v
ABSTRAK
PERBANDINGAN RUGAE PALATINAE ANTARA MAHASISWA LAKI-LAKI ETNIS SUNDA DAN ETNIS TIONGHOA PADA USIA 17-24
TAHUN DI UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
Latar Belakang. Rugae palatinae merupakan bentuk yang asimetris dan iregular pada mukosa terletak pada palatum dari membran lateral papila insisif, yang melintang dari palatal raphe pada daerah midsagital. Rugae palatinae unik pada setiap individu dan dapat digunakan dalam analisis forensik untuk membantu proses identifikasi.
Tujuan Penelitian. Penelitian berikut bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan rugae palatinae pada mahasiswa laki-laki etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Metode Penelitian. Penelitian berikut adalah observasional dengan rancangan potong lintang komparatif. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 30 mahasiswa laki-laki etnis Sunda dan 30 mahasiswa etnis Tionghoa. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dengan membandingkan jumlah rerata rugae palatinae, jumlah berdasarkan bentuk rugae palatinae, dan jumlah berdasarkan panjang.
Hasil Penelitian. Diuji dengan uji-t tidak berpasangan terdapat perbedaan
bermakna pada jumlah rerata rugae antara etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa (p<0,01). Uji Mann -Whitney pada bentuk wavy (p<0,001) dan circular (p=0,002), pada panjang sekunder dan fragment pada etnis Sunda (p<0,01).
Kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbedaan rugae palatinae
pada laki-laki etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha.
Saran. Penelitian selanjutnya dilakukan penambahan jumlah sampel dan pada
jenis kelamin perempuan.
vi ABSTRACT
COMPARISON RUGAE PALATINAE BETWEEN THE ETHNIC OF SUNDANESE AND CHINESE MALE STUDENT AGE 17-24 YEARS OLD
AT MARANATHA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
Background. Rugae palatinae is asymmetric and irregular shape of the mucosa located on the palate of membrane lateral incisor papilla, which is transverse to the area of the palatal raphe midsagital. Palatinae rugae unique to each individual and can be used in forensic analysis to help the identification process.
Research Purposes. The following study aims to determine the difference rugae palatinae on male students Sundanese ethnic Chinese at Maranatha Christian University.
Research Methods. The following is an observational study with comparative cross-sectional design. Research subjects were 30 male students and 30 students Sundanese and Chinese. The study was conducted by comparing the average number of rugae palatinae, the amount based on the shape of rugae palatinae, and the amount based on the length.
Research Result. Tested with the unpaired t-test found significant differences in the mean number of rugae between Chinese and Sundanese (p <0.01). Mann -Whitney the wavy shape (p <0.001) and circular (p = 0.002), the length of the fragment on the secondary and Sundanese (p <0.01).
The conclusion. There is a difference rugae palatinae in men Sundanese and Chinese at Maranatha Christian University.
Suggestions. for further research, the addition of the number of samples and the female gender.
vii DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ... ... i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ... ... ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN ... ... iii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN REVISI ... ... iv
ABSTRAK ... ... v
ABSTRACT ... ... vi
PRAKATA ... ... vii
DAFTAR ISI ... ... x
DAFTAR TABEL... ... xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ... ... xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ... ... xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1.Latar Belakang Masalah ... ... 1
1.2.Identifikasi Masalah ... ... 3
1.3.Tujuan Penelitian ... ... 3
1.4.Manfaat Penelitian ... ... 3
1.5.Kerangka Pemikiran ... ... 4
viii
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1. Perkembangan Kepala dan Leher... ... 7
2.1.1. Arcus Pharyngeus... ... 8
2.1.2. Saccus Pharynx ... ... 13
2.2. Wajah ... ... 13
2.2.1. Segmen Antar Maksila ... ... 16
2.2.2. Palatum Sekunder... ... 17
2.2.3. Rongga Hidung ... ... 18
2.2.4. Anatomi Rongga Mulut... ... 19
2.2.5. Palatum ... ... 20
2.3. Kedokteran Forensik ... ... 21
2.3.1. Sejarah Kedokteran Gigi Forensik ... ... 23
2.3.1.1. Guerin ... ... 23
2.3.1.2. Caroline Walsh ... ... 23
2.3.1.3. Louis XVIII ... ... 24
2.4. Rugae Palatinae dan Sidik Jari Dalam Identifikasi ... ... 25
2.4.1. Cheiloscopy dan Rugoscopy ... ... 27
2.4.2. Klasifikasi Rugae Palatinae... ... 29
BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1. Bahan dan Subjek Penelitian ... ... 33
3.1.1. Bahan dan Alat Penelitian ... ... 33
ix
3.1.3. Ukuran Sampel ... ... 34
3.2. Metode Penelitian... ... 36
3.2.1. Desain Penelitian ... ... 36
3.2.2. Variabel Penelitian ... ... 36
3.2.3. Definisi Operasional... ... 36
3.2.4. Prosedur Kerja ... ... 37
3.2.4.1. Pengumpulan Bahan... ... 37
3.2.4.2. Persiapan Bahan ... ... 37
3.2.4.3. Persiapan Subjek Penelitian ... ... 38
3.2.4.4. Cara Pemeriksaan Rugae Palatinae ... ... 38
3.2.4.5. Pengumpulan dan Pengolahan Data ... ... 38
3.2.5. Metode Analisis ... ... 39
3.2.5.1. Hipotesis Penelitian ... ... 39
3.2.5.2. Hipotesis Statistik... ... 39
3.2.5.3. Kriteria Uji ... ... 40
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1. Hasil Penelitian ... ... 41
4.1.1. Hasil Penelitian Berdasarkan Jumlah Rugae Palatinae ... 41
4.1.2. Hasil Penelitian Berdasarkan Panjang Rugae Palatinae ... 42
4.1.3. Hasil Penelitian Berdasarkan Bentuk Rugae Palatinae ... 43
4.2. Hasil Uji Statistika ... ... 44
x
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1. Simpulan ... ... 50 5.2. Saran ... ... 50
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
No. Gambar Teks Halaman
Gambar 2.1. Perkembangan Bentuk Wajah ... 8
Gambar 2.2. Perkembangan Arcus Pharyngeus ... 9
Gambar 2.3. Perkembangan Arcus Pharyngeus ... 10
Gambar 2.4. Perkembangan Arcus Pharyngeus 1 sampai 6... 12
Gambar 2.5. Perkembangan Wajah ... 14
Gambar 2.6. Wajah Sudah Terbentuk ... 15
Gambar 2.7. Pembentukan Palatum Dari Ketiga Gabungan Segmen ... 16
Gambar 2.8. Pembentukan Palatum ... 16
Gambar 2.9. Proses Terbentuknya Palatum ... 17
Gambar 2.10. Kavitas Nasal... 18
Gambar 2.11. Anatomi Rongga Mulut ... 19
Gambar 2.12. Anatomi Palatinae ... 20
Gambar 2.13. Rugae Palatinae Di Rongga Mulut ... 28
Gambar 2.14. Rugae Palatinae Dari Model Yang Sudah Ditandai ... 31
xii
DAFTAR TABEL
No. Tabel Teks Halaman
Tabel 4.1. Jumlah Keseluruhan Rugae Antar Etnis ... 41
Tabel 4.2. Perbedaan Bentuk Rugae Palatinae Berdasarkan Ukuran Antar Etnis . 42
Tabel 4.3. Bentuk Rugae Palatinae Pada Etnis Sunda ... 43
Tabel 4.4. Perbandingan Bentuk Rugae Palatinae Pada Kedua Kelompok Etnis .. 45
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
No. Lampiran Teks Halaman
Lampiran 1. Kode Etik ... 55
Lampiran 2. Kuisioner ... 56
Lampiran 3. Informed Consent ... 57
Lampiran 4. Tabel Penelitian ... 58
Lampiran 5. Hasil Uji Statistik... 63
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah
Kehidupan manusia tidak terlepas dari kejadian-kejadian yang sering terjadi di luar dugaan, antara lain bencana alam dan kasus-kasus kriminal yang menyebabkan banyaknya korban yang berjatuhan, misalnya kasus bencana alam tsunami di Aceh, peristiwa 911 twin tower pada tanggal 11 September 2001 di New York, Amerika Serikat dan contoh-contoh kasus lainya yang terutama terjadi di negara-negara dengan variasi kependudukannya, pada kondisi demikian tim forensik kedokteran bersama forensik odontologi sangat diperlukan untuk membantu dalam proses identifikasi korban.
Forensik odontologi merupakan cabang dari ilmu kedokteran gigi yang berhubungan dalam penanganan yang tepat dalam memeriksa bukti untuk mendapatkan petunjuk yang digunakan untuk dievaluasi dalam menemukan kebenaran di pengadilan. Forensik odontologi melingkupi semua keahlian dari berbagai bidang kedokteran gigi seperti ahli ortodontik, prostodontik, periodontal dan lainnya semua bekerja bersama sebagai suatu tim untuk menangani suatu masalah.1
pada mukosa terletak pada palatum. Rugae palatinae terbuat dari membran lateral papila insisif, yang melintang dari palatal raphe pada daerah midsagital. Beberapa referensi menjelaskan bahwa terdapat perbedaan dalam bentuk rugae palatinae. 1,2,3
Rugae palatinae dibentuk pada minggu ke 12 sampai ke 14 prenatal, dan terus berkembang. Setelah usia 10 tahun rugae palatina tidak berubah baik dalam ukuran maupun bentuk, dan sejak umur 24 tahun rugae palatina akan mengalami penurunan yang tidak signifikan baik dalam ukuran maupun bentuk. Formasi bentuk rugae palatinae yang unik telah digunakan dalam proses identifikasi medicolegal yang dapat dibedakan berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi dan kestabilan dalam waktu yang lama. 1,2,3
Penelitian telah dilakukan mengenai rugae palatinae, dan terdapat perbedaan bentuk rugae palatinae pada jenis kelamin laki-laki dan perempuan. Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan dengan jumlah etnis Sunda terbanyak di pulau Jawa. Etnis Sunda merupakan cikal bakal mulainya peradaban di nusantara, dimulai dengan berdiri nya kerajaan tertua di Indonesia, yakni Kerajaan Salakanagara dan Tarumanagara sampai ke Galuh, Pakuan Padjadjaran, dan Sumedang Larang, sedangkan untuk sejarah Etnis Tionghoa dimulai sekitar abad ke- 7 bangsa Chin masuk ke Indonesia, bangsa inggris menyebutnya sebagai Chinese Overseas dan
di Indonesia disebut sebagai “Perantauan Cina”, kemudian menyebar ke seluruh
Dilihat dari komposisi etnis di Jawa Barat, suku terbesar yaitu : Sunda (73.7%), Jawa (11%), Betawi (5.3%), Cirebon(5%), Batak (0.8%), Minangkabau (0.5%), dan Tionghoa (0.5%) dan di Indonesia, presentase distribusi Etnis Sunda 15,40% dan Etnis Tionghoa 0.86%.
Penulis hendak melakukan penelitian tentang perbandingan bentuk rugae palatinae antara mahasiswa laki – laki etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa pada usia 17-24 tahun di Universitas Kristen Maranatha Bandung.
1.2Identifikasi Masalah
Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, maka terdapat masalah yang diidentifikasi dari penelitian ini, yaitu:
- Apakah terdapat perbedaan jumlah rugae palatinae pada laki- laki etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha ?
- Apakah terdapat perbedaan jumlah berdasarkan bentuk rugae palatinae pada laki- laki etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha ?
- Apakah terdapat perbedaan jumlah berdasarkan panjang bentuk rugae palatinae pada laki- laki etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha ?
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian
- Mengetahui perbedaan jumlah rugae palatinae laki- laki pada etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha.
- Mengetahui perbedaan jumlah berdasarkan bentuk rugae palatinae laki- laki pada etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha.
- Mengetahui perbedaan jumlah berdasarkan panjang rugae palatinae laki- laki pada etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha.
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian
- Manfaat akademis: menambah informasi ilmiah mengenai bentuk, ukuran, jumlah rugae palatinae pada laki- laki Etnis Sunda dan Etnis Tionghoa di Universitas Kristen Maranatha.
- Manfaat praktis: sebagai dasar penggunaan rugae palatinae untuk mengidentifikasi jenazah dalam odontologi forensik.
1.5. Kerangka Pemikiran
memerlukan biaya yang mahal. Formasi dari bentuk rugae palatinae telah digunakan dalam proses identifikasi medicolegal karena bentuk nya yang unik yang dapat dibedakan berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi dan ke stabilan dalam waktu yang lama1,2
Studi tentang rugae palatinae atau juga disebut rugoskopi atau lebih dikenal dengan palatoskopi, mempelajari tentang bentuk groove dan ridge dari palatinae untuk mengidentifikasi seseorang. Rugae palatinae meliputi tiga sampai tujuh ridges yang menyebar dan membentuk suatu garis dari papila insisif. Terdapat perbedaan yang dapat menentukan bentuk, ukuran, dan jumlah dari setiap individu yang berbeda.7,8
Bentuk rugae palatinae yang paling umum atau lazim adalah sinous yang meliputi curve, line, point, dan polymorphic variaties. Rugae palatinae telah berkembang di dalam mulut, dan membantu dalam pengunyahan dan membuat orang lebih peka terhadap makanan dan terdapat reseptor yang memberikan sensasi. Dua sampai tiga dari bentuk rugae adalah curved dan sisanya adalah angular. Rugae mesial dan lateral tidak berhubungan dan tidak menyatu sampai garis axial. Inklinasi dari rugae rugae palatina dalam bidang sagital dapat ditandai dari kedua belah sisi antara mesial dan lateral. Umum nya, kedua belah sisi tidak simetris.9
karakteristik dari rugae palatinae tidak berhubungan secara signifikan dengan perkembangan gigi, atau hilang nya gigi. Setelah pencabutan gigi, lengkung tulang alveolar akan berubah sehingga terjadi sedikit perubahan terhadap rugae palatina.9 Berbagai variasi dalam ke unikan rugae palatinae, dapat digunakan pada kasus post mortem. Tidak menutup kemungkinan dapat digunakan juga dalam kasus ante mortem. Identifikasi post mortem tidak memungkinkan apabila tidak terdapat catatan ante mortem. Hasil rugoskopi memberikan hal yang penting dalam catatan medis sebelum dan sesudah terjadinya suatu kasus.
Pola dari rugae palatinae dapat dilihat melalui foto intra oral atau cetakan gigi. Penelitian ini akan mengembangkan tentang penggunaan rugae palatinae sebagai alat untuk odontologi forensik dan dapat digunakan sebagai alat pembantu pemeriksaan lain.
1.6. Lokasi danWaktu Penelitian
50
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1. Simpulan
Simpulan pada penelitian ini adalah:
- Adanya perbedaan bermakna pada jumlah rugae antara etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa (p<0,01).
- Perbedaan bermakna pada bentuk wavy (p<0,001) dan circular (p=0,002). Median wavy dan circular pada etnis Sunda lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan etnis Tionghoa.
- Untuk panjang primer antara etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) dan perbedaan bermakna pada jumlah rugae antara etnis Sunda dan etnis Tionghoa (p<0,01).
5.2. Saran
69
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Nama : Israel Chuputra Surya
Nomor Pokok Mahasiswa : 1090034
Tempat dan Tanggal Lahir : Bandung, 22 Agustus 1990
Alamat : Jalan Rajawali Barat 33, Kecamatan Andir,
Keluarahan Maleber, 40184, Bandung Riwayat Pendidikan :
SDK 6 BPK Penabur Bandung 2001/2002 SMPK 4 BPK Penabur Bandung 2004/2005 SMAK 3 BPK Penabur Bandung 2007/2008
14 A. Saraf, S. Bedia, A. Indurkar, S. Degwekar, R. Bhowate.
RUGAE PATTERNS AS AN ADJUNCT TO
SEX
DIFFERENTIATION IN FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION
A. Saraf,a S. Bedia,b A. Indurkar,c S. Degwekar,c R. Bhowate.c a
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Dental College and Hospital, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
b Department of Prosthodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Dental College and Hospital, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India
c
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
It is widely acknowledged that in some forensic situations there are limitations to identification of the deceased by fingerprints, DNA and dental records. Palatal rugae pattern of an individual may be considered as a useful adjunct for sex determination for identification purposes. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the rugae pattern in Indian males and females, as an additional method of differentiating the sexes in various postmortem scenarios. Dental stone casts of 120 Indians: 60 sexes which conforms to previous results. However, in terms of the different types of rugae shape, the converging type of rugae were statistically greater in number in females whilst the circular type of rugae were statistically greater in number in males, which contrasts with earlier studies. The use of logistic regression analysis (LRA) enabled highly accurate sex prediction (>99%) when all the rugae shapes were analyzed. It may be concluded that rugae pattern through the use of LRA can be an additional method of differentiation between the Indian male and female and assist with the identification process in conjunction with other methods such as visual, fingerprints and dental characteristics in forensic sciences.
(J Forensic Odontostomatol 2011;29:1:14-19)
Keywords: Palatal rugae, rugae pattern, forensic identification, sex assessment, logistic regression analysis
Running title:Sex assessment using palatal rugae patterns
INTRODUCTION
Forensic Odontology is a specialty in dentistry which occupies a primary niche within the total spectrum of methods applied to medico-legal identification. Forensic odontology can be defined as a branch of dentistry which deals with the appropriatehandling and examination of dental evidence and with the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings in the interest of justice.1
Identification of the deceased is a prime requisite for certification of death and for personal, social and legal reasons. DNA, fingerprint and dental record comparisons are the most commonly used scientific methods of forensic identification.2,3 Limitations to the use of fingerprints occur in situations where the hands are charred or mutilated and while teeth are more durable, identification using dental records may also prove to be inconclusive, since many antemortem dental records may be inaccurate or incomplete.4 Also, additional dental treatment might have been performed in the time interval between the creation of a dental record and death of the individual.5
Palatal rugae have been shown to be highly individual and consistent in shape throughout life.6-10 The anatomical position of the rugae inside the oral cavity (surrounded by cheek, lips, tongue and the buccal pad of fat) also give some protection in cases of trauma or incineration. When identification of an individual by other methods is difficult, palatal rugae may thus be considered as an alternative source of information (usually if comparative material is available) enabling the search field to be narrowed.
15 A. Saraf, S. Bedia, A. Indurkar, S. Degwekar, R. Bhowate.
wrinkles (usually used in the plural sense); the irregular fibrous connective tissue located on the anterior third of the palate.11 They are also called “plica palatinae” or “rugae palatine.”
It is assumed that the rugae facilitate food transport through the oral cavity, prevent loss of food from the mouth, and participate in food crushing. Because of the presence of tactile and gustatory receptors, rugae contribute to perception of taste, mechanical food qualities, and tongue position.12
Despite being protected by their internal position within the head, some events can contribute to changes in rugae pattern, including trauma, extreme finger sucking in infancy and persistent pressure with orthodontic treatment and dentures. In one study, it has been reported that no two palates are alike in their configuration and that the palatal print did not change with time or age. Even between twins, the studies indicated that the patterns are similar but not identical.13
It has been suggested that changes in the length of rugae with age result from underlying palatal growth.6,14,15 However, the anterior rugae do not increase in length after 10 years of age according to Van der Linden.16 Other qualitative characteristics such as shape, direction and unification remain stable throughout life. Despite the ongoing problem of describing palatal rugae patterns qualitatively and quantitatively, their uniqueness to individuals has been recognized in forensic science as providing a potentially reliable source of identification.9
Many studies have been carried out on the rugae patterns in the populations of Australia, South Africa and Japan.17–20 Kapali et al20 in their study did not reveal any significant differences in the number of primary rugae between Australian Aboriginal males and females. However, Dohke and Osato19 indicated that among the Japanese, the females had fewer rugae than males. Only one study on palatal rugae pattern in two different assist with differentiating the sexes.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The study was conducted at the Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis & Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
A. Selection of patients
A total number of 120 Class I dentate subjects (n=120), 60 males and 60 females, were selected from among the students of the college. All subjects were of Indian origin and between the age group of 22-26 years. All subjects were healthy, free of congenital abnormalities, inflammation, trauma or orthodontic treatment. Subjects were briefed regarding the procedure and written consent was obtained.
B. Impressions
An irreversible hydrocolloid was used as an impression material on an appropriate perforated metal tray for the maxillary dental arch for all subjects. The impressions were then poured with Type III dental stone. All instructions by the manufacturer were followed such as water/powder ratio, vacuum mixing and the use of a vibrator. All casts were free of air bubbles or voids.
C. Method of identification
The method of rugae recording used in this study was based on the classification given by Thomas & Kotze17and Kapali et al.20 These classifications include number, length, shape and unification of rugae. The rugae were highlighted by a black pen marker on the cast under spotlight and a magnification lens. A brass wire was adapted over the rugae and the length of wire recorded using a digital caliper (Absolute Digimatic, Mitutoyo, Japan) calibrated to 0.1 mm.
16 A. Saraf, S. Bedia, A. Indurkar, S. Degwekar, R. Bhowate.
direction of each primary rugae was determined by measuring the angle between the line joining its origin and termination and a line perpendicular to the median raphe. Forward-directed rugae were associated with positive angles, backward-directed rugae with negative angles and perpendicular rugae with angles of zero degrees. Unification occurs when two rugae are joined at their origin or termination. Unifications in which two rugae began from the same origin medially but immediately diverged laterally were classified as ‘diverging’. Rugae with different origins medially which joined on their lateral portions were classified as ‘converging’.
In this study, the secondary and fragmentary types of rugae were ignored when the median value of the total number of rugae was calculated. All the identification and measurements were done by one examiner. To assess intra-observer variation in interpretation, the readings were determined twice for 20 subjects. The data thus obtained was organized and prepared for statistical analysis.
D. Statistical Analysis
Chi-Square test was used for comparison of medians and relationship between the attributes. A significance level of 5% was considered as critical value. In order to calculate the accuracy of sex allocation using rugae shapes a logistic regression analysis (LRA) was performed with sex (where Male=1 and Female=0) as dependent variable and rugae shape as independent variable. Software used was SPSS 10.0 statistical negligible since the percentage concordance between repeat observations was found to exceed 95 percent with very few discrepancies involving the exclusion of secondary and fragmentary rugae, perhaps because of their size.
Table 1: Total number of subjects and the mean value of rugae in males and females.
Sex
* Secondary and Fragmentary types were excluded.
The total number of rugae and the mean value for males and females is illustrated in Table 1. The distribution of different types of rugae as well as the descriptive statistics is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Descriptive statistics of different types of rugae categorized by sex.
Type of
* Significantly different at the p<0.05 level.
17 A. Saraf, S. Bedia, A. Indurkar, S. Degwekar, R. Bhowate.
Table 3: Distribution of the different types of rugae length in males and females.
Sex From 5-10
Table 4: Sex differences in number of different types of rugae length. the −2LL statistic, the better the fit of the model to the data.22 The −2LL for logistic regression model for rugae type was 5.3, indicating high accuracy of fit of the model to the obtained data.
Table 5: Classification table of Logistic regression analysis (LRA).
Male Female Σ
n % n % n %
Rugae
pattern 60/60 100 59/60 98.3 119/120 99.2
Table 6: Accuracy of fit statistic (-2LL).
-2 Log likelihood
Rugae pattern 5.307
DISCUSSION
It is widely acknowledged that there are limitations in identification by fingerprints, dental records and DNA in some forensic situations and the palatal rugae pattern of an individual may be considered as a useful adjunct for identification purposes. The present study was carried out to study the rugae pattern in an Indian sample and to compare
the patterns between the males and females, which may be an additional method of differentiating the sexes, especially if other indicators are missing antemortem.
The method used in this study7,17,20 was found to be the most practical and easiest to apply compared with other methods such as those of Hauser et al14 and of Reuer.23
The present study was cross-sectional in nature and included recording of the rugae pattern of a narrow age group sample of 22-26 years selected amongst the students of the college who were of Indian origin. Hence further studies across a wider sample age group, larger sample size and with a longitudinal approach may be performed amongst the Indians to corroborate our results.
Nayak et al21 in their study on population differentiation using rugae shape have mentioned that discrete variables such as rugae shape are better suited for the purpose than continuous variables such as rugae length. The present study did not show any significant difference in the length of rugae between the sexes, whereas rugae shape did, implying that discrete variables are also better suited for sex differentiation.
Kapali et al20 in their study did not reveal any significant differences in the number of primary rugae between Aboriginal males and females. The present study also did not show any significant difference in the number of rugae between the Indian males and females. These results do not conform to the results presented by Dohke and Osato19 who indicated that among the Japanese, the females had fewer rugae than males. This may be due to the fact that secondary and fragmentary rugae were not included in the present study and it is the secondary rugae that Dohke and Osato considered in their study leading to sex differentiation.
18 A. Saraf, S. Bedia, A. Indurkar, S. Degwekar, R. Bhowate.
of using LRA for sex prediction and have proved the use of LRA as a better alternative to discriminant function analysis (DA) in dental sex assessment. Hence LRA was used in the present study to check the ability of palatal rugae pattern in determining sex. LRA enabled highly accurate sex prediction (99.2%) when the rugae shapes were analyzed. This shows that using the observed rugae pattern, sex can be predicted correctly with a probability of >99% which is a very high degree of prediction and sex allocation.22 The −2LL for logistic regression model for rugae type was 5.3, indicating an accurate fit of the model to the obtained data. This indicates that palatal rugae shapes may be extremely useful to predict sex. The descriptive statistics also showed significant difference among the sexes in shapes of primary rugae in the present sample (Table 2). The presence of the converging type was found to be significantly higher in females while the presence of the circular type was found to be significantly higher in males. This means that the power of sex prediction may be higher when the converging and circular types of rugae are used. The results reveal that rugae patterns have use as a sex indicator when multivariate statistics such as LRA is applied.
However, these results do not conform to the results presented by Nayak et al21 who studied the palatal rugae pattern in two populations of India and by using step-wise DA reported lack of sex dimorphism in their sample. The differences may be precluded by the small sample size (30: 15 males and 15 females), narrow age group sample and lack of use of LRA and further work on larger samples of the Indian population may be required to validate the findings.
In this study intra-observer error was assessed by repeat observations and was found to be negligible. Also, the errors in length were small because measurements were categorized rather than retaining their quantitative scale.
However, this error rate may be reduced further or completely eliminated by
development of an intraoral scanning device to capture palatal rugae pattern, with image transfer directly to a computer, with appropriate software, as is presently available for fingerprints. This would eliminate the manual errors as well as time involved in the process of categorization of rugae pattern samples. With the use of interconnected computer networks it would be possible to store a large amount of data, facilitating quick retrieval of information to assist with fasterand more effective sex differentiation and hence identification.
CONCLUSION
19 A. Saraf, S. Bedia, A. Indurkar, S. Degwekar, R. Bhowate.
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