COMPARISON OF STUDENTS HIGHER ORDER THINKING IN INSECT TOPIC BETWEEN STUDENT THAT LEARNING BY GUIDED DISCOVERY AND GROUP INVESTIGATION MODELS IN GRADE X SMA NEGERI 2 BALIGE ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013.

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COMPARISON OF STUDENTS HIGHER ORDER THINKING IN INSECT TOPIC BETWEEN STUDENT THAT LEARNING BY

GUIDED DISCOVERY AND GROUP INVESTIGATION MODELS IN GRADE X SMA NEGERI 2 BALIGE

ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013

By:

Wiwik Simanjuntak 409342035

Biology Bilingual Education

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fulfill the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Wiwik Simanjuntak was born in P.Siborna , on September 8th 1991. Her Father name H.Simanjuntak and his mother H.Sitanggang. The author is the Fifth child from six children. In 1997, the author enter the primary school in the SD Negeri 095148 P.Siborna and graduated at 2003. In 2003 the author continued elementry school in SMP Negeri 1 P.Tongah and graduated at 2006. In 2006, the author continued the study in SMA Negeri 1 Panei and graduated at 2009. In 2009, the author received in Biology Education Bilingual Study Program Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan. During the academic program, the author got the Second rank in SMA N 1 Panei 3 periods. She is also got the Third rank in Speech Competition that was presented by FMIPA UNIMED in 2011. In 2011 she also includes in the event of Proposal Kegiatan Mahasiswa Wirausaha, and she has her PKM received.

In 2009, the author join Ikatan Besar Keluarga Kristen Biologi FMIPA UNIMED and become a chairman in RETREAT IKBKB 2011 in Sibolangit,PTPN XI. In 2012, she was an event organizer at Paskah FMIPA. In 2012, the author Joining Creative Ministry in Youth Department GBI Medan Plaza and as a member of team Drama and still active until now. In 2013, the author joining Young Peacemaker Community Indonesia Sumatera and active until now.

The extracurricular she ever followed, She was a Troops PASKIBRA district Panombeian Panei. In 2009 she had a class in Special Conversation Class in Prima Essential English Course and she passed the examination with Excellent mark. In 2012 She was took TOEFL Preparation class in YPPIA Medan. The author also finished her practice teaching in SMA N 2 Balige Yayasan Soposurung.

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student interfaith peace camp in Asrama Haji Medan. The the author also involved in Young Interfaith National Conference in Magelang in 2013.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to Thanks LORD JESUS CHRIST for His Love and grace that has given health and wisdom to the author so this Skripsi can be completed properly in accordance with planned time. This Skripsi is aimed to fulfill the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan at Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, State University of Medan.

During the process of writing the thesis, the writer realized that she had many mistaken. Meanwhile, she has been given some suggestions, comments, academic guidance, and moral support from her consultant and others that she would like to express her sincere thanks.

The writer would like to express her great gratitude to Dr. rer. nat. Binari Manurung as his consultant for his generous assistance, guidance, advices and valuable time to read and discuss the thesis until it is completed, and thank for being her inspirational person. The author also would like thank profusely to Prof. Drs. Motlan, M.Sc, Ph. D., as dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, State University of Medan. Prof.Dr. Herbert Sipahutar ,M.Sc., Dra.Meida Nugrahalia, M.Sc., Drs.Tri Harsono,M.Si. as the lecturer team examiners for their suggestion and constructive criticisms for the revision of this thesis and for Dra.Martina Restuati,M.Si as her academic supervisor who has guided the author during academic program.

My never ending thankfulness is fully to my beloved father H.Simanjuntak and

my mother H.Sitanggang for their everlasting love, hopeful prayers in her life, and the entire moral and the financial support that have enabled her to finish her study. Her special thanks and admiration are also due to her beloved grand mother Pasuria Sihotang and M.Nainggolan for their motivation,also to her sisters and brother, Siskha V.N Simanjuntak,Lusi Mariance Simanjuntak,Iffrans Trigusno Simanjuntak,Wellchy R.Simanjuntak,Gresna R.Simanjuntak and the last Roby Manullang.

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S.Pd.,M.Si,Rohani Siburian S.Pd.,M.Si and all the teachers and student especially X-4,X-5 Academic Year 2012/2013 in SMA Negeri 2 Balige who received the presence of the author during research in these classes. My gratitude also goes to Young Peacemaker Community Indonesia in Sumatera for their supporting me. Also for Youth Gereja Bethel Indonesia Medan Plaza Rayon IV especially in Creative Ministry, thank you for your support all. And for all my friends in class Biology Bilingual Education 2009 who show me the meaning of friendship.

Especially for my Special Friends Andre Diaryan Tampubolon (Unyukk) thank you for your support, your caring and help me to accomplish this Skripsi especially in documented of the research in Balige.

The writer had tried as much as possible in the completion of this thesis, but the writer is aware there are still many weaknesses in terms of content and grammar therefore the writer is pleased to receive some suggestions and constructive criticism from readers for the thesis being perfect. Any suggestion for the improvements in the future will be highly appreciated.

Medan, July 2013 Author,

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COMPARISON OF STUDENT’S HIGHER ORDER THINKING IN INSECT TOPIC BETWEEN STUDENT THAT LEARNING BY

GUIDED DISCOVERY AND GROUP INVESTIGATION MODELS IN GRADE X SMA NEGERI 2 BALIGE

ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013

Wiwik Simanjuntak (NIM 409342035) ABSTRACT

This research aims to investigate the comparison of student higher order thinking through implementing guided discovery and group investigation models in biology specifically on insect topic in grade X SMA Negeri 2 Balige in academic year 2012/2013. The population of this research was all regular students class X in SMA Negeri 2 Balige totaling 128 students. The research sample was taken by using purposive sampling by taking two classes that have nearly same mean,(68.64 and 68.59). It was obtained the sample 32 students for guided discovery and 32 students for group investigation class. The instrument of research was student’s higher order thinking cognitive test based on Bloom taxonomy (C4,C5C6), arranged in multiple choice form with 30 questions which had been validated by expert. The research result showed that student higher order thinking in guided discovery class was 77.18±5.31and group investigation was 69.68±6.52 . The result of t test showed there was very significance difference of student higher order thinking between guided discovery and group investigation (tcalculate = 5.05 ; p < 0.01), with comparison 1.1 : 1.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1. Location and Time of Research 21

3.2. Population and Sample 21

3.2.1. Population of Research 21

3.2.2. Research Sample 22

3.3. Variable Of Research 22

3.4. Type and the Research Design 23

3.5. Instrument of Research 23

3.5.1. Test for Higher Order Thinking 23

3.5.2. Validity Test 25

3.5.3. Reliability Test 25

3.5.4. Index Difficulty 26

3.5.5. Discrimination power 27

3.6. Research Procedures 28

3.6.1. Preparation Stage 28

3.6.2. Implementation 31

3.7. Data Processing 33

3.7.1. Data analyzing 33

3.7.2. Normality Test 33

3.7.3. Homogeneity Test 34

3.7.4. Hypothesis Test 35

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36

4.1. Research Result 36

4.1.1. Normality and Homogeneity 36

4.1.2 Hypothesis Test 37

4.2. Discussion 38

CHAPTER V CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION 42

5.1. Conclusions 42

5.2. Suggestion 42

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LIST OF TABLE

Page

Table 2.1. Comparison characteristic of inquiry - based approach

and Traditional approaches 9 Table 2.2. The differences of Cooperative Learning

with Conventional 15

Table 3.1. Number of Student Class X SMA N.2 Balige

Academic Year 2012/2013 21 Table 3.2. Number Of Student Population Class X Regular Class Academic Year 2012/2013 22 Table 3.3. Research Design Two Groups 23

Table 3.4. The Test Lattice 24

Table 3.5. Test Reliability Index Criteria 26 Table 3.6. Test Difficulty Index Criteria 27 Table 4.1 Student Higher Order Thinking Value 36

Table 4.2 Normality Test Data 37

Table 4.3 Homogeneity Test Data 37

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LIST OF FIGURE

Page Figure 2.1.Diagram Of revised Bloom Taxonomy 17 Figure 2.2. Diagram of conceptual frame work 19

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LIST OF APPENDIX

Page

Appendix 1 Syllabus 47

Appendix 2 Lesson Plan Guided Discovery 49 Appendix 3 Lesson Plan Group Investigation 59 Appendix 4 Worksheet Guided Discovery 68 Appendix 5 Worksheet Group Investigation 76

Appendix 6 Learning Material 84

Appendix 7 Instrument of Post-tests 110

Appendix 8 Answers Key 123

Appendix 9 Table of Validity 124

Appendix 10 Calculation of Validity Test 125 Appendix 11 Table of Reliability Test 127 Appendix 12 Calculation of Reliability Test 128 Appendix 13 Table of Discrimination Power 129 Appendix 14 Calculation of Discrimination Power 130 Appendix 15 Table of Difficulty Index 132 Appendix 16 Calculation of Difficulty Index 133

Appendix 17 Determination of Test 135

Appendix 18 Result of Student Cognitive Test Data in GD and GI 137 Appendix 19 Calculation of Average, Standard Deviation and 139

Variance Of Pre-test and Post-test

Appendix 20 Normality test of Research Data 142 Appendix 21 Calculation of Homogeneity Test 144

Appendix 22 Hypothesis Test 146

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Higher order thinking skills include critical, logical, reflective, metacognitive, and creative thinking. They are activated when individuals encounter unfamiliar problems, uncertainties, question, or dilemmas. Successful applications of the skill result in explanations, decisions, performances, and product that are valid with the context of available knowledge and experience and that promote continued growth in these and other intellectual skills (King, 2008).

Now days, the education problems in Indonesia is student higher thinking order is still below standard. Reported in the daily Kompas (16/06/12), Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in responds to memorize cognitive skills and high level thinking skills. The results obtained Indonesia has lower level. Why does Indonesia get a lower mark with achievement in PISA? Surely, we agree that the Indonesian students are not in lower level thinking. This phenomenon actually should response seriously by the school as a place to educate students.

Teacher as an educator should effectively choose learning model. The models that choose not for got knowledge only but also improved their higher order thinking according to bloom taxonomy. Student at senior high school should be able to think in this level. More effective the models that use in learn by the teacher will be more effective in improving student higher order thinking.

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according to bloom taxonomy can not be answered, it’s proved that student higher thinking order still in below standard, furthermore when student give a problem such as interpret data the student can’t make an analysis for it. Based the problem of learning in this paragraph we conclude that the process of teaching and learning is mostly done by lecturer learning model, one-way communication (teaching directed). This phenomenon gives a reason for student higher order thinking is still below standard.

To face this problem is need to apply other learning models that can improve student higher thinking order. Cooperative Learning and Inquiry can be as an alternative that expected could build character become critically, logic, objective, creative and innovative then automatically can improve student learning outcomes in higher thinking order. Both of these models provides student with relevant life skills and offers them and added benefit of helping improve their content knowledge (King, 2008).

Cooperative learning is a model where the student learns with group and they are work together. Psychologists generally agree that students easily understand the complex and abstract concepts when accompanied by concrete examples and in working together (Isjoni, 1992). According to Slavin cooperative learning is a learning model where student learn and work in small group consist of 4-6 people with heterogenic structure. Patterns of employment as mention above enable emergence a positive perception about what they have to do to success their group. Cooperative learning consists of some type one of them is Group Investigation.

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There are many researchers in order to improve learning quality have developed, four of them as follows. Lavine (2005) suggested that the subject matter presented by means of Guided Discovery learning served to focus on real problem and adds relevance and motivation to mastery related basic science information. (Akinbobola et al.2009) their study result showed that Guided Discovery approaches was the most effective in facilitating student’s achievement in physics. As a discovery has been done by Nasruddin (2010) his study was success to increase the quality of thinking skills and scientific attitude in science using Group Investigation. Khairina (2011) was success improve percentage of student passed KKM with Group Investigation Model with percentage 78 %. These literatures have shown that teaching models promote active learning, and improving student achievement.

Biodiversity is one of the Biology topics in student grade X that include in curriculum with Standard Competency 3. (Understand the benefits of biodiversity) and this research will apply in Basic Competency 3.4 (Describe the Phylum character in Animals and its benefit in life) the research topic selected was insect. The reason why did researcher choose this topic was because insect has a wide range of applications in the life sciences. So from the standard competence that describe before student must observe it directly to environment and SMA N 2 Balige has an environment that support learning process according to this research.

Memorizing facts and information is not the most important skill in today's world. Facts change, and information is readily available, what's needed is an understanding of how to get and make sense of the mass of data.

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1.2. Problem Identification

Based on the background above, problems identification in this research are follow:

1. Indonesian student’s higher thinking order is still below standard according to program for international student assessment.

2. Student’s higher order thinking based on bloom taxonomy in SMA N 2 Balige is still under standard.

3. Teacher in choosing biology teaching models is still dominantly to traditional.

4. Traditional learning models are still ineffective to improve student thinking in higher thinking order.

1.3 The Scope of the Study

1. Comparison of student higher order thinking between students that learning by Guided Discovery and students that learning by Group Investigation models in sub topic Insect in Grade X SMA N 2 Balige at even semester Academic Year 2012/2013.

2. Applying Guided Discovery and Group Investigation models in sub topic Insect in Grade X SMA N 2 Balige at even semester Academic Year 2012/2013.

3. The student higher order thinking based on cognitive aspects C4, C5, and C6 in Bloom taxonomy.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the background and research scope, research question can be formulated as follow:

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1.5 The Objective of the Study

Based on the formulation of the problem above, the objective of this study is to know the comparison of student higher order thinking in biology that is taught by using Guided Discovery and Group Investigation Models on sub topic insect in SMA N 2 Balige for X grade at even semester Academic Year 2012/2013.

1.6 Significance of the Study

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