Elemen Sensor Karakteristik Dasar Identifikasi Karakteristik Sensor

(1)

SISTEM PENGUKURAN

2 : ELEMEN DAN KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR

Dr. Yeffry Handoko Putra, S.T, M.T

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KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR

ISI KULIAH

Elemen Sensor

Karakteristik Dasar

(2)

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ELEMEN SENSOR

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60

60 Elemen Sensor

Domain elemen sensor

material

energi

Material

Silicon

Plastik

Metal

Keramik

Glass

Biological

substance

Energi

Elektrik

Magnetik

Termal

Akustik

Optik

(3)

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61

61 Stimulus

Stimulus

Mekanik Radiasi Kimia Magnetik Magnetik _Termal Elektrik

Sensor

output

signal

measurand

Sensor

output

signal

measurand

power

supply

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Transduction effect

(4)

SISTEM PENGUKURAN

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K A R A K T E R IS T IK S E N S O R

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SISTEM PENGUKURAN

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(5)

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65

65 Sensing constraints

Sensing constraints

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Radiant Sensors

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radiant Sensors

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible Spectrum

(6)

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67

67 Radiant Sensors

Radiant Sensors

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Light Sensors

• Photodiodes

• Phototransistor

• Photoresistors

• Cooled Detectors

• Thermal Detectors

• Golay Cells

• Thermopile Sensors

• Pyroelectric Sensors

• Bolometers

• Active Far-Infrared Sensors

• Gas Flame Detectors

Light Sensors

• Photodiodes

• Phototransistor

• Photoresistors

• Cooled Detectors

• Thermal Detectors

• Golay Cells

• Thermopile Sensors

• Pyroelectric Sensors

• Bolometers

• Active Far-Infrared Sensors

• Gas Flame Detectors

Radiation Sensors

• Scintillating Detectors

• Ionization Detectors

• Ionization Chambers

• Proportional Chambers

• Geiger–Müller Counters

• Semiconductor Detectors

Radiation Sensors

• Scintillating Detectors

• Ionization Detectors

• Ionization Chambers

• Proportional Chambers

• Geiger–Müller Counters

• Semiconductor Detectors

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68

68 Mechanical Sensors

Mechanical Sensors

Occupancy and Motion Detectors

• Ultrasonic Sensors

• Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors

• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors

Occupancy and Motion Detectors

• Ultrasonic Sensors

• Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors

• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors

Position, Displacement, and Level

• Potentiometric Sensors

• Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors

• Inductive and Magnetic Sensors • LVDT and RVDT

• Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors • Optical Sensors

• Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors

• Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD) • Ultrasonic Sensors

• Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-Penetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

Position, Displacement, and Level

• Potentiometric Sensors

• Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors

• Inductive and Magnetic Sensors • LVDT and RVDT

• Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors • Optical Sensors

• Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors

• Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD) • Ultrasonic Sensors

• Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-Penetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

(7)

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69

69 Mechanical Sensors

Mechanical Sensors

Velocity and Acceleration

• Capacitive Accelerometers

• Piezoresistive Accelerometers

• Piezoelectric Accelerometers

• Thermal Accelerometers

• Heated-Plate Accelerometer

• Heated-Gas Accelerometer

• Gyroscopes

• Rotor Gyroscope

• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes

• Optical Gyroscopes

Velocity and Acceleration

• Capacitive Accelerometers

• Piezoresistive Accelerometers

• Piezoelectric Accelerometers

• Thermal Accelerometers

• Heated-Plate Accelerometer

• Heated-Gas Accelerometer

• Gyroscopes

• Rotor Gyroscope

• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes

• Optical Gyroscopes

Force, Strain, and Tactile Sensors

• Strain Gauges

• Tactile Sensors .

• Piezoelectric Force Sensors

Force, Strain, and Tactile Sensors

• Strain Gauges

• Tactile Sensors .

• Piezoelectric Force Sensors

Pressure Sensors

• Mercury Pressure Sensor

• Piezoresistive Sensors

• Capacitive Sensors .

• VRP Sensors

• Optoelectronic Sensors

• Vacuum Sensors

• Pirani Gauge

• Ionization Gauges

• Gas Drag Gauge

Pressure Sensors

• Mercury Pressure Sensor

• Piezoresistive Sensors

• Capacitive Sensors .

• VRP Sensors

• Optoelectronic Sensors

• Vacuum Sensors

• Pirani Gauge

• Ionization Gauges

• Gas Drag Gauge

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Mechanical Sensors

Flow Sensors

• Thermal Transport Sensors

• Ultrasonic Sensors

• Electromagnetic Sensors

• Microflow Sensors

• Breeze Sensor

• Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors

• Drag Force Flow Sensors

Flow Sensors

• Thermal Transport Sensors

• Ultrasonic Sensors

• Electromagnetic Sensors

• Microflow Sensors

• Breeze Sensor

• Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors

• Drag Force Flow Sensors

Acoustic Sensors

• Resistive Microphones

• Condenser Microphones

• Fiber-Optic Microphone

• Piezoelectric Microphones

• Electret Microphones

• Solid-State Acoustic Detectors

Acoustic Sensors

• Resistive Microphones

• Condenser Microphones

• Fiber-Optic Microphone

• Piezoelectric Microphones

• Electret Microphones

(8)

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71

71 Temperature Sensors

Temperature Sensors

• Thermoresistive Sensors

• Resistance Temperature

• Silicon Resistive Sensors

• Thermistors

• NTC Thermistors

• Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors

• PTC Thermistors

• Thermoelectric Contact Sensors

• Semiconductor P-N Junction Sensors

• Optical Temperature Sensors

• Fluoroptic Sensors

• Interferometric Sensors

• Thermochromic Solution Sensor

• Acoustic Temperature Sensor

• Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors

• Thermoresistive Sensors

• Resistance Temperature

• Silicon Resistive Sensors

• Thermistors

• NTC Thermistors

• Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors

• PTC Thermistors

• Thermoelectric Contact Sensors

• Semiconductor P-N Junction Sensors

• Optical Temperature Sensors

• Fluoroptic Sensors

• Interferometric Sensors

• Thermochromic Solution Sensor

• Acoustic Temperature Sensor

• Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors

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72

72 Magnetic Sensors

Magnetic Sensors

Direct Sensors

• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors • ChemFET

• Electrochemical Sensors • Potentiometric Sensors • Conductometric Sensors • Amperometric Sensors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors • Elastomer Chemiresistors

Direct Sensors

Complex Sensors

• Thermal Sensors • Pellister Catalytic Sensors • Optical Chemical Sensors • Mass Detector

• Biochemical Sensors • Enzyme Sensors

Complex Sensors

Humidity and Moisture Sensors

• Capacitive Sensors

• Electrical Conductivity Sensors • Thermal Conductivity Sensor • Optical Hygrometer

• Oscillating Hygrometer

Humidity and Moisture Sensors

(9)

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73 Chemical Sensors

Chemical Sensors

Direct Sensors

Complex Sensors

Humidity and Moisture Sensors

• Oscillating Hygrometer

Humidity and Moisture Sensors

• Electrical Conductivity Sensors • Thermal Conductivity Sensor • Optical Hygrometer • Oscillating Hygrometer

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KARAKTERISTIK

SENSOR

Karakteristik STATIK

Karakteristik DINAMIK

(10)

SISTEM PENGUKURAN

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SISTEM PENGUKURAN

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(11)

SISTEM PENGUKURAN

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SISTEM PENGUKURAN

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P

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(12)

SISTEM PENGUKURAN

7

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9 P

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SISTEM PENGUKURAN

8

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0 A

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E

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(13)

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81

81 Rentang Input & Output

RANGE

Input Range

Rentang nilai antara input minimum dan input maksimum

Misal : Input range suatu transduser tekanan 0 s/d 10

4

Pa

Output Range

Rentang nilai antara output minimum dan output maksimum

Misal : Output range suatu transmitter 4 s/d 20 mA

Input range : 0 s/d 10

4

_Pa

Output range : 4 s/d 20 mA

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Span

SPAN

Variasi maksimum input atau output suatu sistem

pengukuran

Input Span = Input

_max

– Input

_min

Output Span = Output

max

– Output

min

Contoh

Suatu Pressure Transmitter memiliki span sebagai berikut

Input Span = 10

4

Pa

Output Span = 16 mA

Input span : 10

4

_Pa

(14)

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83

83 Linieritas

LINIERITAS

Suatu sistem dikatakan linier jika hubungan input dan

output merupakan suatu garis lurus

Nilai output suatu sistem linier dinyatakan sbb

a

Input

K

Output

_ideal

=

×

+

MIN MAX MIN MAX

Lurus

Garis

Kemiringan

Input

Output

K

−

=

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84

84 Non-linieritas

NON-LINIERITAS

Suatu sistem dikatakan non-linier jika hubungan input dan

output bukan merupakan suatu garis lurus

(15)

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85

85 Persamaan Output

Secara umum,

Output

suatu sistem merupakan fungsi

Input

dengan bentuk persamaan polinomial berikut

( )

∑

= =

=

+

=

m k k k i m m

In

a

In

a

In

a

In

a

In

Out

0 2 2 1 0

...

Contoh

Tegangan keluaran suatu termokopel

copper-constantan

(type T),

diekspresikan dengan persamaan polinom berikut,

( )

38 .

74

3 .

319

10

2 2

2 .

071

10

4 3

...

(

4

)

T

f

T

E

=

+

⋅

−

+

⋅

−

+

T

E

_linear

=

52 .

17 ( )

13 .

43

3 .

319

10

2 2

2 .

071

10

4 3

...

(

4

)

T

f

T

error

=

−

+

⋅

−

+

⋅

−

+

Untuk rentang 0 s/d 400

o

_{C, tegangan keluaran E(T=0) = 0 µV &}

E

_(T=400

o

_{C) = 20869 µV . Persamaan linier untuk rentang tsb,}

Kesalahan linierisasi adalah,

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Sensitivitas

SENSITIVITAS

Perbandingan perubahan keluaran sistem terhadap

perubahan masukan sistem

(

)

( )

In

d

Out

d

=

y

Sensitivit

Contoh : Sensitivitas Termokopel Cooper - Constantant

...

10

213 .

6

10

638 .

6

74 .

38 y

Sensitivit

₌

₊

_⋅

−2

_T

₊

_⋅

−4

_T

2

₊

dT

dE

(16)

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87

87 Input Gangguan

EFEK LINGKUNGAN (environmental effect)

Secara umum, output pengukuran tidak hanya

fungsi input pengukuran, tetapi juga fungsi input

lingkungan seperti temperatur lingkungan,

tekanan atmosfir, kelembaban relatif, suplai

tegangan dsb.

Terdapat 2 jenis input lingkungan

Modifying Input

Menyebabkan sensitivitas linier sistem pengukuran

berubah

Interfering Input

Menyebabkan intersepsi atau zero bias sistem pengukuran

berubah

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

88

88 Input Gangguan

Efek Modifying Input

Efek Interfering Input

(17)

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

89

89 Histeresis

HYSTERESIS

Histeresis adalah perbedaan nilai Output pengukuran pada

saat nilai Input pengukuran membesar (naik) dan mengecil

(turun).

( )

I

=

Out

( )

In

↑

−

Out

( )

In

↓

Hysteresis

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

Resolusi

RESOLUSI

Perubahan nilai terkecil Input pengukuran yang memberikan

respon pada Output pengukuran

Hasil pengukuran: - 4,235 mm - 4,240 mm - 4,236 mm - 4,235 mm - 4,237 mm

Resolusi ?

(18)

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

91

91 Aging

WEAR & AGING

Efek ini mengakibatkan karakteristik sistem pengukuran

seperti konstanta pengukuran

K

dan zero bias

a

berubah

secara perlahan-lahan selama masa pakai

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

S

IS

T

E

M

P

E

N

G

U

K

U

R

A

N

92

92 ERROR BANDS

(pita error)

Efek non-linieritas, histeresis dan resolusi, pada sistem

pengukuran relatif sulit untuk dikuantifikasi secara tepat.

Kinerja suatu sistem pengukuran dinyatakan dalam

error

bands

Kinerja sistem pengukuran dinyatakan dalam fungsi

probability density

p(O)

( )











>

−

+

>

+

≤

−

=

0

2

1 h

Out

h

Out

h

Out

h

Out

h

O

p

ideal ideal ideal ideal

Kesalahan

(19)

SISTEM PENGUKURAN

9

3

9

3 E

R

O

R

B

A

N

D

S

(p

ita

e

rr

o

r)

K

e

sa

la

h

a

n

SISTEM PENGUKURAN

9

4

9

4 I

I

M

I

K

I

K

In

N

a

I

K

Out

+

⋅

+

⋅

=

)

(

M

O

D

E

L

U

m

u

m

S

e

n

so

r

(20)

SISTEM PENGUKURAN

9

5

9

5