population distribution and basic demographic characteristics. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/ d o w n l o a d _ P o p u l a t i o n / f i l e s / c e n s u s 2 0 1 0 / T a b u r a n _ P e n d u d u k _ d a n _ C i r i -ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf. (Accessed on 5th October 2012).
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(Accessed on 5th October 2012).
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KULIP, J., INDU PETER, J. & MISON R. 2005. Ethno-botanical survey of medicinal plants in the Village of Kaingaran in Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology Conservation 1:71–77.
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MD BAKRI, H. 2005. Felda’s experience in the commer-cialization of herbal products. In: AZHAR MUDA, MOHD. HAMAMI SAHRI, AHMAD SAID SAJAP, FARIDAH QAMARUZ-ZAMAN, NOR AINI AB. SHUKOR, JALIL MD. SOM & I. FARIDAH-HANUM. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Conference on Medicinal Plants. Universiti Putra
No. Species Family Dusun name Uses
1. Artocarpus dadah Moraceae Buruni Handicraft
2. Artocarpus odoratissimus Moraceae Timadang Handicraft & construction
3. Calamus javensis Arecaceae Tuai Handicraft
4. Calamus levis Arecaceae Tuai Handicraft
5. Gigantochloa levis Poaceae Poring Handicraft & Construction
6. Gleichenia linearis Euphorbiaceae NA Handicraft
7. Glochidion sp. Euphorbiaceae NA Construction
8. Metroxylon sagu Arecaceae Sagu Handicraft & Construction
9. Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae NA Handicraft
10. Spatholobus sp. Leguminosae Bingol Handicraft
11. Symplocos sp. Sympocaceae NA Construction
12. Trema orientalis Verbenaceae Ludai Handicraft
No. Dusun Name Botanical Name Musical Product Animal Trap
1. Polod Arenga undulatifolia Sompoton
Bungkau
3. Tambirog Alstonia angustiloba Sundatang
Kulintangan
8. Lampaki Schizostachyum pilosum Sompoton
Turali Bungkau
Tuil Table 5. List of plants for making musical instrument and animal’s trap.
2014] KULIP: The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Sabah, Malaysia 107
No. Type of Illness (Malay/Dusun) Type of illness (English)
1. Ampus Asthma
2. Batuk Cough
3. Bernanah Boils
4. Biri-biri Beri-beri
5. Buang angin dalam badan Flatulence
6. Buang Kurias Anti-dandruff
7. Cirit-birit Diarrhea
8. Deman Fever
9. Dugal Gastritis
10. Gatal di badan Itchy on body
11. Ibu selepas bersalin New mother after gave birth
12. Kanak-kanak tidak dapat tidur Difficult to sleep (Child)
13. Kegagalan buah pinggang Kidney failure
14. Kekejangan otot Muscle cramp
15. Kurangkan padas badan Reducing heat inside body
16. Kurap Ring worm
17. Luka Wound
18. Melancarkan peredaran darah Smooth blood flows
19. Memulihkan tenaga bagi ibu yang baru bersalin To recover energy after gave birth.
20. Mengurangkan lemak Reducing fat
21. Merangsang penggeluaran peluh Induce sweating
22. Penawar racun Antidote
23. Penstabil rahim ibu selepas melahirkan anak Womb stabilizer for new mother after gave birth.
24. Penyakit kuning Jaundice
25. Radang Inflammation
26. Sakit gigi Toothache
27. Sakit kepala Headache
28. Sakit mata Eyesore
29. Sakit perut Stomachache
30. Sakit tulang Bone illness
31. Sakit tulang belakang Back bone illness
32. Selesma Influenza
33. Sariawan mulut Sprue/Thrush
34. Tekanan darah tinggi High blood pressure
1.
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus gangeticus
L.
Sansam
Leaves
and young
stem
Boil to make soup
or stir fry
Herb
1958
2.
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus sessils
(L.) R.Br. ex
DC
3.
Amaryllidaceae
Allium tuberosum
Rottler ex
Spreng.
4.
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera foetida
Lour.
Pahu
Fruits
Unripe fruit cook
as vegetables while
5.
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera indica
L.
Mangga
Fruits
Eaten ripe
Large
Tree
1962
6.
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera odorata
Griff.
Wani
Fruits
Eaten ripe
Large
Tree
1963
7.
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera pajang
Kosterm.
Bambangan
Fruits
Unripe fruit use to
make pickles while
ripe fruit eaten raw.
Tree
1964
8.
Annonaceae
Annona muricata
L.
Lampun
belanda
Fruits
Unripe fruit cooked
as vegetables while
ripe fruit eaten raw.
Medium-11.
Apiaceae
Eryngium foetidum
L.
Rumput tabug
Leaves
near root
Boil and eat with
chili or stir fry
Herb
1968
12.
Araceae
Alocasia esculenta
(L.) Schott.
Guol
Petiole,
pith and
2
15. Araceae Schismatoglottis ahmadii A. Hay Dukaruk Stem and
petiole
Boil or stir fry Herb 1973
16. Arecaceae Areca catechu L. Lugus Fruits Slice into smaller
pieces and wrap with
Piper (Daing) leaves.
Palm tree 1974
17. Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. Piasau Fruits, pith
and flower buds.
Pith is boil, water inside the fruit can be drink as well as the water in flower bud can be use to make Coconut wine or
‘tuak’
Palm tree 1975
18. Asteraceae Cosmos caudatus Kunth. - Leaves Eaten raw with chili
mixture (Sambal).
Herb 1976
19. Asteraceae Crassosephalum crepidioides
(Benth.) S. Moore.
Koyundou Young
shoot
Eaten raw with chili mixture (Sambal) or stir fry.
Herb 1977
20. Basellaceae Basella rubra L. Gemputa Leaves Eaten raw with chili
mixture (Sambal) or stir fry.
Herb 1978
21. Blechnaceae Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd.
22. Bombacaceae Durio zibenthinus Murray Ratu Fruits Eaten ripe. Large
Tree
1980
23. Brasicaceae Brasica juncea L. Czern. Sayur pahit Leaves,
stem & flower
Boil to make soup or stir fry
Herb 1981
24. Brasicaceae Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Sayur Hongkong
25. Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus L. Merr. Puntibangai Fruits Unripe fruit is cooked
as vegetables while ripe fruit is eaten raw.
Herb 1983
26. Butomaceae Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau Tayaan Sanda-kan chili mixture or stir fry
Herb 1984
tables while ripe is fruit eaten raw.
Shrub 1985
28. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Kangkung Leaves and
stem
Boil to make soup or stir fry
Herb 1986
29. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas L. Lam. Kasou Tuber and
leaves
Tuber is boiled while leaves can be cook as vegetables.
Herb 1987
30. Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida Thunb. Tonsomon Leaves and
fruits
Boil as soup or stir fry
Herb 1988
31. Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima Duch. Tawadak Leaves,
fruits and young stem
Unripe fruits cook as vegetables and also use to make cake while leaves and young stem cook as vegetables
Climber 1989
32. Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
Tou Fruits Boil or fry Climber 1990
33. Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus L. Sangop Fruits and
leaves
Boil or stir fry Climber 1991
34. Cucurbitaceae Luffa cylindrical M. Roem Kosula Fruits Boil or stir fry Climber 1992
35. Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. Kuinsung Fruits and
leaves
Boil or stir fry Climber 1993
36. Cucurbitaceae Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Sangop Jepun Fruits, young leaves and shoot
Boil or stir fry Climber 1994
37. Dracaenaceae Dracaena sp. Lempayau var.
green leaves
Stem Boil or stir fry Shrub 1995
38. Drypteridaceae Diplazium esculantum (Retz. Sw.) Pakis Leaves and stem
Boil or stir fry Fern 1996
39. Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculanta Crantz. Mundok Leaves and
tubers
Leaves are boil and eat as salad while tubers are boil and eaten directly.
Shrub 1997
40. Euphorbiaceae Sauropus androgynus Merr. Sayur manis Leaves and stem
Boil or stir fry Herb 1998
2
soil on its outer part and eaten directly
42. Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Kasang pindik Fruits Fry or cook with other
dishes
43. Fabaceae Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC. Nambaril Fruits Eaten raw with chili
mix-ture
44. Fabaceae Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruw. Balatung Fruits and
leaves
Boil or fry
45. Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L. Siwot Leaves Cook together with meat
46. Lauraceae Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex. Blume Keningau Bark Food flavour
47. Lauraceae Persea Americana Mill. Buah lemak Fruits Eaten ripe
48. Liliaceae Allium ampeloprassum L. Ding Bawang Shoots, bulb
and stem
Boil or stir fry
49. Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Correa Lansat Fruits Eaten raw when come to its
season
50. Moraceae Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume Togop Fruits Unripe fruits cooked as
vegetables while ripe one eaten raw
51. Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangko Fruits Unripe fruits cooked as
vegetables while ripen one eaten raw
52. Moraceae Artocarpus integer Spreng. Pulutan Fruits Unripe fruits cooked as
vegetables while ripe one eaten raw
53. Moraceae Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco. Timadang Fruits Unripe fruits cooked as
vegetables while ripe one eaten raw
54. Musaceae Musa sp. Puntiruk Fruits, pith,
unopened in-florescence
Unripe fruits cooked as vegetables while ripen one eaten raw. Unopened inflo-rescence also cooked with chili mixture. Pith is boiled as soup.
55. Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Kaliabas Fruits Eaten ripe Tree 2015
56. Oxalidaceae Averrhoa bilimbi L. Burilan Fruits Eaten ripe or used to
make chili mixture.
Tree 2016
57. Piperaceae Piper betle L. Daing Leaves Wrap the betle nut. Climber 2017
58. Piperaceae Piper umbellatum L. Kuyoh Leaves Cook with fish or
wrap the fish then roast
Climber 2018
59. Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex. J.C. Wendl.
Sokoh Pith Slice and boil or add
with salted fish or others
Shrub 2019
60. Poaceae Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Segumau Stem Slice or mash the
basal stem and then added in dishes as flavor.
Herb 2020
61. Poaceae Oryza sativa L. Parai Fruits Fruits are dried until
the outer part open by itself
64. Polygonaceae Polygonum odoratum Lour. Daun Kesum Leaves Added in dishes as
flavor.
Herb 2024
65. Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Tayaan Stem and flower
Boil or fry. Herb 2025
66. Rutaceae Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle
Kolopis fruits Flavour Tree 2026
67. Rutaceae Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Lemon fruits Squeeze in dishes or
chili mixture.
Tree 2027
68. Rutaceae Citrus limon var. ponderosa Limau bubudan fruits Squeeze in dishes or
chili mixture.
Tree 2028
69. Rutaceae Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Worung fruits Eaten ripe Tree 2029
2
70. Rutaceae Citrus reticulata Blanco. Limau manis fruits Squeeze in dishes or
chili mixture.
Tree 2031
71. Rutaceae Citrus microcarpa Bunge. Limau manis fruits Eaten ripe Tree 2032
72. Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceum L. Rangalau fruits Eaten ripe when
come to its season
Tree 2033
73. Solanaceae Capsicum sp. Lalangangon Fruits Mixed with other
dishes
Shrub 2034
74. Solanaceae
Capsicumannuum L.
Penderoi Fruits Mixed with other
dishes
Shrub 2035
75. Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Tambatus Fruits Boil, stir fry or added
with other dishes
Shrub 2036
76. Solanaceae Solanum melongena L. Binterung Fruits Boil or stir fry Shrub 2037
77. Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L. Tutan Leaves and
stem
Boil or stir fry Shrub 2038
78. Zingiberaceae Alpinia galanga Willd. Lengkuas Rhizome Added in dishes Shrub 2039
79. Zingiberaceae Etlingera coccinea (Blume.) S.Sakai & Ngam. Tuhau Pith Slice / crunch, mix with chili & eaten raw as salad.
Shrub 2040
80. Zingiberaceae Etlingera elatior (Jack.) R.M. Smith. Topu Flower and
fruits
Flower is boiled to make soup while fruit used to make chili mixture.
Shrub 2041
81. Zingiberaceae Hornstedtia scyphifera Steud. Tolidus Fruits Eaten raw Shrub 2042
82. Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Roscoe Layo Rhizome Mix with other dishes Herb 2043
No. Scientific Name Dusun Name Symptoms Of
Ill-ness
Part used Preparation Voucher
specimens No. (BORH)
Family Species
1.
Acanthaceae Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. Tembiau Tara-gangFlatulence Leaves Boil 2 branches of leaves and
mix with ‘Tawawoh’,
‘Kaliabas’, ‘Limau’, ‘Kebong’, ‘Segumau’ and use for bath
twice a day
Misai kucing Reduce fats and kidney failure
Leaves Boil to make tea. 20g or 7 leaves (under 1 year old) or 20- 25 leaves (1 year and above old)
1829
3.
Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Longugantara-gang
New swell ulcer Stem Scrap and crush to get the sap and apply
1830
4.
Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Kebong Biri- biri Entire plant 2 plants per boil and use for bath2x a day
1831
5.
Anacardiaceae Pegia sarmentosa(Lecomte) Hand.-Mazz.
Ampan Cuts Shoot Crush 4 shoots and mix with
‘Daing’ and apply 1861
6.
Annonaceae Uvaria sp. Kalawit Cough Stem Sap from stem is mixed with‘Lipoi’, ‘Babas’ and ‘Lias’ then
drink
1832
7.
Apocynaceae Alstonia spathulata Blume Tembirog Cuts (human or ani-mal)Stem Cut the stem and apply the latex until cover the cut
1833
8.
Araliaceae Schefflera nervosa (King) R.Vig.Miang palat Paralyze (baby) Young leaves Boil 7 branches of young leaves
and mix with ‘Sileu’ and ‘Pako dita’ then use for bath 2- 3x a
10.
Arecaceae/ Palmae Caryota mitis Lour. Botu Post partum Pith Boil 200g to make porridge andeat twice a day or boil with
‘Segumau’ and ‘Tembiau tara-gang’ then use for bath twice a
day
2
Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.
Tawawoh Cooling body
(mother after child-birth) and Flatulence (awingkat)
Root Boil 200g and mix with
‘Wallng’, Salinatat, Talinting,
Pako dita and Dalai then use for bath twice a day.
1837
12.
Asteraceae/ Compo-sitaeElephantopus mollis Kunth Saraman Diarrhea (1 year
above)
Toothache
Root
Inner stem
Boil to make tea, 1 spoon twice a day
Heat and apply
1838
13.
Asteraceae / Com-positeChromolaenaodorata (L.)
R.M.King & H.Rob.
Rumput Malay-sia
Cuts and old wounds
Young stem Crush and apply as decoction 1839
14.
Blechnaceae Blechnum orientale L. Dudugau Ulcer Shoot Crush and apply as decoction 184015. Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Tapayas Flatulence
(awingkat)
Root Mix 2 roots with ‘Gapas’ and
‘Tawadak’ then crush and boil to
make tea
1841
16. Connaraceae Cnetis sp. Lingem Cough &
Stomach-ache
Stem Drink 1-2 spoons the sap from stem that mix with Tambar twice a day
1956
17. Convovulaceae Merremiapeltata (L.) Merr. Babas Stomachache and Flatulence (awingkat)
Stem Sap from stem mix with ‘Lipoi’
then drink 1842
18. Costaceae Cheilocostusspeciosus
(J.Koenig) C.D.Specht
Tongkur- ongkur Stabilizing uterus after childbirth
Flower Crush and low heat then apply
on abdomen 3x a day 1843
19. Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo L. Tawadak (labu) Flatulence (awingkat)
Root Mix with ‘Tapayas’ and ‘Gapas’
then crush and boil to make tea 1844
20. Cyperaceae Cyperus sp. Wallang Jaundice (3 month
child)
Root Boil and mix with Tong gilu-pang and use for bath twice a day
1845
21. Dilleniaceae Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr.
Tambar Cough Stem Drink the sap from stem 1846
22. Euphorbiaceae Homalanthuspopulneus
(Geiseler) Pax
Dayang mato Muscle cramp (karas)
Root Boil 200g to make tea 1847
23. Euphorbiaceae Jatrophacurcas L. Jarak Cuts Young leaves
and latex from bark
Crush and apply and rub the
latex on the cuts 1848
24. Euphorbiaceae Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Müll.Arg.
Dauk Cuts and scabies Young leaves Crush and apply 1849
25. Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus urinaria L. Piasau-piasau High blood pressure and no energy
Entire plant Boil 5 plants to make tea. Drink 2- 4 spoons (adult) or 1 spoon (child), 3x a day
Flacourtiaceae Bischofia javanica Blume Tungo Blood circulation
Stomachache and Diarrhea
Bark
Shoot
Boil to make tea or use for bath
Adult: crush and eat
Child: crush, filter and drink
1852
27. Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia truncate (Willd.) Spreng.
Laputong Eyesore Stem Break to get the sap and apply
on morning and evening, 4 stem per use
1853
28. Hypoxidaceae Molinerialatifolia (Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton) Herb. ex Kurz.
Tambaka Cough Root Boil 100g to make tea and drink
twice a day
1854
29. Lamiaceae Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Kambing- kambing
Cuts Leaves Crushed 100g and apply 1855
30. Lauraceae Litsea sp.1 Lamou-lamou Cuts and scabies Stem Scrap the stem and apply 1856
31. Lauraceae Litsea sp.2 Sileu Flatulence
(awingkat)
Shoot Boil 4 shoots and mix with
‘Segumau’, ‘Tawawoh’ and ‘Limau’ and use for bath twice a
day
1857
32. Lauraceae Litsea sp.3 Sesulang kupes New boils Shoot Crush & apply 1957
33. Leguminosae
Sennaalexandrina Mill.
Gombirong Ringworm Young leaves Crush 100g and apply only on
evening
1858
34. Leguminosae Dismodium sp. Rupe-rupet Flu Young leaves Crush 4-7 leaves (child) or 7-10
leaves (adult), filter and drink 3x a day
1859
35. Leguminosae Spatholobus sp. Belohu Cough and Diarrhea Stem Mix the sap with ‘Kalawit’ then
drink
1860
36. Leguminosae Urena lobata L. Tong gilupang Jaundice (3 month
child)
Root Boil and mix with Wallang and
use for bath twice a day 1862
37. Leguminosae Vignaunguiculata (L.) Walp.
38. Liliaceae Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. Lepi-lepi Headache Younf leaves Crush 6-12 leaves and apply 2-3
a day
1875
39. Loganiaceae Fagraea cuspidate Blume Todopon puwok Fever Root Crush 500g and boil then use for
bath twice a day
1864
40. Marantaceae Donax canniformis
(G.Forst.) K.Schum.
Lias Cough Stem Drink the sap from stem that mix
with Tambar and drink 10 ml or 1 spoon 2-3x a day
1865
41.
Malvaceae Gossypium sp. Gapas Flatulence
(awingkat)
Root Mix with ‘Tapayas’ and
‘Tawadak’ then crush and boil to
make tea
2
42. Menispermaceae Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. Tapa buawang Fever and Headache Stem Crush 5g and boil with
‘Wallang’, ‘Kalipapa’ and
‘Dauk’ and use for bath 1867
43. Moraceae Ficus sp. Togungkorup Cuts Stem Crush and apply with the stem
sap
1868
44. Moraceae Ficus septica Burm.f. Lintotobou
tara-gang (minimum) or 1 bottle/ 100g (maximum)
1869
45. Myrsinaceae Embelia sp. Sowolikan Stomachache Young leaves Adult: crush and eat
Child: crush, filter and drink
1870
46. Myrsinaceae Maesa sp.
Sumping-sumping
Headache Young leaves Crush 6-12 leaves and apply 2-3 a day
1894
47. Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Kaliabas Diarrhea
Diarrhea and stom-achache
Root
Young leaves
Boil 100g to make tea
Crush 2-3 leaves, filter and drink
1871
48. Phyllanthaceae Sauropus androgynous (L.) Merr.
Totopus teropuk Cuts (bleeding) Young leaves Crush and apply on the cut. 1851
49. Piperaceae Piperumbellatum L. Kuyoh Boils inside ear Fruit Break the fruit to produce the
latex and apply twice a day for 4 days
1872
50. Piperaceae Piper betle L. Daing (sirih) Stomachache and
bones pain (knee)
Leaves Crush and mix with ‘Layo
tapo-rak’ and apply once a day 1873 51. Pittosporaceae Pittosporum ferrugenium
W.T.Aiton
Mensaipang Bones pain and Back pain
Root Boil 200g and use for bath twice a day
1874
52. Poaceae Cymbopogoncitratus (DC.)
Stapf
Segumau Flatulence
(awingkat) and fever
Root and stem Boil the plant about 20g. Inhale
the vapour (“Bertangas”) until
sweating once a day
1876
53. Poaceae Dinochloa sublaevigata S. Dransf.
Wadan Stomachache and
Flatulence
Paka (lalang) Mouth thrush (kabangan) for 10 year above
Rhizomes Crush and drink 2 small spoons.
1878
55.
Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum P. J.
Bergius
Talinting Bones pain Root Boil 50g and mix with
‘Kalipapa’ and ‘Tangilagot’ then
used for bath 2-3 a day
56. Poaceae Thysanolaena latifolia
(Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda
Togiung Flu (tobat logoun) Stem Eat 4 stems 3x a day before or
after eat 1880
57. Polygalaceae Polygala paniculata L. Bunga tali-tali Flatulence (awingkat)
Entire plant Boil and use for bath twice a day 1881
58. Poaceae M i s c a nt hu s f l o r idu l u s
(Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.
Bidau Cooling body and
Flatulence (awingkat)
Root Boil 100g and use for bath twice
a day 1882
59. Rubiaceae Neonauclea gigantean
(Valeton) Merr.
Mahitap Diarrhea and
Stom-achache
Mouth thrush
Bark
Young leaves
Crush 400g and add water and drink
Eat the gum
1883
60. Rutaceae Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Limau Cannot give out
sweat
Leaves Boil 2 branches and mix with
‘Segumau’, ‘Tawawoh’, ‘Kebong’ and ‘Kalipapa’ and
use for bath 2-3 a day
1884
61. Rutaceae Micromelum sp. Paw Flatulence Root Boil 2-4 plant roots and mix
with ‘Tawawoh’, ‘Gasing’ and
‘Wallang’ 1885
62. Scorphulariaceae Scrophularia sp. Mata-mata Asthma Entire plant Boil the plant 2-4 plants. Inhale
the vapour (“Bertangas”) until
sweating twice a day
1886
63. Simaroubaceae Eurycomalongifolia Jack Timuh Gastric Root Boil to make tree. Drink 1 spoon
3x a day
Capsicumannuum L.
Lado Burns and hot water Shoot Crush and mix with water then
apply
1889
66. Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L. Tutan Anorexia for child Root Boil 1 inch or 50g to make tea
and drink twice a day
1890
67. Solanaceae Solanum torvum Sw. Bintorung talun Fever Root Boil 100g and mix with
‘Tawawoh’ and use for bath2-3 a
69. Verbenaceae Alphitonia sp. Pako dita Itchy Young leaves
Stem
Boil 4 leaves and mix with
‘Sileu’ and use for bath
Scrap the bark and apply
2
70. Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
(L.) Vahl
Sugandap Antidote Entire plant Crush to make tea and drink 2
spoons once a day
1895
71. Verbenaceae Vitexpinnata L. Kalipapa Bloody Diarrhea Root Boil 300g to make tea and drink
3x a day after eat
1896
72. Vitaceae Tetrastigma sp. Torumun-dakon Toothache
Anti dandruff and boils on head
Young stem
Crush and apply on teeth
Crush and apply on head
1897
73. Zingiberaceae Curcumalonga L. Kunyit Jaundice Stem
Rhizomes
Boil 200g and use for bath
Apply on head
1898
74. Zingiberaceae Etlingerabrevilabrum
(Valeton) R. M. Sm.
Sibu Cuts (bleeding) Root Crush and apply 1899
75. Zingiberaceae Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm.
Topu (bunga kantan)
Flatulence Young leaves Boil 2-4 leaves and mix with
‘Tawawoh’, ‘Kaliabas’, ‘Limau’, ‘Kebong’, ‘Segumau’ and ‘Tembiau taragang’ use for bath
twice a day
1954
76. Zingiberaceae Zingiber officianale Roscoe Layo taporak (halia putih)
Cooling body and post partum
Rhizomes Boil 100g and mix with chicken
and drink twice a day 1955
REINWARDTIA
120 [VOL.14
Appendix 1. Some photographs of the ethnobotanical plants in Tikolod village.
1. Medicinal plants
2. Edible plants
(a). Raw materials eg. leaves of (A) Topu or Etlingera elatior, (B) Kaliabas or Psidium guava, (C) Segumau or
Cymbopogon citratus, (D) Kebong or Saurauia sp., (E) Limau or Citrus aurintifolia, (F) Tawaweh or Blumea balsamifera and (G) Tembiau Taragang or Justicia gen-darussa.
(b) Extracted eg. tea prepared (A) “Tubat Onginan” for
flatulence and fever (for bathing), (B) “Tubat Dayang Mato” for muscle cramp (for drinking), (C) “Tubat Tawak” for back pain (for drinking), (D) “Tubat Totud” for knee (for plastering), (E) “Tubat Kupes” for boils (for plastering) and (F) “Tubat Owingkat” for newly
mothers (for drinking).
(a). Forest vegetables/greens (A) Mangga or Mangifera indica, (B) Toonsomon or Cucurbitaceae, (C) Tayaan or Limnocharis flava, (D) Polod or Arenga undulatifo-lia, (E) Kangkung or Ipomea aquatica, (F) Lemiding or
Stenochalena palustris, (G) Sokoh Tombotuon or
Schizostachyum lima and (H) Wongian or Macaranga
sp. (This is not a vegetable but is used to warp cooked rice).
2014] KULIP: The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Sabah, Malaysia 121
3. Musical instruments and traps
Various type of traps and local musical instruments.
(A) “Bubu” or Fish trap; (B) “Sodik” or small mammals trap;
(C) “Tongkungon” or Bamboo guitar; (D) “Tongkubong” or Bamboo Xylophone; (E) “Turali” or Nose flute; (F & (H) “Suling” or mouth flute; (G) “Bungkau” ; (I) “Babanggu”, (J) “Sompoton or mouth organ; (K) “Togunggak”.
(b) A ‘Sompoton’ musical instrument play by Mr. Thaedius
Yungot.
4. Constructions
A bamboo house.
4. Handycraft
“Sirung” or Hat and “Wakid” or backpack made by
REINWARDTIA
122 [VOL.14
INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS
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REINWARDTIA
Vol. 14. No. 1.2014
CONTENTS
PageABDULROKHMAN KARTONEGORO & DANIEL POTTER. The Gesneriaceae of Sulawesi VI: the species from Mekongga Mts. with a new species of Cyrtandra described 1
LIM CHUNG LU & RUTH KIEW. Codonoboea (Gesneriaceae) sections in Peninsular Malaysia 13
WISNU H. ARDI, YAYAN W. C. KUSUMA, CARL E. LEWIS, ROSNIATI A. RISNA, HARRY WIRIADINATA, MELISSA E. ABDO & DANIEL C. THOMAS. Studies on Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Molucca Islands I: Two new species from Halmahera, Indonesia, and an updated description of Begonia holosericea 19
YUZAMMI, JOKO R. WITONO & WILBERT L. A. HETTERSCHEID. Conservation status of Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. (Araceae) in Java, Indonesia 27
MOHAMMAD F. ROYYANI & JOENI S. RAHAJOE. Behind the sacred tree: local people and their natural resources sustainabil-ity 35
FIFI GUS DWIYANTI, KOICHI KAMIYA & KO HARADA. Phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species, Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. F. (Dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers 43
SACHIKO NISHIDA & HENK VAN DER WERFF. Do cuticle characters support the recognition of Alseodaphne, Nothaphoebe and Dehaasia as distinct genera? 53
NURUL AMAL LATIFF, RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI & FAIZAH METALI. Nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habi-tats in Brunei Damssalam 67
NURUL HAZLINA ZATNI & RAHAYU SUKMARIA SUKRI. The diversity and abundance of ground herbs in lowland mixed Dipterocarp forest and heath forest in Brunei Darussalam 73
MUHAMMAD AMIRUL AIMAN AHMAD JUHARI, NORATNI TALIP, CHE NURUL ATNI CHE AMRI & MOHAMAD RUZI ABDUL RAHMAN. Trichomes morphology of petals in some species of Acanthaceae 79
DIAN ROSLEINE, EIZI SUZUKI, ATIH SUNDAWIATI, WARDI SEPTIANA & DESY EKAWATI. The effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia 85
JULIUS KULIP. The Ethnobotany of the Dusun people in Tikolod village, Tambunan district, Sabah, Malaysia 101
PETER O'BYRNE. On the evolution of Dipodium R. Br 123
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