[ 5] Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt
and He alth 7 / 4 [1996] 5 –8
© MCB Unive rs ity Pre s s [ISSN 0956-6163]
Persistent organochlorine compounds in water and
soil environments
Vlasta Drevenkar, Sanja Fingler, Z latko Fröbe, Z
˘ elimira Vasili ´c
Labo rato ry fo r Organic Analytic al Che mis try, Ins titute fo r Me dic al Re s e arc h and Oc c upatio nal He alth, Z agre b, Re public o f Cro atiaReviews compound physico-chemical properties and water and soil properties infl uencing the transport and distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorophenols in a water and soil environment. As highly hydrophobic compounds of low water solubility, organochlorine pesticides and PCBs are rapidly and strongly sorbed by most soils and sediments. The sorption of weakly acidic chlorophe-nols comprises both molecu-lar and ionic forms and depends not only on the soil/sediment organic matter content but also on the pH and ionic strength of the aqueous phase. Briefl y describes the analytical methods for trace analysis of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and chlorophenols in water and soil/sediment samples. Presents some results of those micropollu-tants’ analysis in surface, ground and drinking waters, soils, river sediments and wet depositions in Croatia.
P er sist en t a n d t oxic or ga n och lor in e (OC) p est icid es, p olych lor in a t ed b ip h en y ls (P CBs) a n d ch lor op h en ols (CP s) b elon g t o t h e m icr op ollu t a n t s of w a t er a n d s oil en v ir on -m en t s d is t r ibu t ed wor ldw id e. T h e u s e of OC p est icid es h a s b een r es t r ict ed or b a n n ed in m ost d evelop ed cou n t r ies bu t con t in u es in d evelop in g cou n t r ies. P CBs a r e a gr ou p of 209 con gen er s w h ich h ave b een w id ely u sed a s h ea t t r a n s fer fl u id s, h yd r a u lic fl u id s, fl a m e r et a r d a n t s a n d d ielect r ic fl u id s. For t h eir ea sier h a n d lin g a s y s t em a t ic n u m b er in g h a s b een in t r od u ced a n d w id ely a cce p t ed a s P CB n u m b er s [1]. In d evelop in g cou n t r ies P CBs h ave b een s u b s t it u t ed on ly p a r t ia lly. CP s, p a r t icu la r ly t h os e w it h t h r ee a n d m or e ch lo-r in e a t om s h ave b een u sed a s fu n gicid es w it h m a in a p p lica t ion s in t h e p r es er va t ion of wood , lea t h er a n d t ext iles a s w ell in p u lp a n d p a p er in d u s t r ies. T h ey a r e a lso in t er m ed ia t es in t h e p r od u ct ion of p h en oxy h er b icid es a n d d e gr a d a t ion p r od u ct s of h exa ch lor ocyclo-h exa n e a n d cocyclo-h lor ob en zen es. CP s ca n a lso b e for m ed by r ou t in e d isin fect ion of d r in k in g w a t er by ch lor in a t ion a s a r es u lt of ch lor in a -t ion of p h en ols a n d a s by -p r od u t s of -t h e r ea c-t ion of h y p och lor ic-t e w ic-t h p h en olic a cid s.
OC p es t icid es, P CBs a n d CP s en t er t h e en v i-r on m en t eit h ei-r d ii-r ect ly, m os t ly t h i-r ou gh t h e p est icid es a p p lica t ion a n d u n con t r olled w a st e d isch a r ge, or in d ir ect ly t h r ou gh a t m os p h er ic t r a n sp or t . T h eir levels a n d d ist r ibu t ion in t h e en v ir on m en t n eed t o b e con t r olled by m ea n s of a n en v ir on m en t a l r isk a s s es sm en t . P CBs a r e con s id er ed t o b e t h e m a in p r ecu r sor s of h igh ly t oxic p olych lor in a t ed d ib en zop d ioxin s (P CDDs) a n d p olych lor in a t ed d ib en -zofu r a n s (P CDF s ). P CDD a n d P CDF t r a ces a r e con t a in ed a lso in t ech n ica l t r i-, t et r a - a n d p en t a ch lor op h en ol for m u la t ion s.
In t h is p a p er som e fa ct or s in fl u en cin g t h e b eh av iou r of p er sis t en t a n d lip op h ilic OC com p ou n d s in w a t er a n d s oil en v ir on m en t s a n d t h e a n a ly t ica l m et h od s for a n a ly sis of OC p est icid es, P CBs a n d CP s in a q u eou s a n d s oil/ s ed im en t s a m p les a r e b r iefl y d es cr ib ed . T h e en v ir on m en t a l levels of t h os e p ollu t a n t s a r e illu s t r a t ed by select ed r es u lt s of OC p est i-cid es, P CBs a n d CP s a n a ly sis in d iffer en t w a t er s, s oils, r iver s ed im en t s a n d w et d e p osi-t ion s in Cr oa osi-t ia .
Factors af fecting transport and
distribution of PCBs, OC pesticides
and CPs in water and soil
environments
T h e b eh av iou r of OC com p ou n d s in w a t er a n d soil en v ir on m en t s d e p en d s on b ot h t h e sp e-cifi c com p ou n d p r op er t ies a n d on t h e w a t er a n d soil p r op er t ies. Ma jor p h y sico-ch em ica l p r op er t ies fr om t h e en v ir on m en t a l p oin t of v iew a r e com p ou n d w a t er solu b ilit y, lip op h ilicit y a n d vola t ilit y (Ta ble I). Com -p ou n d li-p o-p h ilicit y is ch a r a ct er ized by oct a n ol/ w a t er p a r t it ion coefficien t Kow, w h ich cor r ela t es w ell w it h it s w a t er solu b il-it y, soil s or p t ion a n d b ioa ccu m u la t ion .
As h igh ly h yd r op h ob ic com p ou n d s of low w a t er solu b ilit y OC p es t icid es a n d P CBs a r e r a p id ly a n d s t r on gly sor b ed by m ost soils[2,3] a n d in a q u a t ic sy s t em s t h ey a r e oft en a ssoci-a t ed w it h b ot t om sed im en t s[4,5]. Du e t o t h eir low d e gr a d a b ilit y t h es e com p ou n d s a ccu m u -la t e in sed im en t s a n d a q u a t ic or ga n ism s r ela t ive t o t h e con cen t r a t ion fou n d in w a t er. T h e sor p t ion of P CBs is favou r ed by h igh soil t ot a l or ga n ic ca r b on , h igh t ot a l a lu m in iu m a n d ir on oxid es a n d h igh con t en t of fi n e p a r t i-cles lik e silt [2].
Sor p t ion of CP s t o b ot t om sed im en t s is exp ect ed t o b e les ser t h a n t h a t of OC p est i-cid es a n d P CBs b eca u se of t h eir low er Kow va lu es (Ta ble I). CP s a r e w ea k or ga n ic a cid s w it h a cid it ies in t h e p Kar a n ge fr om 5 t o 9. At t y p ica l a m b ien t p H va lu es, CP s, in p a r t icu la r t h e h igh ly ch lor in a t ed a n d m or e a cid ic t et r a -a n d p en t -a -CP s, -a r e p r es en t in t h e -a q u eou s en v ir on m en t p r ed om in a n t ly a s p h en ola t e a n ion s. T h e sor p t ion of CP s com p r is es b ot h m olecu la r a n d ion ic for m s[6,7] a n d d e p en d s on t h e p Kaa n d Kowof t h e p a r t icu la r CP, on t h e p H a n d ion ic st r en gt h of t h e a q u eou s p h a s e[7,8] a n d on t h e s oil or ga n ic ca r b on con t en t [7,9]. In s om e ca s es a st r on g in t er -a ct ion of ch lor op h en ol-a t es w it h or g-a n ic-fr ee m in er a l s u r fa ce w a s ob s er ved [9]. Som e ch a r ged sp ecies in t h e sor b en t m a t er ia l, su ch a s Ca2+a n d M g2+ion s a ls o in fl u en ce t h e CP s s or p t ion [6].
[ 6]
Vlas ta Dre ve nkar, Sanja Fingle r, Z latko Frö be , ˘Zelimira Vasili ´c
Pe rsiste nt o rgano c hlo rine c o mpo unds in wate r and so il e nviro nme nts
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
7 / 4 [1 9 9 6 ] 5 –8
a s t h e w a t er s olu b ilit y of CP s in cr ea ses a n d t h eir s or p t ion in t en s it y d ecr ea ses w it h in cr ea s e in p H va lu e[7,8], t h ey t en d t o b e t r a n s p or t ed by lea ch in g esp ecia lly in n eu t r a l, b a s ic a n d m in er a l s oils w it h a low or ga n ic m a t t er con t en t .
T h e occu r r en ce of OC p est icid es, P CBs a n d CP s in r e gion s w h er e t h ey w er e n ot u sed cou ld b e exp la in ed on ly by t h eir efficien t a t m os p h er ic t r a n sp or t a n d su b s eq u en t w et a n d d r y d e p osit ion . T h eir p r es en ce in t h e r a in a n d sn ow w a t er [10-12] st em s fr om d iss o-lu t ion of ga s -p h a s e or ga n ics t h r ou gh ga s -r a in p a r t it ion in g a n d fr om s caven gin g of p a r t icles a n d t h eir a ssocia t ed com p ou n d s. Ch lor op h e-n ols h ave m u ch h igh er va p ou r p r es s u r es t h a e-n OC p es t icid es a n d P CBs (Ta ble I) a n d exis t in t h e a ir a lm ost en t ir ely in t h e ga s eou s p h a s e[10]. For t h ese com p ou n d s ga s scaven g-in g is m u ch m or e im p or t a n t t h a n p a r t icle scaven gin g. For s em ivola t ile lip op h ilic com -p ou n d s of low w a t er s olu b ilit y su ch a s P CBs, p a r t icle s caven gin g w a s s h ow n t o b e t h eir d om in a n t sou r ce in r a in w a t er s a m p les [11].
Analysis of PCBs, OC pesticides
and CPs in water and soil/ sediment
Con cer n a b ou t t h e sou r ces, fa t e a n d en v ir on -m en t a l i-m p a ct of OC co-m p ou n d s in t h e a q u a t ic en v ir on m en t h a s s t im u la t ed t h e d evelop m en t of a va r iet y of sen s it ive a n d com p lex a n a ly t ica l m et h od s for t h eir d et er -m in a t ion a t t r a ce levels b ot h in w a t er a n d in s oil/ sed im en t sa m p les. T h ese m et h od s gen er -a lly in clu d e -a p r econ cen t r -a t ion s t e p w h ich is
a ccom p lis h ed eit h er by d ir ect solven t ext r a c-t ion [5,15-17] or by a d sor p c-t ion a n d su b seq u en c-t elu t ion fr om a n a p p r op r ia t e a d sor b en t [17-20]. H igh r esolu t ion ca p illa r y ga s ch r om a t ogr a -p h y (H RGC) w it h elect r on ca -p t u r e a n d m a ss sp ect r om et r ic d et ect ion en a bles r elia ble id en -t ifi ca -t ion a n d -t r a ce levels q u a n -t ifi ca -t ion of t a r get com p ou n d s. Befor e ga s ch r om a t o-gr a p h ic a n a ly s is, ch lor op h en ols a r e u su a lly con ver t ed in t o less p ola r d er iva t ives a lt h ou gh ga s ch r om a t ogr a p h ic[20] a n d h igh p er for -m a n ce liq u id ch r o-m a t ogr a p h ic[7] p r oced u r es for a n a ly sis of n on -d er iva t ized ch lor op h en ols a r e a lso d escr ib ed .
In q u a lit a t ive a n d q u a n t it a t ive a n a ly ses of P CBs sp ecifi c p r oblem s a r e en cou n t er ed d u e t o t h e com p lex com p osit ion of P CB m ixt u r es b ot h in en v ir on m en t a l sa m p les a n d in com -m er cia l for -m u la t ion s, w h ich a r e oft en u sed a s st a n d a r d s[21]. P CBs a r e oft en q u a n t it a t ed a s “t ot a l” P CBs: eit h er a s t h e su m of P CB con gen er s exp r ess ed a s a m ixt u r e or a com b in a -t ion of -t ech n ica l P CB m ix-t u r es, or a s a su m of P CB con gen er s exp r es sed a s t h e s u m of sin gle con gen er s p r esen t in t h e s a m p le. H RGC t ech n iq u es en a ble efficien t se p a r a t ion a n d q u a n -t i-t a -t ion of in d iv id u a l P CB con gen er s, e.g. con gen er s select ed a s t y p ica l a n d r e p r esen t a -t ive of -t h e m os -t w id ely u s ed P CBs: P CB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 a n d 180. For a n en v ir on m en t a l r is k a ss essm en t t h e d et er m in a t ion of t h e m ost t oxic co-p la n a r con gen er s a n d t h eir m od er a t ely t oxic m on o-or t h o a n a logu es is of p a r a m ou n t im p or t a n ce. To m in im ize t h e in t er fer en ces, t h e d et er m in a t ion of n on -p la n a r a n d co--p la n a r P CB con gen er s sh ou ld b e p r eced ed by a p r e-se p a r a t ion st e p [22]. For a n a ccu r a t e d et er m in a t ion of b ot h or t h o- a n d n on or t h os u b s t it u t ed P CBs a h igh p er for m a n ce liq u id ch r om a t ogr a p h ic p r es e p a r a -t ion s -t e p w a s p r op osed [16].
T h e ch oice of a n a ly t ica l m et h od s for st u d -ies of OC com p ou n d s in w a t er a n d soil/ sed i-m en t sa i-m p les in ou r la b or a t or y is
d et er m in ed by t h e eq u ip m en t a t d isp osa l for con t in u ou s u se a n d by t h e n eces sit y t o a ch ieve a h igh d et ect ion sen sit iv it y en a blin g t r a ce a n a ly sis. Du e t o t h e h igh er sen sit iv it y of a n elect r on ca p t u r e d et ect ion t h a n of d et ec-t ion by m a ss sp ecec-t r om eec-t r y u n a m b igu ou s id en t ifi ca t ion of or ga n och lor in e com p ou n d s in d ilu t ed s a m p les h a s b een s u b s t it u t ed by con cu r r en t sa m p le a n a ly sis on t wo b a sica lly d iffer en t ga s ch r om a t ogr a p h ic colu m n s. Ga s ch r om a t ogr a p h icm a ss s p ect r om et r ic a n a ly -sis w it h a n ion t r a p d et ect or is u sed for m or e con cen t r a t ed or p ooled sa m p les on ly.
OC p est icid es a n d P CBs a r e a ccu m u la t ed fr om a q u eou s s a m p les by m u lt ip le ext r a ct ion w it h n -h exa n e[15] a n d fr om soil/ sed im en t sa m p les by son ica t ion of sa m p le w it h 1:1 a cet on e:n -h exa n e m ixt u r e[16]. T h e w a t er ext r a ct s a r e p u r ifi ed by w a sh in g w it h con cen -t r a -t ed su lp h u r ic a cid a n d -t h e soil/ s ed im en -t ext r a ct s a r e t r ea t ed w it h cop p er p ow d er, m er cu r y a n d fi n a lly w it h su lp h u r ic a cid . T h e Table I
So lubility in wate r (S), o c tano l/ wate r partitio n c o e ffic ie nt (Ko w) and vapo ur pre s s ure (vp) o f s e le c te d OC pe s tic ide s , PCBs and CPs
Compound S, mol dm–3 log K
ow vp, Pa (°C)
HCH isomersa 2×1 0–5– 7×1 0–7 3 .9 5×1 0–5– 2×1 0–2 (2 0 )
(α-, β-,γ-)
4,4′-DDTa 6×1 0–9 6 .0 3×1 0–5 (2 5 )
4,4′-DDDa 2×1 0–8 6 .0 1×1 0–4 (3 0 )
4,4′-DDEa 3×1 0–8 5 .7 9×1 0–4 (3 0 )
PCBsa 8×1 0–1 0– 1×1 0–6 5 .5 –7 .2 8×1 0–5– 3×1 0–2 (2 5 )
Di-, tri-CPb 4×1 0–3– 3×1 0–2 3 .2 –4 .4 2 .3 –1 1 .9 (2 5 )
PCPc 5×1 0–5(2 0 °C, pH 5 ) 5 .2 2×1 0–3 (2 0 )
Notes:
aS, K
owand vp data taken from [1 3 ]; PCB data refer to PCB c ongeners:
2 8 (2 ,4 ,4′-tric hlorobiphenyl), 5 2 (2 ,2′,5 ,5′-tetrac hlorobiphenyl), 1 0 1 (2 ,2′,4 ,5 ,5′-pentac hlorobiphenyl), 1 3 8 (2 ,2′,3 ,4 ,4′,5 -hexac hlorobiphenyl), 1 5 3 (2 ,2′,4 ,4′,5 ,5′-hexac hlorobiphenyl) and 1 8 0 (2 ,2′,3 ,4 ,4′,5 ,5′-heptac hlorobiphenyl)
bS and vp taken from [1 0 ], and K
owfrom [7 ] c S and vp taken from [1 4 ], and K
[ 7] Vlas ta Dre ve nkar, Sanja
Fingle r, Z latko Frö be , ˘Zelimira Vasili ´c
Pe rsiste nt o rgano c hlo rine c o mpo unds in wate r and so il e nviro nme nts
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
7 / 4 [1 9 9 6 ] 5 –8
a ccu m u la t ed p est icid es a n d P CBs a r e a n a ly sed , w it h ou t p r ev iou s se p a r a t ion , on a p a ck ed a n d a ca p illa r y ga s ch r om a t ogr a p h ic colu m n . P CBs a r e q u a n t it a t ed a ga in st a s t a n -d a r -d m ixt u r e con sis t in g of Ar oclor 1242 a n -d Ar oclor 1260 in a 2.5:1 r a t io eit h er by t h e in d i-v id u a l p ea k or in d ii-v id u a l con gen er
m et h od [12].
CP s a r e a ccu m u la t ed fr om w a t er s a m p les by C18r ever s ed p h a se a d sor p t ion follow ed by elu t ion w it h a cet on e a n d con ver s ion t o a cet y l a n d p en t a fl u or ob en zoil d er iva t ives [17]. T h e a n a ly s is of b ot h t y p es of d er iva t ives on t wo d iffer en t ga s ch r om a t ogr a p h ic colu m n s is r ecom m en d ed for a m or e r elia ble id en t ifi ca -t ion a n d q u a n -t i-t a -t ion of -t h e com p ou n d s a n a ly s ed .
OC pesticides, PCBs and CPs in
water and soil/ sediment samples in
Croatia
T h e u se of OC p est icid es in Cr oa t ia h a s b een r est r ict ed for s om e 30 yea r s. T h e u s e of DDT w a s r es t r ict ed in 1972 a n d h exa ch lor ob en zen e (H CB) h a s b een p r oh ib it ed s in ce 1978. γH exa -ch lor ocycloh exa n e (γ-H CH , Lin d a n e) is s t ill p r od u ced a n d u s ed in Cr oa t ia . Des p it e r es t r ic-t ion som e elecic-t r iciic-t y fa ciliic-t ies s ic-t ill con ic-t a in P CBs.
Da t a on t h e p r es en ce of OC com p ou n d s in t h e w a t er en v ir on m en t in Cr oa t ia m os t ly r efer t o t h e a n a ly sis of w id ely d is t r ibu t ed OC p est icid es. Recen t m ea su r em en t s in d ica t e t h a t t h eir levels a r e gen er a lly w it h in ecot oxi-cologica lly a cce p t a ble lim it s ch a r a ct er is t ic of glob a l en v ir on m en t a l p ollu t ion . To p r ov id e a n in s igh t in t o t h e b a ck gr ou n d levels a n d r is k s im p os ed by t h e en v ir on m en t a l p r es en ce of OC p es t icid es, P CBs a n d CP s, w e in ves t iga t ed t h e or igin s a n d levels of t h os e com -p ou n d s in su r fa ce, gr ou n d a n d d r in k in g
w a t er s, w et d e p os it ion s, soil a n d r iver s ed im en t s fr om d iffer en t a r ea s in
Cr oa t ia [12,15,23]. As a n exa m p le t h e m a xi-m u xi-m con cen t r a t ion s of γ-H CH , t ot a l P CBs, a n d m ost fr eq u en t ly d et ect ed CP s: 2,4,6-t r ich lor op h en ol (2,4,6-TCP ), 2,3,4,6t e2,3,4,6t r a ch lor op h en ol (2,3,4,6TeCP ) a n d p en -t a ch lor op h en ol (P CP ), m ea su r ed over a lon ger p er iod in d iffer en t w a t er s a n d w et d e p osit ion s in t h e Za gr eb cit y a r ea , a r e list ed in Ta ble II. As a con seq u en ce of t h e r e gu la r u se of in s ect icid e for m u la t ion s con t a in in g lin d a n e, γ-H CH w a s t h e on ly p es t icid e d et ect ed in a ll a q u eou s sa m p les a n d in t h e h igh est con cen t r a t ion s. All su r fa ce, r a in a n d s n ow w a t er s con t a in ed t r a ces of P CBs a n d m os t of t h e p a r t icle sa m p les isola t ed fr om r a in a n d sn ow w a t er s con t a in ed t r a ces of t h e DDT-t y p e com p ou n d s. P CP w a s t h e m ost a bu n d a n t ch lor op h en ol in su r fa ce, gr ou n d a n d d r in k in g w a t er s. Differ en t CP s a p p ea r ed r e gu la r ly in r a in a n d sn ow w a t er sa m p les a n d t h eir con cen t r a t ion s in sn ow w a t er w er e s ign ifi ca n t ly h igh er t h a n t h ose in r a in w a t er [12].
Da t a on levels a n d d ist r ibu t ion of OC p est i-cid es, P CBs a n d CP s in a q u ifer sed im en t s a n d s oils in Cr oa t ia a r e gen er a lly la ck in g, a lt h ou gh t h ey a r e of cr u cia l im p or t a n ce for eva lu a t ion of en v ir on m en t a l p ollu t ion by t h ose h yd r op h ob ic p ollu t a n t s. T h e m a xim u m con cen t r a t ion s of P CBs a n d select ed OC p est i-cid es m ea s u r ed r ecen t ly in su r fa ce s oils a n d r iver sed im en t s fr om d iffer en t a r ea s b ot h in con t in en t a l a n d in coa st a l p a r t s of Cr oa t ia a r e s h ow n in Ta ble III. In m ost of t h e su r fa ce soils a n d r iver sed im en t s t h e b a ck gr ou n d con cen -t r a -t ion s of -t o-t a l P CBs w er e low er -t h a n 10 µg k g-1. T h e h igh es t P CB con cen t r a t ion s, list ed in Ta ble III, w er e m ea s u r ed in a s u r fa ce soil in t h e v icin it y of a t r a n s for m er st a t ion a n d in a r iver sed im en t in t h e Ka r st r e gion , p oin t in g t o a loca l sou r ce of p ollu t ion . T h e OC p est cid es m ost fr eq u en t ly d et ect ed in soil/ sed i-m en t sa i-m p les w er e DDT a n d it s d e gr a d a t ion p r od u ct s a n d γ-H CH . Ow in g t o t h e h igh en v i-r on m en t a l p ei-r sis t en ce a n d t h e h igh est lip op h ilicit y in t h e s er ies of p est icid es a n a ly sed , DDT a n d it s d e gr a d a t ion p r od u ct s Table II
Maximum c o nc e ntratio ns o f s e le c te d OC c o mpo unds in wate rs and we t de po s itio ns in the Z agre b c ity are a in pe rio d 1 9 9 2 -1 9 9 5 fo r γ-HCH and PCBs and 1 9 8 4 -1 9 9 5 fo r CPs
M aximum concentrations, ng dm–3
Water γ-HCH PCBs 2,4,6-TCP 2,3,4,6-TeCP PCP
Sava river 5 2 5 6 2 6 9 1 6 3
Small streams 6 1 3 1 7 9 3 2 3 8
Lakes 2 1 4 2 7 2 5
Ground water 4 1 2 4 4 6 1 5 1
Drinking water 1 2 9 1 0 1 2 3
Rain
– water 3 8 2 0 5 6 9 6 3 1 9
– particlesa 5 1 2 4 ,1 5 5 ndb ndb ndb
Snow
– water 6 5 0 2 1 0 5 2 7 1 3 1
– particlesa 2 4 2 4 ,0 8 2 ndb ndb ndb
Notes:
aConc entration expressed in ng g–1 bNot determined
Table III
Maximum c o nc e ntratio ns o f PCBs and s e le c te d OC pe s tic ide s in s urfac e s o ils and rive r s e di-me nts in Cro atia in the pe rio d 1 9 9 3 -9 4
M aximum concentration, µg kg–1
Compound Surface soil River sediment
PCBs 1 6 5 .5 5 0 7 .1
HCB 0 .3 < 0 .1
α-HCH 0 .4 < 0 .1
β-HCH 0 .6 0 .6
γ-HCH 8 .3 3 .5
4,4′-DDE 9 6 .9 9 .1
4,4′-DDD 1 0 .4 2 .4
[ 8]
Vlas ta Dre ve nkar, Sanja Fingle r, Z latko Frö be , ˘Zelimira Vasili ´c
Pe rsiste nt o rgano c hlo rine c o mpo unds in wate r and so il e nviro nme nts
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
7 / 4 [1 9 9 6 ] 5 –8
h ave a h igh ca p a b ilit y of sor p t ion a n d a ccu m u la t ion in soils a n d s ed im en t s. Con s eq u en t ly, in b ot h s oil a n d r iver s ed im en t s a m p les t h e m a xim u m con cen t r a t ion s of DDT-t y p e com p ou n d s w er e h igh er t h a n t h os e of ot h er OC p est icid es.
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