T ING 0908075 Table of content

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Dewi Selviani Yulientinah, 2014

Assessment of Young Learners of English

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Approval Page ... ii

Abstract ... iii

Acknowledgments ... iv

Table of Contents ... v

List of Tables ... vii

List of Pictures ... viii

List of Appendices ... ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Research Questions ... 5

1.3 Purpose of the Study... 5

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 6

1.5 Scope of the Study... 6

1.6 Organization of Thesis ... 6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Young Language Learners (YLLs) ... 8

2.1.1. Definition of YLLs ... 8

2.1.2. The Characteristics of YLLs ... 9

2.1.2.1. Cognitive, Social and Emotional, and Physical Growth 10 2.1.2.2. Literacy ... 10

2.1.2.3. Vulnerability ... 12

2.1.3. How Children Learn the First Language ... 12

2.1.4. How Children Learn a Foreign Language ... 13

2.1.5. Creating Optimal Conditions for Foreign Language Learning for YLLs ... 15

2.2 Definition of Assessment ... 15

2.3 Assessment Procedures for YLLs ... 16

2.4 Purposes of Assessment... 17

2.5 Different Sorts of Assessment for Different Reasons ... 20

2.5.1. Formal and Informal Assessment ... 20

2.5.2. Formative and Summative Assessment ... 21

2.5.2. Criterion-Referenced and Norm-Referenced Assessment... 22

2.6 Assessment Techniques ... 22

2.6.1. Observation ... 23

2.6.2. On-the-run Assessment ... 24

2.6.3. Conferences ... 25

2.6.4. Portfolio ... 26

2.6.5. Contracts of Work and Projects ... 28

2.6.6. Self- and Peer-assessment ... 29

2.6.7. Classroom Tests ... 31

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2.7.1.Assessment of Listening... 32

2.7.1.1. Assessment of Phonemic Awareness ... 32

2.7.1.2. Assessment of Listening Comprehension ... 33

2.7.2. Assessment of Speaking ... 34

2.7.2.1.Assessment of Vocabulary ... 36

2.7.2.2. Assessment of Pronunciation ... 37

2.7.2.3. Assessment of Grammar ... 37

2.7.3. Assessment of Reading ... 38

2.7.4. Assessment of Writing ... 40

2.8 Assessment Standards for Elementary Level in Indonesia ... 41

2.9 English Competency Standards of Elementary Level in Indonesia 44 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 47

3.2 Research Site and Participants ... 47

3.3 Data Collection Techniques ... 47

3.3.1. Observation ... 47

3.3.2. Interview ... 48

3.3.3. Document Analysis ... 48

3.4 Data Analysis Techniques ... 49

3.4.1.Data from Observation ... 49

3.4.2. Data from Interview ... 49

3.4.3. Data from Documents ... 49

CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Purposes of Assessment ... 51

4.1.1. Formative ... 51

4.1.2. Summative ... 53

4.1.3. Informative ... 57

4.1.4. Diagnostic ... 61

4.1.5. Evaluative ... 62

4.2 Assessment Techniques ... 64

4.2.1. On-the-run Assessment ... 66

4.2.2. Self- and Peer-assessment ... 72

4.2.3. Classroom Tests ... 77

4.3 Language Skills Assessed ... 85

4.3.1. Assessing Listening ... 86

4.3.2. Assessing Speaking ... 90

4.3.3. Assessing Reading ... 96

4.3.4. Assessing Writing ... 98

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 104

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BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 An example of Transcript of Classroom Observation Appendix 2 Interview Form

Appendix 3 Transcripts of Interview

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 2.1. Characteristics of Younger and Older Learners...………. 9

Table 2.2. Widely Held Expectations of Literacy Development………… 11

Table 2.3. A simple self-assessment tool ……… 29

Table 2.4. Student’s Oral Language Obsevation Matrix………..… 35

Table 2.5. Some Characteristics of Reading Ability....……… 38

Table 4.1. The Frequency of Assessment Techniques...……… 64

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LIST OF PICTURES

Page

Picture 2.1. An example of a teacher-constructed observation checklist…... 24

Picture 2.2. A class recording sheet for incidental or planned observation…... 24

Picture 2.3 An example of sample criteria for a portfolio ………….……... 27

Picture 2.4. An axample of a contract ...………….……... 28

Picture 2.5. Self-assessment sheet... ...………….……... 30

Picture 2.6. An example of peer-evaluation sheet...………….……... 31

Picture 2.7. An example of a simple phonemic awareness assessment sheet ... 32

Picture 2.8. A group of pictures of different fruit... 33

Picture 2.9. An example of a vocabulary network... 36

Picture 2.10. An example of Story Elements Map... 39

Picture 2.11. An example of Sequence of Events Story Map... 40

Picture 4.1. An example of middle term exam questions of first grade... 55

Picture 4.2. Assessment record of fourth grade... 58

Picture 4.3. An example of classroom test of the first grade... 77

Picture 4.4. An example of classroom test of the second grade...79

Picture 4.5. An example of classroom test of the fifth grade... 81

Picture 4.6. An example of classroom test of the third grade... 83

Picture 4.7. An example of classroom test of the fourth grade... 84

Picture 4.8. An example of reading assessment of the fifth grade...97

Picture 4.9. An example of writing assessment of the first grade... 98

Picture 4.10. An example of writing assessment of the second grade... 99

Picture 4.11. An example of writing assessment of the third grade... 101

Picture 4.12. An example of writing assessment of the fourth grade... 101