by
Mr. M. Abdul Samad
(Tamil Professor, Haji Karuttha Ravuthat College, Utthamapalayam).
E Book from
Kulasai Sulthan
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; K];ypk;fs;
• vd;Diu - 2• gjpg;Giu
• 1. Kjd;ikahsh;fs; - 7 o tlf;fpy; rpe;jpa Kjy; uj;jk;
o njw;fpd; Kjy; NghuhspNahL o fpspq;fh;fs; o rpg;gha;fs; ngw;w cj;Ntfk; o xU gpb kz; o Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; o Kjy; Rje;jpug;gpufldk;. • 2. kz;zph;f;fhf khh;f;f mwpQh;fs; - 14 o xU kdpjd; xU gl;lhsk; o xU ths; ,UgJ jiyfs;
o G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfl;l Kjy; ,e;jpad; o gj;th
• 3. tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; tPukq;ifah; - 18 o Ngfk; `[;uj; k`y;
o Nghh;f;fsk; Kjy; Nghuhl;lf;fsk; tiu.
• 4. Rje;jpuj;jpw;fha; rpWth; Kjy; KjpNahh; tiu - 20 o vd; ngah; tpLjiy
o ghlypapy; xU Gyp
o NjrtpLjiyf;F MAjg;Gul;rpNa jPh;T o jpahf ,af;fj;jpdhpd; thpirapy; o itf;fk; tPud;
o mwpQdpd; Ngdh
o vy;iyg; Gwj;jpy; fhy;Nfhs; o [khy; rNfhjuh;fs;
o fs;Sf;fil kwpaypy; xU nksyhdh o nry;thf;F kpf;f nry;te;jh;.
• 5. Rje;jpug;Nghhpy; K];ypk; ghtyh;fs; - 27 o rjhtjhd; nra;Fj;jk;gp ghtyh;
o fk;gk; gPh;Kfk;kJ ghtyh; o tPjpapy; xU ghtyh;
o tpy;Yg;ghl;by; xU ghtyh; o fhkuh[Uld; xU ghtyh; o ehlfNkilapy; ek; ghtyh;fs; o ,d;Dk; vj;jid NgNuh?
• 6. Mde;j Rje;jpuj;jpw;fha; ms;spf;nfhLj;Njhh; - 30 o N]tf; fp `pe;j;
o Nejh[papd; khiyf;F %d;W yl;rk; o kfhj;khit mjpuitj;j khkdpjh; o t.c.rp – apd; Nerh; o RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNfrd;. • ,Wjp thh;j;ijfs; • gpd;dpizg;G – 1 - 35 • Jiz epd;wd… - 36
vd;Diu me;j Ehypd; rpy gf;fq;fs;…vd;id mjphpr;rpf;Fs;shf;fpaJ!
kJiu fhkuhrh; kw;Wk; kNdhd;kdpak; Re;judhh; gy;ffiyf;fyfq;fspy; ,sq;fiy tuyhW gapYk; khzth;fs; ‘,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l tuyhW’ gw;wp gapy> mth;fSf;F topfhl;b Ehyhf mjpfk; gad;gLtJ Nguhrphpah; G. ntq;fNlrd; vOjpa History of Freedom Struggle in India
EhyhFk;. ,e;Ehypd; 251-253 gf;fq;fspy; khg;gps;isg;Gul;rp gw;wpg;NgrptUk; Mrphpah;:
khg;gps;is fpsh;r;rp xU Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lf;fpsh;r;rpNa my;y> mJ kjf;fho;g;Gzh;r;rp fhuzkhf kyghh; K];ypk;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa fytuk;. NkYk; fhe;jp[papd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Nfushtpy;
gpd;dilar;nra;jJ ,f;fpsh;r;rpNa. mJkl;Lky;y kyghh; K];ypk;NghuhspfSk;> kjthjpfSk;> re;jh;g;gthjpfSk; ,e;Jf;fisf; $l;lk; $l;lkhf gLnfhiy nra;jdh; kjkhw;wk; nra;jdh; ,e;Jg;ngz;fisf; fw;gopjpjdh; - ,e;Jf;fspd; clikfisf;nfhs;isapl;ldh; - tPLfisj; jPapl;ldh;!*
*G.Venkatesan, History of Freedom Struggle in India, p.p251-253.
-vd;W khg;gps;isf;fpsh;r;rpia kjpg;gPL nra;fpwhh;. kpfg;ngUk; jpahfk; Ghpe;j guk;giuia – mjd; tuyhw;iw ,sk; neQ;rq;fSf;Fj; JNtr vz;zj;Jld; mwpKfk; nra;Ak; tifapy; vOjpAs;shh;. ,e;jpa kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhf – gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhfj; njd;dfj;jpy; epfo;e;j uj;jg;Gul;rp... khg;gps;isg;Gul;rp. Nfushtpd; kyghh; khg;gps;is K];ypk;ffs; Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhfTk; - mth;fSf;F tpRthr Copah;fshd Nkl;Lf;FbapdUf;F vjpuhfTk;
fpsh;e;njOe;j ,g;Gul;rpia xLf;f khg;gps;is mTl;Nur; rl;lk;> khg;gps;isf; fj;jpr; rl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw kyghh; K];ypk;fs; kPJ muR jpdpj;jJ.
fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpapy; epfo;e;j ,f;fpsh;r;rpapd; NghJ nghf;fhj;Jhupy; capupoe;j khg;gps;is K];ypk;fspd; vz;zpf;if 600. gl;lhk;gpapy; capupoe;jth;fspd; vz;zf;if 500. ifJ nra;ag;gl;L jp&hpypUe;J Nfhak;gj;JhUf;F ruf;F uapypd; fhw;Wg;Gfhj ngl;bfSf;Fs; milf;fg;gl;L nfhz;L tUk;NghJ> %r;Rj;jpzwp ,we;j khg;gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;if 55 vd;W 1921 nrg;lk;gh; 1 - ,y; ntspahd ‘jp ,z;bngd;ld;l;’ gj;jphpf;if $wpaJ.*
*B.M.Tank, Non-Co.operation Movement in India.1921, A Historical Study, P.106.
,Jnty;yhk; khg;gps;is K];ypk;fspd; jpahfj;ijg; gw;wp ehd; gbj;J fz;fs; gdpj;j tuyhW.
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;iw vOjpa gy tuyhw;W mwpQh;fsJ Ehy;fspd; gf;fq;fSf;Fs; Nrhfq;fspd; fdj;NjhL milgl;Lf;fplf;Fk; ,e;jg;Gul;rp tuyhW Nguhrphpah; ntq;fNlrd; mth;fSf;F kl;Lk; njhpahky; NghdJ Mr;rhpaNk.
1985- ,y; ntspte;j ,tuJ Ehypd; Mq;fpy kw;Wk; jkpo;g; gjpg;GfisNa ,sq;fis khzth;fs; mjpfkhfg;gbf;fpd;wdh;. vj;jidNah Neh;ikahd Ma;T kdk; nfhz;l Nguhrphpah;fs; - tuyhw;W
mwpQh;fs; jkpofj;jpy ,Ue;Jk;> ,tuJ thpfSf;Fs; Kfk; fhl;Lk; tFg;Gzh;Tf;F xUth; $l vjph;g;G njhptpf;fhjJ tUe;Jjw;FwpaJ.
xhprh khepyj;jpd; Kd;dhs; fth;dUk; Kd;dhs ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUk; tuyhw;W mwpQUkhd B. N. ghz;Nl mth;fs; vOjpa ‘,];yhKk; ,e;jpaf; fyhr; rhuKk;’ vd;w Ehiyg;gbj;jNghJ> B.N. ghz;Nl Nghd;w mwpQh;fSf;F ,Ue;j jhh;kPf czh;T $l ,];yhkpa fy;tpahsh;fSf;F ,y;yhky;
Ngha;tpl;lNj vd;W Mjq;fg;gl;Nld;. vd;id Mjq;fg;gl itj;j mf;fl;Liur;nra;jp ,J jhd;;;: B.N. ghz;Nl mth;fs; 1928 - ,y; myfhghj;jpy; khtPuh; jpg;GRy;jhd; gw;wp Muha;r;rp
nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jNghJ> Mq;fpNyh -ngq;fhyp fy;Yhhp khzth; kd;wj;jpd; tuyhw;Wf;fofj;ij njhlq;fpitj;J ciuahw;w miof;fg; gl;bUe;jhh;.mt;Tiiuf;fhf Maj;jk; nra;Ak; NghJ> md;W uh[];jhd;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xuprh> gP`hh;> ngq;fhy; khepyq;fspd; cah;epiyf; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j xU Ehiyg;gbj;J mjph;e;jpUf;fpwhh;.
fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rk];fpUjj;Jiwj; jiyth; lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jphp vOjpa mt;tuyhw;W E}ypy;> B.N. ghz;Nl mth;fis mjph;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fpa nra;jp ,Jjhd;:
jpg;GRy;jhd; 3000 gpuhkzh;fis ,];yhj;jpy; ,izag; gyhj;fhuk; nra;j NghJ> mth;fs; midtUk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;ldh;!
- ,j;jftiyg; gbj;jTld; B.N. ghz;Nl cldbahf> ‘’ve;j Mjhuj;ijf;nfhz;L ,ij vOjpdPh;fs;”
-vd;W lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jpupf;F tpsf;fk; Nfl;L fbjk; xd;iw mDg;Gfpwhh;.
gy fbjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF lhf;lh;. `hpgpurhj; rh];jpupaplk; ,Ue;J te;j fbjj;jpy;> “ik#h; nf]l;by; ,Ue;J ,jw;fhd Mjhuk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ” – vd;W gjpy; tUfpwJ. cldbahf ik#h; gy;fiyf;fifj;jpd; JizNte;jh; rh;.gpN[e;jpuehj; ]Py; mth;fSf;F> “lhf;lh;.`hpgpurhj; rh];jpup mth;fs; ik#h; nf]l;bypUe;J vLj;jhf $wg;gLk; nra;jp cz;ikjhdh” – vd;W tprhhpj;J vOJfpwhh;. JizNte;jh; mf;fbjj;ij> md;W ik#h; nf]l;bd; GJg;gjpg;gpidj; jahh; nra;J nfhz;bUe;j Nguhrphpah; =`z;ilah mth;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fpwhh;. mth; ik#h; nf]l;bid Muha;e;J myrptpl;L> “,J khjphp rk;gtk; vJTk; ik#h; nf]l;by; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy” - vd;W gjpy; jUfpwhh;.
mj;NjhL jpg;GRy;jhdpd; gpujk ke;jphp Guzhah vd;w gpuhkzh; vd;gijAk;> Nridj;jiyth; fpU\;zuht; vd;gijAk; njhptpj;jhh;. NkYk; jpg;GRy;jhd; 156 ,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fSf;F tUlhe;jpu nryTf;fhf khz;ak; toq;fpa gl;baiyAk;: rpUq;Nfhp klk; [fj; FU rq;fuhr;rhhpahUf;Fk;
jpg;GRy;jhDf;Fk; ,Ue;j Ner cwit ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mjhuq;fshfj; jpg;GRy;jhd; rpUq;Nfhp klj;jpw;F vOjpa 30 fbjq;fspd; Gifg;gl efy;fisAk; B.N.ghz;Nl mth;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fpwhh;.*
(*kuhj;jpiar; Nrh;e;j gpz;lhhpfs; vdr;nrhy;yg;gl;l Kul;Lg;gilapdh; uFehjg; gl;lth;j;jdpd; jiyikapy; rpUq;Nfhp klj;ijAk; rhujh Myaj;ijAk; (1791-,y;) nfhs;isapl;ldh;. rhujh gPlk; cl;gl 60 ylrk; kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fisf; nfhs;isapl;lNjhL> gpuhkz mh;r;rfh;fs; gyiuAk; nfhd;wdh;. ,jw;F vjph;g;G njhptpj;J rpUq;Nfhp klj;jpd; gPlhjpgjp =rr;rpjhde;j Rthkpfs; Jq;fgj;jpuh ejpf;fiuapy; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhh;. mth; jdJ cz;zh tpujj;ij if tpLk; gbAk;> ,og;Gfis <L nra;tjhfTk; gPlhjpgjpf;F jpg;GRy;jhd; vOjpa kly;fSs; xd;W. ghh;f;f gpd;dpizg;G.1 - Page 35)
Nguhrphpah; =`z;ilahtplkpUe;J ngw;w Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L> md;W ghlj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Ehy;fisj; Njh;T nra;Ak; fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Jiz Nte;jUf;F> “ngha;Ak;
Gide;JiuAkhf mike;Js;s lhf;lh; `hpgpurhj; rh];jphpapd; Ehiyg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;f Ntz;Lk;” - vd;W B.N. ghz;Nl vOJfpwhh;. mg;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; JizNte;jh; m];Nlh];
Kfh;[p> ,jd; Nky; eltbf;if vLj;J lhf;lh; `hpgpurhj; rh];jphpapd; Ehiyg;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J jil nra;fpwhh;.**
(** B.N. Pande, ‘Distortion of medival Indian History’, Islam and Indian Culture Pa37-39)
mwpQh; B.N. ghz;Nlapd; ,k;Kaw;rpapid Vd; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;Nld; vd;why;> jpg;GRy;jhd; gw;wp xU tuyhw;W Ehypy; ntspahd jtwhd jftiy mg;Gwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; tuyhW Neh;ikahfr;
nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfTk; K];ypk; my;yhj xU tuyhw;W mwpQh; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfspy;> K];ypk; mwpQh;fs; ,wq;fhj fhuzj;jpdhy;jhd; Mq;fpNyah; fhyk; njhl;L ,d;W
tiu ,e;jpa ,];yhkpahpd; tuyhWfs; jphpf;fg;gl;l tuyhwhfNt ntspte;Js;sd.
,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa ,];yhkpahpd; tuyhW jpUj;jp vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;iwa fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaj;Njit.
K];ypk;fisj; Njr tpNuhjpfs;> Njrg;gw;W ,y;yhjth;fs;> td;Kiwahsh;fs;> ,e;j kz;zpd; kuGfSlDk; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; gz;ghl;L ghuk;ghpaq;fSlDk; xj;Jg; Nghfhjth;fs; vd;nwy;yhk;
fl;Lf;fijfs; jPtpukhfg; gug;gg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;jr; #oypy; ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; gr;ir uj;jq;fsha; ghpkhug;gl;l ,];yhkpah;fspd; jpahfq;fSk; tuyhWfSk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
Ngrg;glNtz;Lk;.
,e;j jhh;kPf nghWg;Gzh;tpd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; jpahfj;jpd; epwk; gr;ir – vd;w ,e;Ehiy> ehd; mwpe;j tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf;nfhz;L gilj;Js;Nsd;.
,e;jpa tpLjiyf;F ,]yhkpah; Mw;wpa njhz;Lfis KOikahfg; NgRtNjh> gy;NtW jsq;fspy; epd;W jpahfk; Ghpe;Njhh; ngah;fisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;LtNjh vd; Nehf;fky;y. vd; kdijg; ghjpj;j tpraq;fis kl;Lk; cq;fNshL gfph;e;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tj;ij kl;LNk ,e;Ehypd; gf;fq;fSf;Fs; ehd; gj;jpug;gLj;jpAs;Nsd;.
,e;E}yhf;fj;jpw;F Jizepd;w neQ;rq;fis ed;wpNahL epidj;Jg;ghh;f;fpNwd;. tuyhw;W
Mjhuq;fisj;jpul;l Jiz epd;w Kidth; S. th;f;fP]; n[auh[; kw;Wk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk;: Njitahd Ehy;fisj; je;J cjtpa … ,d;W jkpofj;jpNyNa mjpfkhd ,];yhkpa Md;kpf – ,yf;fpa
Ehw;fisr; Nrfhpj;J itj;Js;s ‘,];yhkpa E}w;fhtyh;’ fk;gk; S. Kfk;kJ myp mth;fSf;Fk;: vdJ vOj;jhf;fk; E}y; tbtk; ngw KO xj;Jiog;G ey;fpa jf;fiy `hkpk; K];jgh mth;fSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpfs;.
vd; vz;zq;fis – vjph;ghh;hg;Gfisf; fk;g;A+l;lh; %yk; tbtikj;J je;j ehfh;Nfhtpy;
‘,Nk[;’|Mg;nrl; gphpz;lh;];-f;Fk;: Ehiy kpfr;fpwg;ghf gjpg;gpj;J ntspapl;l… rKjhaj;jpd; tpbay; nts;spahj; jpfOk; ,yf;fpar;Nrhiy gjpg;gfj;jhUf;Fk; vd; ed;wpfs;.
,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhfg; gy;NtW epiyfspy; epd;W ,];yhkpah; Mw;wpa gzpfis – jpahfq;fis ,q;F thrfh;fSf;Fs; trg;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;Js;Nsd;. thrpAq;fs;… tpkh;rdq;fis vdf;F vOJq;fs;. mit NkYk; vd;idAk; vd gilg;GfisAk; nrk;ikg;gLj;j cjTk;.
md;Gld;
K. mg;Jy; rkJ
Njh;Tepiy tphpTiuahsh; jkpo;j;Jiw
`h[p fUj;j uhTj;jh; `Tjpah fy;Yhhp cj;jkghisak; - 625533.
ntspaPl;lhsh; Kd;Diu
ed;wp nfhy;tij tho;f;if topahff; nfhz;lth;fs; kl;LNk> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; K];ypk;fspd; gq;if kiwg;ghh;fs; my;yJ kWg;ghh;fs;.
Njrg; gphptpid;f;F K];ypk;fNs fhuzk; vd;nwhU ngha;iaf;fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;lhh;fs; rpy
ghrp];Lfs;. ,th;fs ,e;jg; ngha;ia ,iltplhky; gug;gpdhh;fs;. ,ij xU ngUk; gFjp kf;fs; ek;gTk; nra;jhh;fs;.
,e;j ghrp];Lfs; NkNy ehk; Fwpg;gpl;l ngha;iag; gug;GtNjhL epd;W tpltpy;iy. tuyhw;wpd; xU Kf;fpag;gFjpiaf; Fop Njhz;bg; Gijf;fTk; nra;jhh;fs;. mg;gb mth;fs; Gijj;j tuyhW jhd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghpy; K];ypk;fspd; gq;F.
,e;j ghrp];Lfs; ,d;ndhU ghjfj;ijAk; ve;jj; jaf;fKkpd;wp nra;J tUfpd;whh;fs;.
mJ ,e;jpahTf;F ,uz;lfk; nra;jth;fs; K];ypk;fs; vd;nwhU tb fl;bd ngha;iaAk; gug;gp tUfpwhh;fs;.
,e;jg; ngha;fs; mth;fs; vjpghh;j;j gyid mth;fSf;Fj; juhky; Ngha;tpltpy;iy ,e;jg; ngha;fs; ,d;iwa K];ypk;fspiNa xU Fw;w czh;it Vw;gLj;jpj; jiyjho;j;jr; nra;Jtpl;lJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.
,e;j Ehy; kiwf;fg;gl;l my;yJ Gijf;fg;gl;l cz;ikfis mfo;e;J ntspNa nfhz;L te;J xU tuyhw;W ntspr;rj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ.
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf vOe;J Nghuhb jq;fs; ,d;Dapiu <e;j K];ypk;fspd; vz;zpf;if Vuhsk;!! ,e;j tiyhW> mjhtJ Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf K];ypk;fs; njhLj;j Nghh; xU ePz;l nebafhyk; tiu ePbj;jJ. MfNt K];ypk;fspd; tpLjiy;g; Nghh; tuyhW kpfTk; ePz;lnjhU tuyhW.
,e;j tuyhW ,y;yhj tuyhW FiwAilanjhU tuyhNw!!
Mjyhy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; K];ypk;fspd; tuyhW KOikahf kf;fs;Kd; nfhz;L te;J rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lhf Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j tifapy; Ehyhrphpah; mg;Jy; rkJ mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb Ma;Tfs; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhnyy;yhk; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhd ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghh; tuyhW ,d;Dk; epiwtilatpy;iy. xU ngUk; ,ilntsp nfhz;ljhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; xU tuyhw;Wg; gLnfhiy xU gyhj;fhuj;NjhL jpzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; kJiu gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ghl Ehyhf itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; History Of Freedom Struggle in India Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
,NjNghy;jhd;> ahUf;nfy;yhk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; gq;fpy;iyNah mth;fSf;nfy;yhk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk; xU bgha; tuyhwhf tiuag;gl;L muR mq;fPfhuk; ngwj;Jbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,g;gb xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;j Ehy; ,d;Dk; ,ulbg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiy tuyhw;iw tiufpd;wth;fs; ,e;j tuyhw;iw - ,];yhj;jpd; rPhpa gq;if kwe;J tplf;$lhJ! ,ij ,d;Dk; Fwpg;ghfr; nrhd;dhy; ‘Njrpak;’ vd;gJ gpw;iw ehl;fspy; Njhd;wpa xd;Wjhd;. Mdhy; K];ypk;fspd; tpLjiyg; Nghh; ‘Njrpak;’ vd;w nfhs;if mwpKfg;gLj;;jg;gLtjw;F vj;jidNah Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; Muk;gkhdJ.
,e;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fs; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhf Nghuhbdhh;fs;. mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy; ft;fh]; gFjpapy; ]hh; kd;dh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhf ,khk; fhrpKy;yh`; \`Pj; ,khk; \hkpy; MfpNahh; Nghuhbdhh;fs;.
Mq;fpNyah;fs; Njhy;tpia Kjypy; Kj;jkpl;lJ Mg;fhdp];jhd; K];ypk;fspd; iffspy;jhd; (,e;j Ehypd; gf;fk; 9). mq;Nf K];ypk;fis Mjpf;f Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf epWj;jpaJ ,];yhk;jhd;. ,e;j Ehypd; gf;fk; 16>17y; Fwpg;glg;gLk; nra;aj; m`;kj; \`Pj; mth;fis Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf fpsh;e;njor; nra;jJ ,]yhk;jhd;. \`Pj; nra;aj; m`;kj; mth;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw> 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,];yhkpa mwpQh; my; kpahd; vd;w mGy; `]d; myp ej;tP mth;fs; ,];yhkpa vOr;rpapd; ehafh;fs; thpirapy; ,izj;Js;shh;fs;
Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf ,e;jpahtpy; K];ypfs; Nghuhb jq;fs; capiuj; je;J nfhz;bUe;j mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd; vfpg;jpy; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;nfjpuhf K];ypk;fs; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mth;fSf;F ce;J rf;jpahf ,Ue;J cw;rhk; je;jJ ,];yhk;jhd;.
,e;j cz;ikfspd; xspapy; ,];yhj;jpd; gq;F chpa mOj;jj;NjhL vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ehiy ‘,yf;fpar;Nrhiy’apd; ntspaPlhf ntspapl Kd;te;J> ,irTk; je;j Nguh. mg;Jy; rkJ mth;fSf;F ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
‘,yf;fpr;Nrhiy’apd; ,yf;fpag; gzpAk; ,];yhkpag; gzpAk; ty;Nyhd; my;yh`;tpd; ngUq;fUizapdhy; njhlUfpd;wJ. my;`k;e;Jypy;yh`;.
thrfh;fs; tof;fk; Nghy; jq;fs; Mjuitj; jUth;fs; vd vjph;ghh;f;fpd;Nwhk;. ,tz;>
K. Fyhk; K`k;kJ
fhg;ghsh;> ,yf;fpar;Nrhiy
1. Kjd;ikahsh;fs;
,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhf rpiw nrd;wth;fspYk; caph; ePj;jth;fspYk; ,];yhkpah; mjpfkhfNt ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fsJ kf;fs; njhif tpfpjhr; rhuj;ij tpl tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; khz;Nlhh; vz;zpf;ifapd;
tpfpjhr;rhuk; mjpfkhfNt ,Ue;jJ. - F\;te;j;rpq;> ,y;y];bNul; tPf;yp> 29-12-1975. tlf;fpy; rpe;jpa Kjy; uj;jk;
th;j;jfk; nra;a te;j Mq;fpNyaUf;F ,e;j kz;zpd; tsj;ij epue;jukha; mDgtpf;Fk; vz;zk; Miraha; cUthdJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; eph;ge;jq;fSf;F ,q;Fs;s Ml;rpahsh;fs; gyh; mr;rj;Jld; ms;spf; nfhLj;jdh;. mz;l ,lKk; nfhLj;jdh;. jq;fs; Ml;rpg;gug;Gf;Fs; Mq;fpNyah; Rje;jpukha; gtdptu ghij mikj;jdh;. Vndd;why; gphpl;B\hhpd; Jiz> jq;fs; gif muRfsplk; ,Ue;J jq;fisf; fhf;Fk; vd;w Raeyj;jpdhy;. ek; Ml;rpahsh;fspd; ,r;Raeyk; gphpl;B\hUf;F
epue;jukha; ,k;kz;iz Ms;tjw;fhd vspa tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;> tpahghuk; nra;a te;jth;fSf;F ehlhSk; Mir te;Jtpl;lJ vd;gij Kjypy; fzpj;J> Mq;fpNyahpd; eph;ge;jq;fSf;F vjpuha; ,e;j kz;zpy; Kjypy; epkphpe;J epd;wth;jhd;
tq;fhsj;ij Mz;l rpuh[;-cj;-njsyh.
1757-y; Mq;fpNyaiu mth; re;jpj;j gpshrpg; Nghh;jhd; gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuha; ,k;kz;zpy; ele;j Kjy; nghpa Aj;jk;. ,g;Nghhpy; ifjhFk; ,e;jpa tPuh;fis milg;gjw;fhf Mq;fpNyah; fl;ba rpiwf;$lj;jpNyNa Mq;fpNyah;fisf; ifJ nra;J milj;j khtPuh;jhd; njsyh.
Mq;fpNyahpd; ehlhYk; Miria Kisapy; fps;Sk; njsyhtpd; Kaw;rpia Kwpabf;f gphpl;ldpypUe;J fly; khh;f;fkhf te;j Mq;fpyg;gil fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa vjph; Kw;Wifiar; re;jpj;jJ. fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;nfhz;l njsyhTf;F ,aw;if kl;Lk;
xj;Jioj;jpUe;jhy;… ,e;jpa rhpj;jpuNk khwpapUf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,aw;if xj;Jiof;f kWf;f> ehd;F kzp Neuk; nga;j fLikahd kioapdhy; njsyh gilapd; ntbkUe;Jfs; eide;jd. mtuJ Kaw;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;fg;gl;lJ.
tq;fhsj;jpy; rpuh[;-cj;-njsyh rpe;jpa uj;jj;jpd; kPJjhd; gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; jd; Kjy; fhy; Nfhis ,e;jpa kz;zpy; Cd;wpaJ. Mkhk; ,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;B\hhpd; Ml;rp Kjypy; tq;fhsj;jpy;jhd; Vw;gl;lJ.
njw;fpd; Kjy; NghuhspNahL…
Njrj;jpd; njd;Nfhbapy; Kjd; Kjyhf Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;j tuthw;W ehafh;fspy; xUth; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp rPikia Mz;l fl;lg;nghk;kd;. ,uhkehjGuj;jpw;F [hf;]d; Jiuiar; re;jpj;j fl;lg;nghk;kd; nrd;wNghJ mtNuhL nrd;w jsgjpfisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; fijg;ghly;. mjpy; ,];yhkpa jsgjpfs; gyUk; cld; te;jij>
kk;kJ jk;gpAk; Kfk;kJ jk;gpAk; khh;f;fKs;s jk;gp thpirAe;jhd; jh;k Fzthd; ,GuhK rhfpGk; jk;gp ,RkhY uhTj;jDk;…
- vd;W Nguhrphpah; eh.thdkhkiy gjpg;gpj;J 1971-,y; ntspahd tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;K fijg;ghly; Gfo;fpwJ.*
(* nr.jpthd;. tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;. gf;fk;.36)
fl;lnghk;kd; gilapy; tPuhfshfTk; Vuhskhd ,];yhkpah; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs;
fl;lnghk;kdpd; rNfhjuh; Cikj;Jiuia tha;Ngr Kbahjth; vd;w nghUSila MOOKAH vd;Dk; cUJ thh;j;ijahy; mioj;jijf; fh;dy; Nty;\; jdJ ,uhZt epidTfs; vd;w Ehypy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH**
,r;nra;jpfs; njd;dfj;jpd; Kjy; NghuhspfSlDk; ,ize;J ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhfj; jpahfk; Ghpe;jth;fs; ,];yhkpah; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
fpspq;fh;fs;
kNyrpa jpUehl;bd; gpdhq;F jPtpy; thOk; jkpoh;fs; Kd;G fpspq;fHfs; vdg; gpwnkhop NgRgth;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ldH. fpspq;fHfs; vd;w gpdhq;F tho; jkpoHfspd; gl;lg; ngahpd; gpd;dhy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh;fsp; jpahf tuyhW xd;W cope;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
jkpofj;jpy; rptfq;ifr; rPikia Mz;l kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;jpJg; Nghhpl;L ,Wjpapy; Jhf;fpyplg;gl;LJ tuyhW. kUJ rNfhjuh;fisj; Jhf;fpypl;lNjhL jpUg;jpailahj Mq;fpy muR> md;dhuJ FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;j ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; jsgjpfs;> tPuh;fs; vd 72 Ngiug; gpdhq;F jPtpw;F ehL flj;jpaJ.
mt;thW ehL flj;jg;gl;lth;fSf;F tpyq;fpl;L> iffhy;fis ,Uk;Gr; rq;fpypahy; gpizj;J elkhl tpl;bUe;jdh;. mth;fs; elf;Fk; NghJ rq;fpypr; rj;jk; fpspq; fpspq; vdf; Nfl;ljhy; mf;ifjpfs;
fpspq;fHfs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;. ehsiltpy; mg;ngah; mq;F FbNahpa jkpoh;fis miog;gjw;Fhpa
ngauhf khwpaJ.
mf;ifjpfspy; ,UtUf;Fk; kl;Lk; elf;ff; $l Kbahj mstpw;F rq;fpypg; gpizg;NghL nghpa ,Uk;Gf; Fz;Lfisf; ifr;rq;fpypapy; njhq;f tpl;bUe;jdh;. Vndd;why; mth;fs; ,UtUk; me;jf; ifjpfs; $l;lj;jpy; jiyik rhd;wth;fshth;. mth;fspy; cUth; ,isa kUJtpd; kfd; Kj;JtLF vd;w Jiur;rhkp. Kw;wth; Kf;fpa gilj;jsgjpfspy; cUtihd Nrf; cNrd; vdw; ,];yhkpa ,isQH*. ahH ,e;j Nrf;cNrd;?
(* Miltry consultations, Vol.307(19.1.1803), P.1249 - ,y; gpdhq;Ff;F ehL flj;jg;gl;l 72 Ngh; ngah; gl;baypy; Nrf; cNrd; ngah; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghh;it:Nkw;gb gf;fk;.45.)
,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpd; Muk;g fl;l Gul;rpfSs; njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsHr;rp [1800-1801] Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wjhFk;. Mq;fpNyaHf;F vjpuhfj; njd;dpe;jpa FW epy kd;dh;fSk;
ghisaf;fhuh;fSk; xUq;fpize;j $l;L eltbf;ifahf ,f;fpsHr;rp mike;jJ. kyghh; NfustHkh> kUJ ghz;baH> jpg;GRy;jhdpd; Fjpiug;gilj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa fdP\hfhd; (Khan-i-Jah-Khan), kuhj;jpapy; rpNkhfh (Shimoga) gFjpia Mz;l Jhz;lh[p Nthf; (Dhondaji Waug)> tpUg;ghr;rp
ghisaf;fhuh; Nfhghy ehaf;fH> jpz;Lffy; ghisaf;fhuH Nghd;NwhH xU $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpdH. ,f;$l;likg;igr; rhHe;j tlf;F-njw;F Ml;rpahsHfis ,izf;Fk; thapyhf fdP\;fhd;
nray;gl;lhH. ,e;jg; Gul;rpg;gil Aj;jj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp> fhtphpf;F tlf;fpYs;s gilfis elj;Jk; nghWg;G fdP\;fhdplk; xg;gilf;fg; gl;lJ. ,f;$l;likg;gpd; Kf;fpa jpl;lNk NfhitapYy;y gphpl;B\hhpd; uhZtf; Nfhl;iliaj; jfHg;gjhFk;. Me;jg; nghWg;igAk;> Nfhit-Nryk; gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;Wk; nghWg;igAk; fdP\;fhd; Vw;wpUe;jhH. 4000 Fjpiug;gil tPuHfSld; ,j;jhf;Fjypy; fdP\;fhd; <Lgl;lhH.* ufrpakhfj; jPl;lg;gl;l ,j;jpl;lk; gphpl;B\hUf;Fj; njhpe;Jtpl> ,k;Kaw;rp Njhy;tpapy; KbtilfpwJ. ,f;fpsHr;rpqpy; ifjhd 42 NgUf;F Nryk; fnyf;lH khf;ypNahl; (Macleod) cj;juTg;gb Nryk; uhZt NfhHl;by; Jhf;Fj;jzlid vd jPHg;G toq;fg;gl;L midtUk;
Jhf;fpyplg;gl;ldh;**
(* K.Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion, The First War of Independence. 1800-1803,, PP.110-111.) (**libd.,P.125)
mt;thW Jhf;fpyplg;gl;ltHfspy; xU rpyiuj; jtpu midtUk; K];ypk; tPuh;fshth;.* ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhf [khj;jhf($l;lhf) Jhf;F fapw;iw Kj;jkpl;l jpahf tuyhw;wpid ,];yhkpaH gilj;Js;sdH.
,e;j njd;dpe;jpaf; fpsHr;rpapy; kUJghz;baH giliaj;jiyik jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpr; nrd;wtUs; xUtHjhd; gpdhq;Ff;F ehLflj;jg;gl;l Nrf; cNrd;. ,r;rg;gl;b mkpy;jhH Nrf; cNrd; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l ,tH> Rje;jpuf; fpsHr;rpg; gilapd; Kjy; jhf;FjYf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhH. ,tiuj; jpz;Lf;fy; Gul;;rpf; $l;lj;jpd; vOr;rp tPuH> rpwe;j Nghuhsp vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQH Nf.uh[a;ad;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.**
,e;j Nrf;cNrd; jhd; kUJghz;baH tPo;r;rpapd; NghJ Mq;fpNyauhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L gpdhq;F jPtpy; rq;fpypahy; gpizf;fg;gl;L elkhlf; $l Kbahky; gl;bdpahy; thb mq;NfNa
fhykhdtH. ,k;kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhd Muk;gf;fl;l eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;Jr;nrd;W jpahf tuyhW gilj;jth;fshf fdP\hfhd;> Nrf;cNrd; Nghd;w ,];yhkpa jPuh;fs; tpsq;fpAs;sdH. (* nr.jpthd;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;. gf;fk; 41.)
rpg;gha;fs; ngw;w cj;Ntfk;
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Rje;jpug; NghH vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQHfs; Fwpg;gpLtJ 1857 ,y; ele;j rpg;gha; fyfk; MFk;.
gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpag; Nghf;FfSf;Fj; Jiz NghfpNwhNk vd;w mjpUg;jpAld; gphpl;B\; uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa Vuhskhd ,e;jpa ,isQHfSf;F. gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhf ntbj;Jf; fpsk;Gk;
cj;Ntfj;ijf; nfhLj;jNj XH ,];yhkpa ehL re;jpj;j NghHjhd;.
neg;NghypaidNa flw;g;Nghhpy; Njhw;fbj;j Mq;fpyg; gil Kjd; Kjyhf Mg;fhdp];jhDld; ele;j Nghhpy;jhd; Njhy;tpiar; re;jpj;jdH. 50 Nfhb &gha; nryT nra;J> 20 Mapuk; NghH tPuHfis ,oe;j Mq;fpNyahpd; mj;Njhy;tp> ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F XH cj;Ntfj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. Mq;fpNyaH nty;y KbahjtHfs; my;y. mtHfisAk; nty;y KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,e;jpa rpg;gha; fSf;Fg; gpwe;jJ. Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W Juj;j KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifiaf; nfhLj;jJ XH ,];yhkpa ehL vd;why;> mtHfSf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;J vOtjw;fhd #oiy cUthf;fpaJ XH ,];yhkpa khHf;f new;p MFk;. 1856-,y; ,e;jpa uhZtj;jpy; Gjpa vd;/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpiag; gphpl;B\hH mwpKfk; nra;jdH.
Mj;Jg;ghf;fpapy; milf;fg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; vs;pjhf ntspNaWtjw;fhf gd;wpf; nfhOg;Gk; gRf; nfhOg;Gk; mj;Njhl;lhf;fspy; jltg;gl;lJ. Njhl;lhf;fs; Jg;ghf;fpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpa gpd;> mj; Njhl;lhf;fisg; nghjpe;jpUe;j NkYiwj; jfLfisg; gy;yhy; fbj;J ,Oj;Jjhd; ntspapy; vwpa Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ mjpy; jltg;gl;bUe;j gd;wp – gRf; nfhOg;G thapy;gl tha;g;G mjpfk; cs;sJ. ,];yhkpaUf;F gd;wpf; nfhOg;G tpyf;fg;gl;l(`uhk;)czT MFk;. gpuhkzHfSk; gpw irtHfSk; khkprk; rhg;gpl khl;lhHfs;. vdNt jq;fs; thapy; gd;wp – gRf;nfhOg;G gLtij ,UrhuUk; ntWj;jdH.
nfhOg;G jltg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; milf;fg;gl;l vd;/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpfis Kjd; Kjyhf tq;fhsj;jpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j 19-tJ gilg;gphptpy; gad;gLj;jp ghpNrhjpf;f Mq;fpy muR jPHkhdpj;jJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; tq;fhsk; guhf;G+hpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j 34-tJ gilg;gphpT Gul;rpia Muk;gpf;fj; Jbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ ,g;gilg; gphptpYs;s ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F fy;fj;jhtpd; mUfpy; jq;fpapUe;j myp ej;`pfhd; vd;w ,];yhkpa Ml;rpahsHjhd; MjuTk; Jhz;LjYk; mspj;J te;jhH.*
,e;j Neuj;jpy; uhZt Kfhk;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa tPuHfsplk; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l cj;Ntfj;ijj; jq;fs; ufrpag; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; K];ypk; gf;fPHfs; Vw;gLj;jpdhHffs;.
Mapuf;fzf;fhd gf;fPHfs; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk;nrd;w rpg;gha;fs; kdjpy; tpLjiyj;jPia %l;bdH. uhZt Kfhk;fSf;Fs; Eioe;J tPuHfsplk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jdH.**
(* tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;.85) (** Nkw;gb.> gf;fk;.63)
kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; ,g;gf;fPHfs; Rje;jpu vOr;rpia Cl;bdH. ,jid tPurhtHf;fH> 1857-,y;…Njrahj;jpiu nra;tjhf $wpte;j rd;dpahrpfSk; gf;fphpfSk; nksytpfSk; gz;bjHfSk; xt;nthhplj;jpYk; ufrpakhf [dq;fSf;F Rje;jpu Aj;jj;ijg; gw;wp Nghjpj;Jr; nrd;wdH. mt;thwhf Gul;rpj;jP vq;Fk; guTtjw;fhd ciwfs; ntF Rje;jpukhf; iff; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
me;jg; NghjfHfs; (nksy;tpfs;) xt;nthU efuj;jpw;Fk; fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; nrd;W gpur;rhuk; nra;J
tUifapy;> mtHfSf;Fg;gpd; Vuhskhd njhz;lHfs; gpr;irf;fhuHfs; (gf;fPHfs;) Nghy; Ntrk; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L $l;lk; $l;lkha;r; nrd;W jPtug; gpur;rhuk; nra;J te;jhHfs;. mtHfs; gpr;ir vLg;gtHfshf tPl;Lf;F tPL nrd;W [dq;fspd; `pUjaj;jpy; Rje;jpu czHr;rpiaAk; Njr gf;jpiaAk; FKwp vOk;gb nra;jhHfs;*. -vd;W tpae;J jd; Ehypy; tbj;Js;shH.
ngH`hk;G+H> kPul; uhZt Kfhk;fspy; ,Ue;j Vuhskhd ,];yhkpa tPuHfs; gpwrka tPuHfSld; ,ize;J vd;/gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpfisj; njhlkhl;Nlhk; vd;W fyfk; nra;jdH. (* Nkw;gb> gf;fk;. 63-64)
mt;thW vjpHj;jtHfs; tpyq;fplg;gL;L> uhZt cilfs; fpopj;njwpag; gl;L kf;fs; Kd; CHtykhf mioj;J tug;gl;L mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. mtkhg;gl;l Fjpiug;gil tPuHfs; rpiwfis cilj;Jf; ifjpfis tpLtpj;Jf;nfhz;L nts;NawpdH.mg;NghJ fHdy; gpd;d]; Nghd;w mjpfhhpfisAk;>
Vuhskhd gphpl;B\hiuAk; nfhiy nra;J> mth;fsJ tPl;Lf;F jPapl;ldH.
me;epa Ml;rp tPo;f! NguurH gfJH\h tho;f! – vd;w Nfhrq;fSld; kPul;by; jpuz;l 2000 MAjk; jhpj;j Fjpiu tPuHfs;> by;yp rNyh ! vd;w Xq;fhuf; FuYlDk; Xq;fpa thYlDk; hp]hy;jhH `{i]d; myp jiyikapy; by;yp Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;ldH.*
,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jplk; Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh]; ‘by;ypia kPl;Nghk;! By;yp Nehf;fpg;
Gwg;gLq;fs;. by;yp rNyh!’ vd;W 1944 [{iy 6-Mk; Njjp kPl;Gf; Fuy; nfhLj;jhH.** Nejh[papd; tPu Kof;fj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf kPul; rpg;gha;fs; hp[hy;jhH `{i]d; myp jiyikapy; ‘by;yp rNyh!’ vd;w Kof;fj;Jld; by;yp Gwg;gl;bUf;fpd;whH.
Nfhrk; xd;Nw vd;whYk; Nejh[papd; Nfhrj;jpw;Fk; ,jw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L. Nejh[papd; Nfhrk; Njrj;ij kPl;gjw;fhd czHr;rpapd; tPu ntspg;ghlhFk;. kPul; rpg;gha;fspd; NfhrNkh Njr
kPl;Gf;fhf ,e;jpa Njrk; NguurH gfJH\h [/ghpd; jiyikia Vw;gjw;fhd gpufldkhf mike;jJ. (* V.vd;. Kfk;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk;.10)
(** B.L.Grover, S.Grover, A New Look at Modern Indian History, P665)
NguurH gfJH\hit ,e;jpag; Nguurpd; jiytuhf mwptpj;J nly;ypapy; jpuz;l Fjpiug; gil tPuHfSld;> by;ypapy; ,Ue;j fhyhl; gilapdUk; ,ize;jdH. Gul;rp ntbj;jJ. fHdy; hpg;Ns Nghd;w caujpfhhpfs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. gphpl;B\; muR jdJ ,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L KO Ntfj;Jld; ,f;fyfj;ij xLf;fpaJ. mjpy; ifjhd - nfhy;yg;gl;l –
Jhf;fpNyw;wg;gl;l ,];yhkpaHfspd; vz;zpf;if vz;fspd; gpd;dhy; G+[;[aq;fis mLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ghjpg;gpd; cr;rkhf ,Ue;jJ.
tl ,e;jpahtpy; mg;Gul;rpapd; ghykhf K];ypk;fs; ,Ue;jjhy;> K];ypk;fis tplf;$lhJ vd;W KbT nra;j Mq;fpNyaH> fyfj;ij xLf;Fjy; vd;w NghHitapy; K];ypk;fis rfy
epiyfspYk; ,og;Gf;FhpatHfshf;fpdH. K];ypk;fisg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; tPo;j;jp tpl;lhy; mtHfsJ Mq;fpy vjpHg;G FiwAk; vd;w jpl;lj;Jld; K];ypk;fspd; nghUshjhuj;ij tPo;j;Jk; eltbf;ifapy; gphpl;B\hH ,wq;fpdH.
1857 Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; gfJH\htplk; ,Ue;J by;ypia Mq;fpNyaH ifg;gw;wpdH. By;ypapy; ,Ue;j K];ypk;fs; jq;fs; tPLfisAk; clikfisAk; mg;gbNa tpl;L nts;Naw;wg;gl;ldH. mtHfSila tPLfis Mq;fpNyaH gwpKjy; nra;jdH. 1859 tiu mtHfs; jpUk;g te;J FbNaw
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. K];ypk;fspd; mirah nrhj;jpd; kjpg;gpy; Ehw;wpy; Kg;gj;ije;J gq;fpidj; jq;fis vjpHj;J Nghuhbajw;fhf Mq;fpy muR jz;lkhf mghpj;jJ.- jpthd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; jkpof K];ypk;fs;> gf;fk;>57.
,];yhkpaH elj;jpa muRfs; - mjd; f[hdhf;fs; mgfhpf;fg;gl;ld. ,];yhkpa nry;te;jhHfs; Mjy; rhjhuz kf;fs; tiu midtUk; jq;fs; cilikfis ,oe;jdH ,d;W njd;dpe;jpa K];ypk;fis tpl tl ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; nghUshjhuj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd; jq;fp ,ug;gjw;F ,Jjhd;
fhuzkhFk;. ,jpy; jg;gpg; gpioj;j xU rpy nry;te;jHfs; ,e;jpa – ghfp];jhd; gphptpidapd; NghJ ghfp];jhd; nrd;Wtpl;ldH. mjdhy; jhd; ,d;W rhiy Xuj; njhopyhspfshf - $ypfshf – hpf;\h Xl;LgtHfshf tl ,e;jpa K];ypk;fis ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;
,];yhkpahpd; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpHg;GzHT ,e;jpa kz;zpy; mtHfsJ tho;f;ifj; juj;ijNa khw;wp mikj;jJ. ,J gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; ,d;Dk; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. mJ fhyj;jpd; Njit.
Vndd;why; ,d;Wk; ,];yhkpahpd; tsHr;rpia ,k;kz;zpy; jLf;f> mtHfisg; nghUshjuj;jpy; tPo;j;JtJ vd;gij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nray;gLk; rf;jpfs; cs;sd. mtHfsJ Nehf;fk; Nfhit Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; epiwNtwp te;Js;sijAk; fhzyhk;.
,t;thW ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhd rpg;gha; fyfk; cUthf cj;Ntfk; mspj;jtHfs; - mf;fyfj;ij jq;fs; gpur;rhuq;fs; %yk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lkhf khw;wpatHfs; - mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,og;GfSf;F MshdtHfs; ngUk;ghd;ik K];ypk;fNs vd;gJ tPurhtHf;fH Nghd;NwhH jUk; thf;F %y cz;ikahFk;.
xU gpb kz;
gphpl;B\hhpd; mjpfhuk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; gutpapUe;j fhyfl;lk;. jq;fsJ Ml;rp tphpthf;fj;jpw;fhf uh[hf;fs;> ethg;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; by;yp Kfyha kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpapYk; jiyapl;ldH. kd;dHfSf;F gpwe;j ehs; ghprspf;Fk; tof;fj;ij epWj;jpdH. ,e;jr; #oypy; jhd; 1837 -,y;-gfJH\h [/gH by;yp mhpaizapy; VhpdhH. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gfJH\hTf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;if Kwpabf;f gphplB\hH nra;j Kaw;rpfs; gy.
1847 - ,y; Mq;fpy mjpfhhp nfa;j; jd; kidtpf;F vOjpa fbjj;jpy;>
ehis <j; ngUehs;. K];ypk;fs; khLfisf; FHghd; (gyp) nfhLg;gH. ,e;Jf;fspd; Gdpj
topghl;Lf;Fhpajhd khLfis K];ypk;fs; FHghd; nfhLg;gjh? vd;W ,e;Jf;fs; nfhjpj;njOk; #oiy cUthf;fpAs;Nsd;. vdNt ehd; ehis by;ypapy; ,e;J – K];ypk; fytuj;ij vjpHghHj;Jf;
fhj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ehd; vjpH ghHf;Fk; ey;y nra;jpAk; mJthfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.-vd;W gfJH\h Ml;rpia rPHFiyf;f ,e;J – K];ypk; fytuj;ijj; Jhz;btpLk; jd; vz;zj;ij tbj;Js;shd;. ,e;j ehrg;gpd;dzpia mwpe;j gfJH\h <j; ngUehSf;F Ke;jpa ehs; ,uT> ‘’MLfis kl;LNk FHghd; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; khLfis ntl;lf;$lhJ’’ - vd;W gpufldg; gLj;JfpwhH. elf;f ,Ue;j nfa;j;jpd; #o;r;rp fhdy; ePuhdJ. Vkhw;wk; mile;j nfa;j; jdJ kidtpf;F vOjpa mLj;j
fbjj;jpy;> ‘’vd; vz;zk; <Nlwtpy;iy. tUj;jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. gfJH\h Ke;jpf; nfhz;lhH’’ - vd;W vOjpAs;shd;. ,g;gb gphpl;B\; murhq;fk; gfJH\hTf;F nfhLj;j ,d;dy;fs; Vuhsk;.
gphpl;B\hiu ,e;jpahit tpl;L tpul;l jPtpukhf rpe;jpj;J te;j gfJH\htpd; jiyikapy; kpfg;nghpa jpl;lk; cUthdJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Gjy;tHfNs! cWjpAld; KbT nra;J nfhz;NlhNkahdhy;> vjphpia nehbapy; mopj;Jtpl ek;khy; KbAk;.mtid Kbj;J ca;phpDk; mUikahd ekJ ehl;ilAk;> rkaq;fisAk;> mtw;iw vjpHgl;Ls;s mghaq;fspypUe;J fhg;Nghk;.- vd;w muR gpufldj;ijj; Jzpr;rYld; ntspapl;lhH.* Njrj;jpd Rje;jpu tpUk;gpfshd uh[hf;fs;> ethg;fs;> rpWgug;Gfis MSk; jiytHfs; midtiuAk; xUq;fpizj;J> gphpl;B\hUf;f vjpuhd xd;Wgl;l vjpHg;Gf;F – NghH njhLf;f jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;jpl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;j 1857 Nk khjk; 31-Mk; NjjpiaAk; NjHe;njLj;jdH.
... `pe;Jf;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; NjhNshL Njhs; epd;W Njrj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; NghH Ghpa Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJk; ,e;jpa kd;dHfspd; jiyikapy; If;fpa murhq;fj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; KbntLj;jdH.**
(* fh]pk; hp];tp> ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuH gfJH\h [/gH gf;fk;> 7. ** tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy. gf;fk;>58.)
,k;Kaw;rpapy; xd;Wgl;l [hd;]puhzp ylRkpgha;> ehdh rh`pg;> jhe;jpah Njhg;> xsj; Nguurp Ngfk; `[uj; k`y;> gP`hhpd; rpq;fk; FtHrpq;> nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`;> `hpahdh – uh[];jhd; - kfhuh\;buh kd;dHfs; Nk 31-Mk; Njjpf;fhf – xd;W gl;L Mq;fpNyaiu xopj;Jf;fl;Lk; me;ehSf;fhf fhj;jpUe;jdH.
...`pe;J];jhd; rhpj;jpuj;jpNyNa kpfg;gpurpj;jpg; ngw;w me;j ehl;fis (1857 Nk khjk;) ehk; xU
fhyj;jpYk; kwf;f KbahJ. ,e;Jf;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; tpNuhjpfsy;y vd;gJk;> rNfhjuHfNs vd;gJk; mg;NghJjhd; cyfkwpa gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.- tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;> 99.
Mdhy; Nk 10-Mk; NjjpNa rpg;gha; fyfk; ntbj;Jtpl;lJ. ,jdhy; gfJH\h jiyikapy; jPl;ba jpl;lk; nray;glhky; NghdhYk;> ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; ,ize;jtHfs; jd;pahfTk; $l;lhfTk; rpg;gha; fyf fhyfl;lj;jpy; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd NghH eltbf;iffspy; KOikiahf ,wq;fpdH.
jq;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;j NtWghLfis vy;yhk; Jhf;fp vwpe;J tpl;L gfJH\h jiyikapy; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahia cUthf;f tl,e;jpa kf;fs; md;W rpe;jpa uj;jk; nfhQ;rky;y.
khkd;dH gfJH\h FLk;gj;Jld; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L [Pdj; k`y; khspifapy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhH. xU ehs; fhiy... fhiy czT nghpa jl;Lfspy; Jzpahy; %lg;gl;L vLj;J tug;gLfpwJ. cld; te;j Nk[H `l;]d; Kfj;jpNyh tp\kr; rphpg;G.
`l;]d;: gfJH\h... ePz;l fhykhf epWj;jg;gl;bUe;j fk;ngd;papd; ghpRfs; ,it! (vd;wtdhf> czTj; jl;Lfis %bapUe;j Jzpfis mfw;Wfpwhd;. mq;Nf... gfJH\htpd; kfd;fs; kpH[h nkh`y;> fpYURy;jhd; ,Uthpd; jiyfs;! ,UtiuAk; Rl;Lf;nfhd;W> jiyfis ntl;bj;jl;Lfspy; Ve;jp te;jNjhL... ,J gphpl;B\; fk;ngd;ahhpd; ghpRfs; vd;W fpz;lYld; epw;fpwhd; `l;]d;. jplneQ;Rld; mtidg; ghHj;J...)
gfJH\h: ij%H tk;rj; Njhd;wy;fs; jkJ Kd;NdhHfSf;F ,t;thW jhd; jq;fs; Gdpjj;Jtj;ij ep&gpg;ghHfs;! (fk;gPukhd ,e;j thHj;ijfisf; Nfl;L mjpHe;j `l;]d;> gfJH\h fz;fspy; fz;zPH tuhjijf; fz;L ...
`l;]d;: ckJ fz;fspy; vd;d... ePH tw;wp tpl;ljh?
gfJH\h: `l;]d; ... murHfs; mOtjpy;iy! (vd;W ngUkpjj;Jld; $w... jiy Fdpe;j thW ntspNaWfpwhd; `l;]d;)*
md;Gf; fuq;fshy; ms;sp mizj;J cr;rp KfHe;j Kfq;fs;... clk;gpypUe;J Jz;lha;! ngw;w kdq;fs; vg;gb gjwp ,Uf;Fk;. mjidj; Njrj;jpw;fhd mHg;gzpg;gha; epidj;jjhy; gfJH\h fyq;ftpy;iy.
* Kasim Rizwi, The Great Bahadur Sha Jaffer, P.10.
rpg;gha; fyfthjpfshd Gul;rpahsHfSf;F cjtp nra;jhH. 47 Mq;fpNyaHfisf; nfhiy nra;jhH vdg; gy Fw;wq;fisg; gfJH\hNky; Rkj;jp> mtiu gHkhtpYs;s uq;$Df;F gphpl;B\; muR ehL flj;jpaJ. kd;duhf ,Ue;jtH vd;fpw fhuzj;jpdhy; khjk; 600 &gha; cgfhur; rk;gsk; toq;f gphpl;B\; muR Kd;te;jJ. ‘’vd; kz;zpd; nry;tj;ij vLj;J vdf;Nf nfhLg;gjw;F ePahH.’’ – vd;W mjid Vw;f kWj;Jtpl;lhH.
Nfg;ld; `hl;]d;> gfJH\htpd; %d;W ,sty;fisr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whd;. me;j cly;fs; Nghyp]; ];NlrDf;F Kd; fOfSf;F ,iuahFk;gb vLj;njhpag;gl;ld. mit ntFNeuk; tiu
fOfSf;F Mfhukhd gpd;dH jhd; Mw;wpy; ,Oj;njhpag;gl;ld.- tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;> 296-297. jha; kz;zpy; ,dp rkhjpahFk; ghf;fpak; jdf;F fpilf;fhJ vd tUe;jpatuhf> ,we;j gpd; jd;id mlf;fk; nra;Ak; rkhjpapy; J}t xU gpb ,e;jpa kz;iz ifapy; ms;spatuhf uq;$Df;F fg;gy; VwpdhH. 1862 etk;gH 7-,y; jdJ 92-Mk; tajpy; uq;$dpy; fhykhdhH.
Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; Njr tpLjiyf;fhf [g;ghdpaH cjtp Ntz;b> gHkhitj; jskhff;
nfhz;L gil jpul;bf; nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; uq;$d; ahHf; rhiyapy; cs;s gfJH\htpd; rkhjpia gy yl;r&gha; nrytpy; GJg;gpj;jhH. gfJH\h rkhjpapy; ,Ue;J xUgpb kz;iz vLj;J jkf;F kf;fs; md;Gld; mspj;j jq;f thspd; gpbapy; milj;J>* mt;thspid Xq;fpg; gpbj;jtuhf> ek; tPuHfspd; neQ;rpy; ek;gpf;ifAk;> ,k;k`hdplk; ,Ue;jJ Nghy; Njrgf;jpAk; mZtsthtJ ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy;> ,e;J];jhd; ths; kpff; $Hikahf ,Ug;gJld;> xU ehs; yz;ldpd; thrw;gbiaAk; jl;Lk;! - vd;W rgjNkw;whH. ,e;jpa Rje;jpu tuyhw;wpy; fk;gPukpf;fg; Nghuhspahd Nejh[pf;Nf ... xU
J}z;Ljiy Vw;gLj;jpa ngUkfd; khkd;dH gfJH\h [/gH.
(* mkPH`k;\h> Nejh[papd; khiyf;F &gha; 5 yl;rk;> jpdkzp Rje;jpu nghd;tpoh kyH> gf;fk;. 69.) Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk;
fhe;jp[papd; tUiff;Fg; gpd;dHjhd; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; xU ntF[d ,af;fkhf –
kf;fs; ,af;fkhf khwpaJ. ,jw;F Kd;Ndhbahf 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rhjhuz tptrhaf; $ypfis xd;W jpul;b ngua;]p ,af;fk;(Farizis Movement) vd;w kf;fs; ,af;fjijf; $l;bath; fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; tho;e;j `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yh (Haji.Shariathullah) MthH.
tq;fhsj;jpd; tlf;F khtl;lq;fspy; 1820-fspy; fuk;\h (Karam Shah) Tk; mtH kfd; jpg;G (Thipu)Tk; elj;jpa Md;kpf – murpay; ,af;fk;jhd; ,e;j ngua;]p ,af;fj;Jf;F Kd;Ndhb. [kPd;jhHfspd; nfhLikf;F MshFk; tptrhapfspd; Fb chpikfSf;fhfg Nghuhba jpg;G> 1825 -,y; nruhG+H (Sherpur) gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wp Ml;rpmikj;jhH. Mq;fpy vjpHg;ghsHfis xd;W jpul;b Nfhuh kiyg; (Garo Hills) gFjptiu jd; Ml;rpg; gug;ig tphpTgLj;jpdhH. 1830 - fspYk; 1840 - fspYk; ,g;gFjpfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F kpfg;nghpa jiytypiaf; nfhLj;j - gpur;ridf;Fhpa gFjpfshfj; jpfo;e;jd.* ,t;tpaf;fj;jpd;
jhf;fk;jhd; fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yhitg; Nghuhlj;J}z;baJ.
gphpl;B\hUf;F thpt#y; nra;J nfhLg;gjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l [kPd; mikg;gpy; > MSNthhpd;
gpujpepjpfshd [kPd;jhHfspd; Mjpf;fk; jiytphpj;jhba fhyfl;lk;> fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; [kPd;jhHfspd; mlf;FKiwfSf;F Mshd tptrhapfSk; tptrhaf;$ypfSk; jq;fs; KjyPLfisAk; ciog;igAk; thp vd;w ngahpy; gwp nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
chpik ,oe;J te;j ,k;kf;fis xd;W jpul;b> ghpjhG+iu (Faridpur) ikag;gLj;jp `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yhTk; mtH kfd; jj;NjhkpahDk; (Dadu Mian) elj;jpa kf;fs; ,af;fk;jhd;
ngua;]p ,af;fk;. ,tHfspd; [kPd; vjpHg;G ehsiltpy; [kPd; v[khdHfshd gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd fpsHr;rpahf ntbj;jJ. 1839 Kjy; 1857 tiu 18 Mz;Lfs; ,t;tpaf;fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; gy
rpf;fy;fisAk; ,og;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.** ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;l jj;Njhkpahd;> Gul;rpiaj; J}z;batH vd Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;L 1860 - ,y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH.
rhjhuz tptrhaf; $ypfis xd;W jpul;b gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhf eilngw;w
ngua;]p ,af;fk;jhd; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; vd;gij Gjpa tuyhW gjpT nra;al;Lk;.
Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk;
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; 2.7.1943 - ,y; rpq;fg;G+hpy; Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]hy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpahpd; MSiff;F cl;gl;l rpq;fg;G+hpy; Mrhj; `pe;j; rHf;fhH (Azad Hind Government) – vd;w jw;fhypf Rje;jpu muir mwptpj;jhH.
mt;tuRf;F Mrhj; `pe;j; gTr; (Azad Hind Fauj) – vd;w ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;ijAk; jdp hprHt; Ngq;f; xd;iwAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhH.* mtuhy; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa Njrpa Rje;jpuf; nfhbia Kjd;Kjyhf me;jkhdpy; 30.12.1943-,y; Vw;wp Mq;fpNyaiu mr;rk; nfhs;s itj;jhH.
Nejh[papd; ,e;j ,khya Kaw;rpf;F Kd;Ndhbahf> ,e;jpa kz;zpNyNa Mq;fpNyaUf;nfjpuhd jdp
Rje;jpu muRfisg; gpufldg; gLj;jpatHfs; ,];yhkpaHfshtH. (* lbid.,P.665)
,e;jpa t`hgp ,af;fj;jpd; jiytH iraJ m`kJ uha;guyp mtHfs; cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;
mr;rhjidia epfo;j;jpdhH. Rka – rKjha rPHjpUj;j ,af;fkhd t`hgp ,af;fk; gpd;dH Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l ,af;fkhf khwpaJ. `h[; rhpaj;Jy;yh> jj;Njh kpahd; MfpNahuJ tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH ngua;]p ,af;fj;ijr; rhHe;j njhz;lHfs; ,e;j t`hgp ,af;fj;jpy; jq;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhz;ldH.* *(lbid.,P.248..)
ghl;dhitj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L nray;gl;l nra;aJ m`kJ uha;guyp> ,e;jpa Njrj;ijj; jhUy; ,];yhk; (Darul Islam) mjhtJ ‘,];yhkpaHfspd; cyfk;’ vd;w Rje;jpu ehlhfg;
gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH. ,r;rje;jpu muRf;nfd Nkw;Fg; goq;Fb kf;fs; thOk; gFjpapy; jd; uhZtj;jsk; mikf;g;gl;lJ. ,r;Rje;jpu murpd; Nehf;fk;> ‘,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpLjiyf;fhf [p`hj; (Gdpjg;NgH) GhptjhFk;’.
nra;aJ m`kJ uha;guypapd; ,r;Rje;jpu murk; mjd; Kd;dzpj; jiytHfSk; Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;F Kiwfshy; re;jpj;j nfhLikfs; Vuhsk;. ghl;dhtpy; tpyhaj; myp> `pkhaj; myp MfpNahH
jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyaUf;nfjpuhd Gul;rpfs; njhlHe;jd.
fpsHr;rpapy; <Lgl;l nksy;tp. K`k;kJ [/gpiu Mq;fpy muR ifJ nra;J> Njrj;JNuhf jz;lid tpjpj;J me;jkhDf;F ehL flj;jpaJ. mtH me;jkhdpy; gy tUlq;fs; jdpikr; rpiwapy; thbdhH. 1870 - ,y; ,af;fj; jiytHfSs; xUtuhd mkPHfhDk; me;jkhDf;F ehLflj;jg;gl;lhH. mtiu me;jkhDf;F ehLflj;Jk; jPHg;gpid toq;fpa ePjpgjp ehHkid mg;Jy;yh vd;w K[h`pj; ,isQd; Rl;Lf;nfhd;whd;. ,JNghd;w gy tPutuyhWfs; ,r;Rje;jpu murpd; eltbf;ifapy; cz;L.
,JNghd;Nw 1921-,y; kyghH khg;gps;isf; fpsHr;rpapd; NghJ> Nfushtpy; vHehL> ts;StehL> gFjpfis xUq;fpizj;J fpyhgj; ,uh[;ak; vd;w jdp Rje;jpu muir myp K]y;ypahH
gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH. ,t;turf;nfd fpyhgj; nfhb> fpyhgj; ehzak;> fpyhgj; uhZtk; Vw;gLj;jp jdp Kj;jpiuAld; $ba rhfr Ml;rpia> Mq;fpNyaiu Mjhpj;j rk];jhq;fspd; vy;iyfSf;Fs;NsNa elj;jpf;fhl;bdhH.
,t;thW ,e;j kz;zpy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fha; rpe;jg;gl;l Kjy; uj;jk; - Kjy; Nghuhl;l cj;Ntfk; - Kjy; kf;fs; ,af;fk; - Kjy; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; vd gy Kjy;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuHfshf>
mk;Kjy;fSf;F kl;LNk nrhe;jk; cilatHfshf ,];yhkpa guk;giu cs;sJ.
2. kz;zpw;fhf khHf;f mwpQHfs;
fjuhil mzpahj kzkfdpd; jpUkzj;jpy; cykhf;fs; (khHf;f mwpQHfs;) fye;J nfhs;s khl;Nlhk;.-nksyhdh mg;Jy; `kPJ ghf;ftp.
xU kdpjd; xU gl;lhsk;
kPul; uhZt KfhKf;F mUfpy; trpj;J te;j xU gf;fphpia> rHf;fhH mt;tplj;ij tpl;Lr;nrd;W
tpLk;gb cj;jutpl;lJ. rHf;fhhpd; cj;juT fpilj;jJk; mg;gf;fphp xd;Wk; mw;pahj xU rhJitg; Nghy ahnjhU gjpYk; $whky; jd; ahid kPNjwp gf;fj;jpYs;s fpuhkj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W rpg;gha;fspd; tPLfspy; nrhe;jkhf trpj;Jf; nfhz;L> jkJ mYty;fisf; ftdpf;f Kw;gl;lhH. mtH jhd; mjpjPtpu
Njrgf;juhd nksy;tp m`kJ\h vd;gtH. mtuJ Gdpjkhd ngauhdJ `pe;J];jhdj;Jf;Nf xU
N[hjpiaf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ. - vd;W tPurhtHf;fuhy; Gfog;gl;l xg;gw;w tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l jpahfpjhd; nksy;tp nra;aJ m`;kJy;yh`; \h`;.*
nrd;idapy; gpwe;J tsHe;J cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; thoe;jtH.Gul;rp tpijia ehnlq;Fk;
tpijg;ggje;fhf tl,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ahj;jpiu nra;jtH.yf;Ndhtpy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jpuz;bUe;j nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; mtH gfpuq;fkhf Rje;jpug; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhH. ‘’Mq;fpNyau;fisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;J Njrj;jpypUe;J mtHfis xopj;jhyd;wp ehk; ek; jha; ehl;ilNah kjq;fisNah ghJfhf;f KbahJ’’ - vd;whH. Mq;fpy muR tjpj;jpUe;j gy jilfis kPwp ,t;tpjk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jjw;fhf mtHkPJ uh[j;JNuhf Fw;wk; rhl;b> Mq;fpy muR mtUf;Fj; J}f;Fj; jz;lid tpjpj;jJ. (* tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy>gf;fk;.65.)
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L igrhghj; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhH. 1857 - ,y;ele;j rpg;gha; fpsHr;rpapd; NghJ rpiwr;rhiyia cilj;J rpg;gha; Nghuhspfs; ,tiu tpLtpj;jdH. rppwe;j uhZt Aj;j epGzuhd m`kJy;yh \h`; jdf;nfd xU rpWgiliaj; jpul;b> yf;ndhtpd; xU gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wp xU Fl;b muirNa elj;jpdhH. Rje;jpu Aj;jj;jpw;fhd tiyfis ntF jpwikAld; tPrp te;jhH. me;j tiyfs; yf;NdhtpYk; Mf;uhtpYk; cs;s %iy Klf;Ffs; vy;yhk; gutpf;fple;jJ. jd;
jdpj;Jtq;fspd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpFe;j nry;thf;fpidg; ngw;wpUe;jhH.
Mq;fpy mjpfhhpfspd; fz;nzjphpNyNa xU kfj;jhd ,af;fj;ij ufrpakhf cUthf;fpa ehdh rh`pg;> nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`;> myp ej;`pfhd; Nghd;wj;jiytHfspd; ,izaw;w jpwikia vt;tsT Gfo;e;jhYk; jFk;. - tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;.77.
Myk;ghf;fpy; cs;s gphpl;B\; uhZtj; JUg;GfSf;F fhd;G+hpy; ,Ue;J MAjq;fs; nfhz;L tUtij m`kJy;yh \h`; mwpfpwhH. Me;j MAjq;fisf; ifg;gw;W tjw;fhf 1858 [dthp 15 - ,y; fhd;G+H Nehf;fpg; gil elj;jpdhH. Nk[H mTl;uhk; gilf;Fk; nksy;tp gilf;Fk; kpfg;nghpa Nkhjy;
eilngw;wJ. me;j Aj;jj;jpy; ifapy; Njhl;lh gha;e;J fhakile;jhH. Mdhy; tPuHfs; mtiu Mq;fpNyaH ifapy; rpf;ftplhky; xU Nlhypapy; itj;J yf;Ndh nfhz;L te;Jtpl;ldH. jdf;F Vw;gl;l fhak; G+uzkhf FzkilAKd; gpg;Uthp 15 - ,y; kPz;Lk; NghH Kidf;F te;Jtpl;lhH. fhd;G+hpy; ,Ue;J mTl;uhkpd; gil jq;fpapUe;j gFjpf;F Mq;fpyj; jsgjp fhypd; tUtjhfj; jfty; fpilj;jJ. fhypd; te;J NrUKd; mTl;uhik xopj;Jtpl Ntz;Lnkd;w jpl;lj;Jld; jd; jhf;Fjiyj; njhlHe;jhH. Mdhy; nksy;tpapd; Kaw;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ. vd;whYk; nksy;tpapd; ,j;jhf;Fjy;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; ngUk; mr;rj;ijAk; gy rpf;fy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpd.
m`kJy;yh \h`;tpd; ,izaw;w ijhpaj;ij Mq;fpy tuyhw;W mwpQH N`hk;]; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ: Gul;rpf;fhuHfspd;... jiytuhd igrhghj; nksy;tp m`kJ\h kfj;jhd rhHj;jpaKk; ijhpaKk; cj;NtfKk; tha;f;fg;ngw;wtH.XHcaHe;j ,yl;rpaj;jpw;fhfg; NghuhLk; Mw;wy; gilj;jtH. xU ngUk; uhZtj;ijAk; elj;Jk; rf;jp ngw;wtH. vd;W Gfo;e;Js;shH.* (* tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy.> gf;fk;.354.) mjd;gpd;dH yf;Ndhtpd; ,Ujak; Nghd;w \h`j;fd;iQf; ifg;gw;wp> Nfhl;il Nghd;w
fl;blj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpNyauJ gPuq;fpg; giliaj; jhf;fpdhH. ,tiu mg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tpul;l Mq;fpy muR 21 gilg;gphpTfis mDg;gp itj;jJ. ,jdhy; yf;Ndhtpy; ,Ue;J 29 iky J}uj;jpYs;s ghhpapy; Kfhkpl;lhH.
mNahj;jp gFjpapy; rpw;wuR elj;jpa ghd;uh[h [fd;dhj rpq; jdf;F cjTthH vd;w vz;zj;Jld; mtUf;F fbjk; mDg;GfpwhH. [fd;dhj rpq;fplk; ,Ue;J m`kJy;yh \htpw;F miog;G tUfpwJ. mtH miog;gpd; gpz;zdpapy; gpd;dg;gl;bUe;j #o;r;rpia mwpahj m`kJy;yh \h`;. Muthuk;
VJkpd;wp ahid kPjkHe;J ghtd;uh[htpd; fb efUf;Fs; EiofpwhH. mtH Nfhl;ilf;Fs; Eioe;jJk; Nfhl;ilf; fjTfs; %lg;gl;ld. Nfhlilr;Rthpd; kPJ fhtyHfs; #o uh[h [fd;dhj rpq; epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhH. rjptiyf;Fs; mfg;gl;L tpl;Nlhk; vd;gij czHe;j nksy;tp> jg;gpf;f Kaw;rpf;F Kd;
uh[htpd; jk;gp gy;Njt; rpq; Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl... Njhl;lhf;fis khHgpy; Ve;jp kz;zpy; rha;fpwhH m`kJy;yh \h`;.
Mq;fpNyaUf;F jq;fs; tpRthrj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfTk; ntFkjpfisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; uh[hTk; mtH jk;gpAk; tPukuzkile;j nksy;tpapd; jiyia ntl;b vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> 13 iky; J}uj;jpYs;s jhzhtpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j Mq;fpNyahplk; XbdH. nksy;tpapd; jiyiaf; ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpNyaH> mjid xUfk;gpy; nrUfp Nghyp]; nfhj;jthy; rhtbapy; vy;NyhUk; ghHf;Fk; gb Cd;wp itj;Jj; jq;fs; Mj;jpuq;fSf;F MWjy; Njbf; nfhz;ldH. md;dhuJ cliyj Jz;L Jz;lhf ntl;b jPapypl;Lg; nghRf;fpdH. ,e;j kz;zpw;fhf capH ePj;j mg;mgUkfdpd; cly;$l Kiwg;gb ey;ylf;fk nra;Ak; tha;g;igg; ngwKbahky; Nghapw;W. mtuJ jiy kl;Lk; m`;kj;G+H ;`hd; k`y;yhtpy;
ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
xU ifapy; thisAk; kWifapy; NgdhitAk; Ve;jp mt;tPuj;jpahfp (nksy;tp mfkJ\h) Ghpe;j njhz;bw;F ,izNa ,y;iy ! - tPurhtHf;fH> vhpkiy> gf;fk;.354.
Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpRthrkhf ele;J nfhz;ljw;fhf uh[h [fd;dhj rpq;fpw;F Mq;fpy muR 50 Mapuk; &gha; ntFkjp mspj;Jg; ghuhl;baJ.
nksy;tp nra;aJ m`;kJy;yh \h`;tpd; jPuj;ijg; gw;wp n[duy; jhk]; vd;w Mq;fpy mjpfhhp :
,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; Gul;rp nra;jtUs; ,tiutpl Nkyhd tPuH vtUkpy;iy. ]H> Myd; Nfk;gy;
vd;w khngUk; Mq;fps jsgjp> Aj;jf; fsj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw Kbahky; Nghdjw;F ,tNu fhuzk;. jd; jha;ehL tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nghuhbajpy; ,tH xU epfuw;w jPuH;. - vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ cz;ik ... ntWk; Gfo;r;rp ,y;iy !*
(* V.vd;.Kfk;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jp tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk;>60-61.) xU ths; ,UgJ jiyfs;
nksy;tp m`kJy;yh \h`; Nghd;W xU jdpkdpjuhf ,Ue;jhYk; xU gl;lhsj;jpw;Fhpa KO guhf;fpukj;Jld; jpfo;e;j kw;nwhU khHf;f mwpQH nksy;tp kpH[h k`;jP rhyp`;
rpwe;j NghHf;fiyg; gapw;rpahsuhfj; jpfo;e;j kpH[h k`;jP> K/j;jPfd;Q; gFjpiaj; jd; MSifg; gFjpahff; nfhz;ltH. ,tuJ K/j;jPfd;Q; vy;iyf;Fs; Mq;fpNyaH Eioe;jhy; mtHfsJ jiy jg;ghJ.
1858 - ,y; ,tiu tPo;j;Jtjw;fhf nfsfhl;bypUe;J mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpyg; gil kpH[h k`;jPapd; vy;iyf;Fs; Eioa Kbahky; jj;jspj;jJ. gy ehs; Kw;Wifj; njhlHe;jJ. xU ehs; mjpfhiy g[;U njhOJtpl;L gs;spthapiy tpl;L kpH[h; k`;jP ntsptu> Mq;fpyg; gil mtiur; #o;fpwJ.
jd; eguhf epd;W 20 Ngiu ntl;b tPo;j;jp ,Wjpapy; vjpuhspapd; Fz;Lfis khHgpy; jhq;fp
rha;fpwhH. ,g;gb ,e;j kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; Nghuhba cykhf;fs; gyH tPu kuzk; mile;jNghJ> mtHfsJ [dh]h (,we;j cly;) itg; nghjpe;j fgd;Jzp (rtj;Jzp) KOf;f ,uj;jf;fiwg;
gbe;jpUe;jJ cz;ik tuyhwhFk;. G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfl;l Kjy; ,e;jpad;
1929 – Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 29 - ,y; yh$hpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;jhd; ,e;jpaTf;F G+uz Rje;jpuk; Ntz;Lk; (Complete Independence India,as its goal) vd;w jPHkhdk; Kd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.* Mdhy; mjw;F vl;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng G+uz Rje;jpuNk vq;fs; gpwg;Ghpik – vd;w Nfhrj;ij itj;jtH XH ,];yhkpa khHf;f mwpQH MthH. (* B.l Grover,S.grover,A New Look At Modern Indian History, P.426.)
1921 - ,y; m`kjhghj;jpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; xU jPHkhdj;ij gpujhdkhf Kd;
nkhope;jdH. ,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpf; me;j];jpid mjhtJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mj;jPHkhdk;. Nlhkpdpf; me;j];J ,e;jpahtpw;F toq;fg;gl;lhy; Ml;rpapy;
Mq;fpNyaUld; ,e;jpaUk; gq;Nfw;Fk; tha;g;G cUthFk; vd;W fhq;fpu]pd; %j;j jiytHfs; fUjpdH;.
kpfg;ngUk; Njrpaj; jiytUk; fpyhgj; ,af;fj; jiytHfSs; xUtUkhd nksyhdh `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; kl;Lk; ,j;jPHkhdj;ij vjpHj;J Fuy; nfhLj;jhH. Mq;fpNyahplkpUe;J ehk; ngwNtz;baJ ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpukhd nlhkpdpf; me;j];jy;y. Mq;fpNyaH ,k;kz;zpypUe;J
KOikahf ntspNawp ,k;kz;zpd; ike;jHfsplk; ,e;j Njrj;ij xg;gilf;fpd;w G+uz Rje;jpuk; MFk;
G+uz Rauh[;ak; (Complete Indepedence Nation) jPH;khdj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf Kd;nkhope;J `[;uj;
nkh`hdp Mw;wpa jPH;f;fkhd ciuiaf; Nfl;l khehl;Lg; gq;NfHg;ghsHfs;> ,k;khehl;by; `[;uj; nkh`hdpapd; G+uz Rauh[;a Nfhrk; jPHkhdkhf epiwNtw;wg;glhjh vd;w MHtj;Jld; ,Ue;jdH.
Mdhy; fhe;jpabfs; ,j;jPHkhdj;ij td;ikahf vjpHj;jhH. mjdhy; `[;uj; nkh`hdpapd; jPHkhdk;
epiwNtw;wg;glhky; Nghapw;W.*
(* Young India, May 4 , 1992; Ref; Shan Muhammad, Freedom Movement in India- The Role of Ali Brothers, PP.159-60, 164-65.)
Mdhy; 1929 yh$H fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; mNj G+uz Rauh[;ak; Nfhhpf;ifia fhe;jp[pNa Kd; nkhope;jJ tuyhW.
`[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; 1923 - ,y; fpyhgj; fkpl;bj; jiytuhfTk;> 1924 - ,y; mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; khehl;Lj; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;J Njr tpLjiyf;fhf Fuy; nfhLj;jhH. 1921
m`kjhghj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;jhd; vOg;gpa G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfhhpf;ifia 1937 -,y; yf;Ndhtpy; eilngw;w K];ypk;; yPf; khehl;by; jPHkhdkhf epiwNtw;wr; nra;jhH
kpfr; rpwe;j vOj;jhsuhs `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs;> jd; vOj;jhw;wiyj; Njr tpLjiyf;F mHg;gzpf;Fk; Kfkhf cUJ K`y;yh vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia Muk;gpj;jhH; mg;gj;jphpf;if gphpl;B\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf kf;fisr; rpe;jpf;f itf;Fk; mjpHr;rp itj;jpakhf mike;jJ.
xUKiw cUJ K`y;yhtpy; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhd mf;dp thHj;ijfisj; jhq;fpa XH ,isQdpd; ftpij gpuRukhdJ. mf;ftpij Vw;gLj;jpa ryryg;gpdhy; nfhjpj;Jg;Nghd Mq;fpy muR `[;uj; nkh`hdpf;F Nehl;B]; mDg;gpaJ. mf;ftpijia VOjpatH ahH vd;gij vq;fSf;F mwptpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W me;j Nehl;B]; mr;RWj;jpaJ. mjw;F `[;uj; nkh`hdp kWj;J tpl;lhH. ftpijiag; gpuRhpj;j gj;jphpf;ifapd; MrphpaH ehd;> vdNt mjw;F ehd; jhd; nghWg;G. vOjpatiu milahsk; fhl;lKbahJ. Ntz;Lkhdhy; vd;kPJ eltbf;if vLq;fs; vd;W Nehl;B]{f;Fj; Jzpr;rYld; gjpyspj;jhH.
Mq;fpy muR `[uj; nkh`hdp kPJ eltbf;if vLj;jJ. NfhHl;Lf;F mtiu
miyf;fspj;jJ. ,Wjpapy; MWkhjr;rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fpaJ. cUJ K`y;yh gj;jphpf;ifiaj; jil nra;jJ. mg;gj;jphpf;if mr;rplg;gl;l `[;uj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhd mr;Rf;$lj;ij [g;jp nra;jJ. ‘’ahNuh vOjpa ftpijf;fhf ePq;fs; ,j;jidj; Jd;gq;fis mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lkh?’’ - vd;W md;dhhplk; Nfl;lNghJ> mJ ahNuh vOjpa ftpijjhd;. Mdhy; vdf;F cld;ghlhd ftpij. vd; Njreyd; ehLk; thHj;ij fisr; Rke;j ftpij. mf;ftpijia vd; gj;jphpf;ifapy; gpuRhpj;jjw;fhf ehd; ngUikg; gLfpNwd;. mjw;fhf vdf;F ,j;jzlid vd;why;> vd; Njrj;jpd;
tpbaYf;fhf ,j;jz;lidia kfpo;NthL Vw;fpNwd;!. - vd;W gjpyspj;jpUf;fpwhH.
`[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs; ifJ nra;ag;gLk;NghJ mtuJ kidtpahH epiwkhjf; fHg;gpzp.
mf;Foe;ijia <d;w mj;jha;> jd; fztd; jpUKfj;ijg; ghHf;fTk; thhpirf;fhl;lTk; Foe;ijiaf; ifapy; Ve;jpf; nfhz;L xt;nthU rpiwr;rhiyahf miyfpwhH. ve;jr; rpiwapy; mtH milf;fg; gl;bUf;fpwhH vd;gijf; $w Mq;fpy muR kWj;J tpLfpwJ. %d;W ehl;fs; gl;bdpAld; gy rpiwfSf;Fk; miye;j mj;jha;> ,Wjpapy; jd; fztidr; re;jpf;fpwhH.
jdJ thhpir Kjd; Kjyhfg; ghHj;j `[;uj; nkh`hdp mtHfs;> rpiwf; fk;gpfspD}Nl ifnfhLj;J Foe;ijia thq;fp Kj;jkpLfpwhH. jd; Foe;ijf;F xU jfg;gd; Kj;jkpl;lJ Fw;wkh? Mq;fpy muR mjidAk; Fw;wkhf;fpaJ.rpiw tpjpfis kPwp ele;jhH vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;b NkYk; ,uz;lhz;Lfs; rpiwj; jz;lid toq;fpaJ. Rpiwr;rhiyapy; `[;uj; nkh`hdp nrf;fpOj;j nfhLikAk; ele;jJ !*
nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky; `[;uj; nkh`hdp vd;W ,dpahtJ ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW Ngrl;Lk;. (*rpuh[{y; kpy;yj; m.f. mg;J]; ]kJ> ,];yhkpa jkpoH Nguit elj;jpa Rje;jpug; nghd;tpoh ciuapy;> nrd;id. 18.10.1997)
gj;th
njd;dfj;jpy; ,aq;fp te;j mugpf; fy;Y}hpfSk; kjurhf;fSk; md;W Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lf; Nfe;jpuq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd. ,e;epWtdq;fspy; gzpahw;wpa cykhf;fs; Mq;fpy murpd; fLikahd eltbf;iffSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. 1831 Nk 6 - ,y; eilngw;w ghyNfhl; Aj;jj;jpy;
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd cykhf;fs; caphpoe;jdH.
Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; khHf;f mky; (topghL) njhlHghdJ – vd;w Njrhgpkhd Kof;fq;fSld; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf vOjpAk; NgrpAk; jq;fs; Rje;jpug; gq;fspg;igj; je;j Njt;ge;j; cykhf;fspd; gz; kfj;jhdJ. Mq;fpNyaH kPJs;s ntWg;gpid mtHfsJ nkhoapd; kPJk; fhl;bdH. Mq;fpyk; gbg;gJ `uhk; - vd;W Njt;ge;j; cykhf;fs; gj;th(khHf;fj;jPHg;G) nfhLj;jdH.
me;epag; nghUl;fisg; ghp\;fhpf;f Ntz;Lk; RNjrpg; nghUl;fisNa taq;fNtz;Lk; vd;w fhe;jp[papd; RNjrp ,af;fk; ehnlq;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd xU fyhr;rhu ,af;fkhf
cUthfpaJ. ,jpy; ,];yhkpaHfspd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
K];ypk;fs; gphpl;B\hhpd; uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;WtJ `uhk; (Haram ; Unlawful).
-1921 [{iyapy; fuhl;rpapy; eilngw;w fpyhgj; khehl;bd; jiyik ciuapy; nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp.* Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; jpz;Lf;fy;iy ikag;gLj;jp cykhf;fs; gyH ,e;j
Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf caHj;jpg; gpbj;Js;sdH. nksyhdh mg;Jy; `kPJ ghf;ftp mtHfs;>** fjuhil mzpahj kzkfdpd; jpUkzj;jpy; cykhf;fs; fye;J nfhs;sf;$lhJ – vd;w
gfpuq;f mwptpg;ig tpLj;jhH. mjw;F md;iwa cykhf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpFe;j tuNtw;G ,Ue;jJ.
1920 - ,y; <Nuhl;by; eilngw;w cykhf;fspd; khehl;by; KOf;f KOf;f Njrpa gpur;ridfNs Ngrg;gl;ld. nksyhd Kfk;kJ myp ,k;khehl;by; Mw;wpa ciu md;W jkpof cykhf;fs; Njrpa eltbf;iffspy; Ntfkhf <Lgl ce;J rf;jpahf mike;jJ. gs;spthry;fisAk; mugpf;fy;Y}hp – kjurhf;fisAk; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fpd;w – NgRfpd;w – nray;ghl;Lf;Fhpa fsq;fshf khw;wpa cykhf;fspd; Rje;jpu gq;Nfw;G kfj;jhdJ.
(* Shan Muhammad, Freedom Movement in India – The Role of Ali Brothers, P.153.) (** rpuh[{y; kpy;yj; m.f.mg;J];]kJ rh`pg; mtHfsJ je;ijahH.)
3. tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; tPukq;ifaH Mq;fpNyau;fisf; $z;NlhL mopj;JtplNtz;Lk; vd;W Mz;ltidj; njhOk;gb K];ypk; jha;khHfs; Foe;ijfsplk; $wpaij ehd; Nehpy; Nfl;Nld;.- by;yp kd;dH kPJ ele;j tof;F rhl;rpaj;jpd; NghJ Mq;fpy khJ My;l;nty; $wpaJ.
(*tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy>gf;fk;.61) Ngfk; `[;uj; k`y;
1857 - ,y; khkd;dH gfJH\kph [/gH jiyikapy; ,e;jpa Ml;;rpahsHfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf xUq;fpize;jNghJ> mjpy;; murhz;l ,uz;L tPukq;ifaH ,Ue;jdH. xUtH [hd;rpuhzp yf;Fkpgha;> kw;nwhUtH cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; xsj; (Outh) vd;w FWepyg;gFjpia Mz;l Ngfk; `[;uj; k`y; MthH.
Ngfk; xsj; (Begum of Outh / Oudh / Awadh) vd;W ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW rpy thpfspy;
vOjpr; nry;Yk; `[;uj; k`ypd; tPuk; - Njrhgpkhdk; - jpahf mHg;gzpg;G Mfpad xU tPu tuyhw;Wf;Fk; tphpthfg; Ngrg;gl Ntz;ba tuyhw;Wf;Fk; chpajhFk;.
xsj; ethghd t[Pj; myp\hit Mq;fpNyaH rpiwg;gLj;jp itj;jpUe;jdH. mtuJ Gjy;thud ,sturH gphp[p]; fhjpiur; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuHfs; rpk;khrdj;jpy; Vw;wpdH. gphp[p]; fhjpH rpWtuhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; xsj; epHthfk; mtuJ gpujpepjp vd;w Kiwapy; mtuJ jhahuhd uhzp `[;uj; k`yplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
... Fog;gkhd epiyapYk; cWjpAk; jpwikAk; Jzpr;rYk; tha;e;j Ngfk; epHthf;ij xOq;fhf elj;jp te;jjpypUe;J mtuJ ,izaw;w ngUik ntspahfpwJ. mtUila epHthf rhHj;jpaj;ij Mq;fpy rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfSk; ntFthfg; ghuhl;bAs;sdH.*
1857 - ,y; rpg;gha; fyfk; cr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; Ngfk; jdJ gilAld; nrd;W yf;Ndh gphpl;B\; J}jufj;ij Kw;Wif ,l;lhH. mq;fpUe;j gphpl;B\; J}JtHfs; rpiwg; gpbf;fg;gl;ldH. J}jufj;ij ,bj;J jiukl;lkhf;fpdhH.
Ngfj;jpw;F kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; tPuHfs; kj;jpapYk; kpFe;j nry;thf;F ,Ue;jJ. mtH jiyapd; fPo; jpuz;l Gul;rpahsHfs; ,uz;L yl;rk; NgH vd;Wk;: Mq;fpNyaHfis mtH vjpHj;j ,Wjp Aj;jj;jpy; gjpdhapuf;fzf;fpy; tPuHfs; te;jdnud;Wk; Mq;fpy rhpj;jpu MrphpaHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.**
gphpl;B\; gilg; gphpTfspy; gzpahw;wpa rpg;gha;fs; kj;jpapy; Ngfj;jpw;F kpFe;j MjuT ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; Nguf;G+hpy; ,Ue;j 34 – tJ gilg; gphpit Mq;fpy muR fiyj;J tpl;lJ. Vndd;why;
mg;gilg;gphptpy; ,Ue;j ngUk;ghd;ikahd rpg;gha;fs; xsj; gFjpiar; rhHe;jtHfs;.*** (*Nkw;gb.>gf;fk;.253.)
(** Nkw;gb>.gf;fk;.354-355)
(*** R.c. AgarWal, Constitution Develapment of India and National Movement, P.43,53)
1858 khHr; 6 – Mk; Njjp 30 Mapuk; JUg;GfSld; te;j Nk[H fhypd; gilNahL Ie;Jehl;fs; njhlHAj;jk; elj;jpdhH. ,g;Nghhpy; khkd;dH ,sty;fspd; jiyfisf; nfha;j Nk[H `l;]d;> Ngfj;jpd; tPuHfshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. Mq;fpyg; ngUk;gilapd; jhf;Fjiyr; rkhspf;f Kbahky; jdJ MjthsHfSld; xsj;ij tpl;LntspNawpdhH. gpjht;ypapy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j Ngfj;ij Mq;fpyg; gil njhlHe;J te;J tpul;baJ. mtH jd; MjuthsHfSld; Neghsj;jpw;Fs; jiykiwthdhH.
Ngfj;jpd; Ml;rpiaAk; muRilikfisAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; Mq;pfpy muR gwpKjy; nra;jJ. kw;w ethGfs;> kd;dHfs; Nghy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F khdpaq;fis toq;fp> mtHfsJ epHg;ge;jq;fSf;F xj;Jg; NghapUe;jhy; epk;kjpahf rfy nrsghf;fpaq;fSld; mtH Ml;rp elj;jpapUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; kz;zbik jPu Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf mtH Fuy; nfhLj;jjhy; ,e;epiyf;F MshdhH. Njrj;jpd;
tpLjiyf;fhf jd; Ml;rp mjpfhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; ,oe;J ehl;il tpl;Nl ntspNaWk; epiyf;fhshd Ngfk; `[;uj; k`ypd; jpahfq;fs; neQ;irf; fdf;fr; nra;tdthFk;.
NghHf;fsk; Kjy; Nghuhl;lf;fsk; tiu
Ngfk;`[;uj; k`ypd; rkfhyj;jpy; [hd;]puhzpAld; gphpl;B\hUf;F vjpuhfg; NghHf;fsj;jpy; thNse;jp epd;w kw;nwhU tPukq;if `]d; k`;gH Ngfk;. [hd;]papd; xU gilg;gphpTf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpa k`;gH> 1858 [{d; 18 - ,y; eilngw;w FthypaH Aj;jj;jpy; [hd]pAld; tPu kuzk; mle;jhH.* 1938 - ,y; `pe;J – K];ypk; xw;Wikf;fhf gk;ghapy; fhe;jp[pAk; Kfk;kjyp [pd;dhTk; re;jpj;Jg; Ngr Vw;ghlgapw;W. [pd;dhitr; re;jpf;f te;j xU ngz;Zk; te;jpUe;jhs;. [pd;dhtpd; ,y;yj;jpy; %d;W kzp Neuk; ele;j Ngr;R thHj;ij Kbe;j gpd; fhe;jp[p gj;jphpif ep&gHfSf;Fg; Ngl;b mspj;jhH. mg;Ngl;bapy;:
vd;dplk; mj;jpae;j gpNuik tha;e;j ngz;nzhUj;jp ,Uf;fpwhs;. `pe;J-K];ypk;xw;Wikf;fhf mts; jd; capiuAk; re;Njhrkhff; nfhLg;ghs;.
- vd;W $wpatH. jd; mUfpy; epd;w mg;ngz;iz epUgHfSf;F mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhH. mg;ngz;jhd; Fkhhp mkhJy; ]yhk;.**
vd; Njhs;fspd; kPJ ,uz;L rpq;fq;fs; mkHe;jpUf;fpd;wd – vd;W fhe;jp[pahy; tUzpf;fg;gl;l myp rNfhjuHfspd; jhahuhd `h[pah Myh[pghD vd;w /gPak;khs; jhd;> ifuhl;ilapy; E}w;w E}yhy; nea;ag;gl;l Milf;F fjH vd;W ngahpl;ltH. jd; ifahy; nea;j Jzpiaf; fhe;jp[pf;F
mspj;J> ,jidf; fj;uhf (nfsutkhf) Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs; vd;whH. md;wpypUe;J jhd; me;j Milf;F fjH Mil vd;w ngaH te;jJ.
RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; fyhr;rhu milahskhd Jzpf;F ‘fjH’ vd;W ngahpl;ltH xU K];ypk; jha; vd;w
ngUik ek; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;Wf;F cz;L.
,t;thW NghHf;fsk; Kjy; Nghuhl;lf;fsk; tiu ,];yhkpag; ngz;fs; gyH jq;fisj; Njr
tpLjiyf;fhf mHg;gzpj;Js;sdH. (* B.L. Grover, S. Grover, A New Look At Modern Indian History, P.268.) (** jpdkzp> 29.04.1938.> kWgpuRuk;: 29.04.1977.)
4. Rje;jpuj;jpwfha; rpWtH Kjy; KjpNahH tiu... ...kyhapy; ehd; [g;ghdpahplk; fjpaw;w ifjpahf ,Ug;gij tpl ,e;jpahpd; capH> nrhj;J> khdk; Mfpatw;iwf;fhg;ghw;w ifapy; Jg;ghf;fpAld; ,Ue;jhy; vd; ehl;Lf;F kpf cgNahfkhf ,Ug;Ngd; vd;gjhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpy ,ize;Njd;. nly;yp> nrq;Nfhl;il tof;F tprhuizapy; INA Nfg;ld; \heth];fhd;.
vd; ngaH tpLjiy !
Njr tpLjiyf;F 25 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; 1992 - ,y; rpe;J khfhzk; kl;yp efhpy; xU rpWtd;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf Gul;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; tpjj;jpy; MNtrkhf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; NgRfpwhd;. tpLjiy czHit; J}z;Lk; me;j koiyf; Fuy; xypf;Fk; ,lnky;yhk; kf;fs; jpushff; $bdH. Jfty; Mq;fpNyaUf;F nry;fpwJ. me;j 11 taJr; rpWtidf; ifJ nra;J ,d;W ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s i`juhghj; efu ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epWj;Jfpd;wdH. mr;rpWtd;jhd; ifH Kfk;kJ.
ePjpkd;w $z;bw;Fs; jiy kl;Lk; ntspNa njhpAk;gb epd;w ifH Kfk;kJitg; ghHj;J Mr;rhpag;gl;l ePjpgjp...
ePjpgjp : cd; ngaH vd;d?
ifH : ‘’M]hj;’’ (M]hj; vd;why; ‘tpLjiy’ vd;W nghUs;. ifhplk; ,Ue;J cWjpAld; ntspte;j gjpy; ePjpgjpia epkpHe;J cl;fhu itj;jJ.)
ePjpgjp : rhp... cd; je;ijapd; ngaH vd;d? ifH : ‘’,];yhk; !’’
ePjpgjp : cd; [hjp vJ?
ifH : “xj;Jioahik!” (ifhpd; gjpy;fshy; rw;Nw vhpr;ry; mile;j ePjpgjp njhlHe;J Nfl;fpwhH...) ePjpgjp : cdJ njhopy; vJ?
ifH : ‘’muRf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;rpiaj; J}z;LtJ” (xU KjpNahDf;Fhpa fk;gPuj;Jld; gjpyspf;fpwhd;. Gul;rpiaj; J}z;LtJ (Sedition) vd;gJ md;W nghpa Fw;wk; uh[JnuhfkhFk;.)
ePjpgjp : cd; gpizahs; (Surety) ahH?
ifH : ‘’vdJ gpizahs; my;yh`; xUtd; jhd;’’
(,g;gjpiyf; Nfl;L mjpHe;J Nghd ePjpgjp rpWtd; vd;gjhy; rw;W ,uf;fj;Jld; ...) ePjpgjp : cd; nraYf;F eP kd;dpg;G NfhUfpwhah?
ifH : ‘’xU Fw;wKk; nra;ahj ehd; vjw;fhf kd;dpg;G Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;? ehd; XH ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; vd;w epiyapy; vd; flikiaj;jhNd nra;Njd;?’’
( vd;W jhHkPf czHTld; mtd; ePjpgjpiaj; jpUg;gpf; Nfl;f... kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;f kWj;Jtpl;ljhy; ifUf;F rpy khjq;fs; rpiwj; jz;lidia ePjpgjp toq;FfpwhH.)*
rpWtd; ifH Kfk;kJtpd; gjpy;fspy; ntspg;gl;l Md;kPfg;gpbg;Gk; tpLjiy czHtk; ek;ik Mr;rHaj;Jld; ms;spf;nfhz;L NghfpwJ.
ghlypapy; xU Gyp
1857 – rpg;gha; fyfk; tl ,e;jpahtpy; nfhe;jspg;ig Vw;gLj;jpa fhyfl;lk; Kf;fpa efuq;fspy; ,uT xd;gJ kzpf;F Nky; tPl;il tpl;L ahUk; ntsptuf;$lhJ vd;w jil cj;jutpid Mq;fpy muR tpjpj;jpUe;jJ. xU ehs; ghlypGuk; efhpy; gPHmyp vd;w ,isQdpd; tPl;bd; Kd; jil cj;juit kPwp 200 K];ypk;fs; $Lfpd;wdH.
$ba kf;fs; Kd; gPHmyp vOr;rpkpf;f ciuahw;WfpwhH. gpd;dH midtUk; Njrpaf; nfhbiaf; ifapYk;> tpLjiyf; Nfhrj;ij ehtpYk; Ve;jpatHfshf CHtykhg; Gwg;gLfpd;wdH.
CHtyj;jpdiuf; ifJ nra;a Mq;fpy mjpfhhp yahy; uhZtj;Jld; tUfpwhd;. CHtyj;ij topkwpj;j yahiy gPHmyp Rl;L tPo;j;JfpwhH. efnuq;Fk; kpfg;nghpa fytuk; Vw;gLfpwJ. gPHmyp ifJ
nra;ag;gLfpwhH.
uhZtf; NfhHl;by; gPHmypf;F kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Wf;fpg; G+l;lg;gl;l tpyq;Ffshy; mtH iffspypUe;J uj;jk; frpa ,Oj;J tug;gl;L J}f;F Nkilapy; ePWj;jg;gLfpwhH. xU gpwtp tPuDf;Fhpa Gd;KWtYld; J}f;FNkilapy; epd;w gPHmypf;F jd; Foe;ijapd; Qhgfk; tu xUfz Neuk;
mtHKfj;jpy; Nrhfk; glHfpwJ. ,jidf; ftdpj;j mjpfhhpfs;> ,Jjhd; jf;f rkak; vd;W gPHmypia> ‘’gPHmyp... fpsHr;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,wq;fpAs;s kw;w jiytHfspd; ngaHfis eP ,g;NghJ ntspapl;lhy;> cd; capiuf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;!’’ vd;wdH. mjw;F kWj;j gPHmyp>
ePq;fs; ,g;NghJ vd;idj; J}f;fpyplyhk;. vd; Nghd;w gyiuAk; J}f;fpyplyhk;. Mdhy; vq;fSila yl;rpaj;ij ePq;fs; xU fhyj;jpYk; J}f;fpypl KbahJ. ehd; ,we;jhy; vdJ uj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mapuf;fzf;fhd Gul;rpahsHfs; cjpj;J cq;fs; rhk;uh[aj;ijNa mopj;J tpLthHfnsd;gJ epr;rak; ! - vd;W jd; Njrj;jpd; vjpHfhy tpbay; fditj; jd; ,Wjp %r;rpy; ntspg;gLj;jpathW J}f;F fapiw Kj;jkpLfpwhH.
gPH mypapd; kuzr; nra;jp Nfl;L jdGhp uhZt Kfhkpy; ,Ue;j ,e;jp rpg;gha;fs; [{iy 25-Mk; Njjp kpfg;ngUk; Gul;rpia Muk;gpj;jdH.
gPH myp yf;Ndhtpy; gpwe;J tsHe;jtH. ghlypGuj;jpy; Gj;jf tpahghuk; nra;J te;jhH. ghlypGuj;jpy; Njrgf;jHfisj; jpul;b Majq;fSld; mj;Njrpa tPuHfisj; jahH nra;J itj;jpUe;jhH. ‘’ve;j Neuj;jpYk; NjrtpLjiyf;fhf jq;fs; capiuAk; ,og;Nghk;’’ vd;W midtUk; gPH mypaplk;
rj;ag;gpukhzk; nra;jpUe;jdH. gPHmypapd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ,t;tPuHfs; ghlypGuk;> jdGhp gFjpfspy; Mq;fpNyaH fisg; gopthq;Fk; kpfg;ngUk; fpsHrprpapy; <Lgl;ldH.*
(* tPurhtHf;fH>vhpkiy> gf;fk; 272-274). NjrtpLjiyf;F MAjg;Gul;rpNa jPHT !
MAjg;Gul;rp xd;Wjhd; ,e;jpa kz;zpy; tpLjiyia tuT itf;f xNu top vd;w KbTld;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; tYthd XH ,isQH mikg;G cUthdJ; Rje;jpuehj; rdahy;> NghNf\;ghG> uhk; gpurhj; gp];kpy; Nghd;w> ,tptisQH mikg;gpd; Jtf;f fHj;jhf;fspy; xUtH \h[`hd;G+iur; rhHe;j m\;ghFy;fhd; vd;w ,isQH MthH.
Mq;fpnyaUf;F vjpuhf MAjNke;jpg; NghuhLk; tYthd ,isQH mikg;ig cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;l mt;tpisQHfSf;F> MAjq;fs; thq;fg; gztrjp Njitg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhf murhq;f f[hdhf;fisr; #iwahlj; jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
1925 Mf];l; 26 - ,y; cj;jpug;gpNjrj;jpy; r`hd;G+hpypUe;J yfNdhtpw;F murhq;f f[hdhg; fzk; uapy; %yk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk; jfty; ,tHfSf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ. fN`hhp fpuhkj;jpy; me;j uapiyj; jLj;J epWj;jp f[hdhg; gzj;ijr; #iwahl m];ghFy;yhfhd;> uhk; gpurhj; gp];kpy;> re;jpuNrfu M]hj;> Nuh\d;rpq;> uhN[e;jpu yhy;hP MfpNahH jiyikapy; XH ,isQH FO Gwg;gLfpwJ.
fN`hhpapy; uapy; jLj;J epWj;jg;gl;L f[hdhg; gzk; #iwahlg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthfg; nghpa mstpyhd ifJ eltbf;ifapy; Mq;fpy muR ,wq;FfpwJ. nj`;yP vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
m];ghFy;yhfhd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhH.
yh$hpy; 18 khjq;fs; eilngw;w tprhuizapy;> ,tH Mg;fhdp];jhDf;Fj; jg;gp Xl Kad;wtH> fN`hhp nfhs;isapy; <Lgl;ltH Nghd;w Ie;J Fw;wq;fis m];ghFy;yhfhd; kPJ Rkj;jp> J}f;Fj;jzlid toq;fpaJ ePjpkd;wk;.
rpy ehNs [Ptpj;jpUg;Ngd;. vd; Njrj;jpd; xU gpbkz;iz vd; fgzhil(rtj;Jzpf;Fs;)f;Fs; itj;J vd;id mlf;fk; nra;Aq;fs;!.
- vd;w nghUs; nghjpe;j ftpijia vOjp itj;jtuhf... nyg;igf;f vd;w `[; gazpfspd; jhuf ke;jpuj;ijr; rg;jkhf Koq;fpatuhf... FHMdpd; ciuiaf; ifapy; Ve;jpatuhf ... 26-09-1926- ,y; J}f;F fapw;wpy; jd;id kha;j;Jf; nfhz;l khtPud; m];ghFy;yhfhd;.* ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l jPtputhj ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb MthH.
(*V.vd;. K`k;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jpa tpLjig; nghuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk;.223-224.) jpahf ,af;fj;jpdhpd; thpirapy;...
You give me blood and I will give you Freedom
vd;W Nejh[p Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; NjrtpLjiyf;fhf uj;jk; rpe;j miog;G tpLtpj;j NghJ> mtuJ ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpy; (Indian National Army)
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ,];yhkpa ,isQHfs; ,ize;jdH. gHkh> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+hpy; tpahghuq;fspYk; njhopy;fspYk; <Lgl;bUe;j gy ,isQHfs; mtuJ uhZtj;jpy; ,iztjpy; Ke;jpf;nfhz;ldH. Nejh[p 1943 [{iy 2 - ,y; rpq;fg;G+hpy; Muk;gpj;j Mrhj; `pe;j; rHf;fhH vd;w jw;fhypf
Rje;jpu ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ke;jphp rigapy; uhZt gpujpepjpfshf nyg; fHdy;]; m]P]; m`kJ> vk;.,]l;fpahdp> ,\hd; fhjpH> \heh];fhd; MfpNahH ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdH.* NkYk; fhPk; fdp> b.vk;.fhd;> `gpGh;u`;khd; MfpNahUk; nyg;.fHdy;]; Mfg; gzpahw;wpAs;sdH.
,jpy; nyg;. fHdy; `gpGHu`;khd; jhd; Nejh[papd; ,wg;G gw;wp cWjp nra;Ak;> ‘tpkhd tpgj;J ele;jJ cz;ikjhd;’ vd;W $wpatH.**
gphpl;B\huhy; Ruz;lg;gl;L> mt;thW Ruz;Ltjw;F trjpahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt vOj;jwptpd;wp itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd gl;bdp ,e;jpaHfspd; epiy fz;L ,uq;fp> jdJ cwtpdhpy; je;ij Kjw;nfhz;L 80 NgH gphpl;B\; ,e;jpa uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpf; nfhzbUe;j Neuj;jpy;> NjrtpLjiyf;fhf Nejh[p gilapy; ,ize;jtHjhd; \heth];fhd;.
1945 – Mk; Mz;L etk;gH 5- Mk; Njjp ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpdH kPjhd tof;F tprhuiz nly;yp nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; Muk;gkhdJ. ,t;tprhuizapy; Kjypy; cl;gLj;jg;gl;l %tUs; xUtH \heth];fhd; MthH. Kw;wpUtH Nfg;ld; N]fhy;> nyg;. jpy;yhd;. ,tHfSf;fhf [t`Hyhy NeUTk;> M]pg; mypAk; thjhbdH.
,t;tprhuizapd; NghJ \heth];fhd; mspj;j thf;F%yk; md;W Njrk; KOf;f ngUk; gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ‘,e;j tprhuizia gphpl;B\; muR elj;jpapUf;ff;$lhJ’ vd;W Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpf;iffs; vOJk; mstpw;F> \heth];fhdpd; rhl;rpaq;fs; Nghuhl;l epahaq;fis cWjp nra;tdthf
mike;jd.***
,t;tof;F tprhuizapy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZt tPuH xUtH 23-08-1945-,y;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH. me;j tPu ,isQdpd; ngaH \hFy; `kPJ.
(* Nf. mUzhryk;> n[a;`pe;j;>gffk;67)
( **Nkw;gb mzpe;Jiuapy; INA nyg;.fHdy;.yl;Rkp)\ (***Nkw;gb gf;fk; 91.)
itf;fk; tPud;
,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd xw;wH gilg;gphpT kNyrpahtpYs;s gpdhq;F jPtpy; ,aq;fp te;jJ. ‘’ehl;bw;F ciog;gjdhy; ve;j nrhe;j yhgj;ijAk; ehd; ngwkhl;Nld;. ,e;jpaHfs; ahTk; vd; rNfhjuHfs;’’ - vd;w cWjp nkhopapid vLj;Jf;nfhz;l> ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf jq;fs; capiuAk; nfhLf;fj; jahuhd ,isQHfs; me;j xw;wH gilapy; ,Ue;jdH.
,e;j xw;wH gilapd; Kjy;fl;l eltbf;ifahf Ie;J xw;wH gil tPuHfs; Nfushtpd; Nfhopf;NfhL mUfpYs;s jz;Z}H flw;fiuapy; 27-12-1942- ,y; ePH %o;fpf; fg;gy; %yk; te;jpwq;fpdH. ,Nj Neuj;jpy; gHkhtpy; ,Ue;J muflfd; topahf kw;nwhU FO ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;jJ. ,t;tPuHfs; jq;fsJ gzpfis ufrpakhf Nkw;nfhz;L tUk;NghJ rpyuhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L midtUk; ifjhdH. ,e;j xw;wHgil tof;fpy; Ie;jhz;Lfs; fLQ;rpiwj; jz;lidg; ngw;w 14 NgUs; jkpo;ehL fPuhk;G+iur; NrHe;j K`k;kJ fdp vd;w ,];yhkpa ,isQUk; cz;L. kh.R. mz;zhkiy*
nrd;id Nfhl;ilapy; tprhhpf;fg;gl;L midtUk; nrd;id rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldH. tprhuiz elj;jp[a ePjpgjp khf;> ItUf;F kuzjzlidAk; 14 NgUf;F Ie;jhz;Lfs; rpiwj;jz;lidAk;
toq;fpdhH. ,jpy; kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;l Ithpy; /NgNuuh vd;w tPuH kl;Lk; rpy rl;lr; rpf;fy;fs; fhuzkhfj; jz;lidapy; ,Ue;J jg;gpdhH. Kuz jz;lidg; ngw;w kw;w ehy;tH : itf;fk; mg;Jy; fhjH> gT[hrpq;> v];.rp.gujd;> Mde;jd;.
(* kh.R.mz;zhkiy> Rk;kh tutpy;iy Rje;jpuk;. Jpdkzpr;RlH.4.8.1996.>gf;fk;.9)
1943 – Mk; Mz;L nrg;glk;gH 10-Mk; Njjp mjpfhiy ,e;ehy;tUf;Fk; J}f;F. J}f;fpw;F Ke;jpa ehs; ,uT itf;fk mg;Jy; fhjH Njrj;J kf;fSf;F vOjpa kly;;:
mikjpiaAk; epHkykhd kdijAk; my;yh vdf;F je;Js;shH. ehl;Lf;fhf ehd; vd;
tho;it ,of;fpNwd;. ePq;fs; cq;fs; kfdhd vd;id ,of;fpwPHfs;. ehis fhiy ,e;j capH epd;WtpLk;. ,e;j fuq;fs; vOjhJ. ,jak; Jbf;fhJ.
..ehl;bw;fhf capiu tpl;l KO epytpidg; Nghd;wtHfs; Kd;G ehd; kpfr; rpwpa nkOFtHj;jp uk;rhd; 7- Mk; Njjp nts;spf;fpoik fhiy 5-kzpf;Fk; 6-kzpf;Fk; ,ilNa ehd; kuzk; milNtd;. ,Njh fbfhuk; 12 mbf;fpwJ. vd; kuzj;jpd; Kjy; fl;lk; Muk;gpj;J tpl;lJ. vd;NwDk; xUehs; cq;fs; kfd; ,e;j Njrj;jpw;fhfj; ijhpaj;Jld; kuzj;ijr; re;jpj;jhd; vd;gij ePq;fs; mwptPHfs; ! J}f;Fj; jz;lid epiwNtw;wg;gLk; ehs;... nrd;idr; rpiwr;rhiyf; ifjpfs; midtUk; ‘te;Nj khjuk;’ ghl> itf;fk; mg;Jy; fhjH jd;NdhL J}f;fpy; Vw;wg;gLk; %tUld; ‘ghuj khjhfp N[‘ vd;w Nfhrj;Jld; J}f;F Nkil Nehf;fp elf;fpwhH. mg;Jy; fhjhplk; ‘cdJ ,Wjp tpUg;gk; vd;d?’ vd;W Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. mjw;F mg;Jy; fhjH :
,e;J kjj;ijr; rhHe;j vd; ez;gH Mde;jidAk; vd;idAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; J}f;fpypl Ntz;Lk;! kjq;fle;j kdpjNea czHTld; ,k;kz;zpw;fha; J}f;fpNyhpa mj;jpahfpapd; cly; xl;Nlhp ikjhdj;jpy; Gijf;fg;gl;lJ.*
J}f;F fapw;wpd; fz;zpfSf;Fs; jq;fs; fOj;Jf;fis mUk;Gfsha;j; njhLj;J> ,e;jpa Njrj;jpw;F Rje;jpu khiyahd mj;jpahf kyHfspy; itf;fk; mg;Jy; fhjH ,e;jpa tpLjiy tuyhw;iw
thrg;gLj;jpatH. ,dp mtiuAk; itf;fk; tPud; vd;W miof;fyhNk ! (* Nkw;gb.> gf;fk;.9-10.) mwpQdpd; Ngdh
‘’NghHf;fsj;jpy; ths;Kidapy; rpe;jg;gLk; uj;jj;Jspfis tpl xU mwpQdpd; Ngdhtpd; ikj;Jsp typik kpf;fJ!’’ - vd;whH mz;zy; egp (]y;) mtHfs;. ,e;j typikia ,k;kz;zpd;
tpLjiyf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa mwpQH xUtH cz;L.
1912 - ,y; cUJ nkhopapy; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpa my;- `pyhy; gj;jphpif kpf Ntfkhf Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. mJ Gjpjhf cgNjrpj;j rf;jp tha;e;j Njrpak;>kf;fisg; nghpJk; ftHe;jJ. ghku kf;fspilNa Gul;rpfukhd gugug;ig ‘my;-`pyhy;’ Vw;gLj;jpaJ. cUJ gj;jphpif cyfpd; rhpj;jpuj;jpy; my;-`pyhypd; tUif xU jpUg;gkhf mike;jJ.
myh`hghj;jpypUe;J Mq;fpy muR ntspapl;l gadPH; gj;jphpifapd; nra;jpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf;Fk; Kjd;ikahd ,e;jpa gj;jphpifahf ‘my;-`pyhy;’ jpfo;e;jJ.
‘gphpl;B\; murplk; tpRthrkhf ,Ue;J nfhz;L> Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpw;F ntspNa ,Ug;gJ jhd; ,e;jpa K];ypk;fspd; eyDf;F Vw;wJ’ vd;w nfhs;if cila tl ,e;jpa Nky;jl;L K];ypk; jiytHfSf;F vjpuhd xU Nfhrj;ij ‘my;-`pyhy;’ Kd; itj;jJ.*
kj;jpa rl;lrigapy; ‘my;-`pyhy;’ gj;jphpif kPJ eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fuy;fs; njhlHe;J xypj;jjpd; fhuzkhf Mq;fpy muR ,g;gj;jphpifia Klf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpaJ. Mjd; Kjy; fl;leltbf;ifahf my;-`-yhy; gj;jphpif [hkpd; njhiff; fl;lNtz;Lk; vd;W muR cj;jutpl;lJ. Mjd; gb [hkpd; njhif fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jid vjpHghuhj muR [hkpd; njhia mjpfhpj;J kPz;Lk; 10 Mapuk; fl;l epHge;jpj;jJ.,jdhy; ,g;gj;jphpifia njhlu Kbahj epiy Vw;gl> ‘my;-`pyhy;’
fhhpahyaNk %lg;gl;lJ.
(* mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyntw;wp (jkpohf;fk;: V.[p. ntq;flhr;rhhp) gf;fk;>8.)
,jdhy; Klq;fpg; Ngha; tplhj ,g;gj;jphpifapd; MrphpaH> my;- gyh`; vd;w kw;nwhU gj;jphpifia Muk;gpj;jhH. ,g;gjpjphpif thrfq;fs; thrfH cs;sq;fspy; Rje;jpu Mtl;ifia gw;witf;Fk; mf;dp
FQ;Rfshf ,Ue;jd. ,jdhy; kpuz;LNghd Mq;fpy muR gQ;rhg;> nj`;yp> gk;gha; kw;Wk; If;fpa khfhzq;fspYk;> Vd; gj;jphpif mr;rplg;gl;l fy;fj;jh efhpYk; $l ,g;gj;jphpif Eioaf;$lhnjd;W jiltpjpj;jJ.
nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp mtHfs; 1911 - ,y; fhk;Nul; vd;w Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpifiaAk;> 1913 - ,y; `k;jh;j; vd;w cUJ gj;jphpifiaAk; Muk;gpj;J mbik ,e;jpahtpy; Mo;e;j epj;jpiuapy; ,Ue;j kf;fisj; jl;b vOg;g gs;sp vOr;rp ghbdhH. - v];.vk;. mg;Jy; fhjH.*
,Wjpahf Mq;fpy muR ,g;gj;jphpif Mrphpaiu 1916 - ,y; ifJ nra;J gP`hhpy; cs;s uhQ;rp rpiwapy; milj;jJ.**
,t;thW jd; Ngdh Kidahy; gj;jphpifj; Jiwiaf; fskhff; nfhz;L ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fj; jdJ Muk;gf;fl;lg; gq;fspg;igj; je;jtHfs;jhd; nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; !
(* v];.vk;.mg;Jy; fhjH>,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpd; re;jpNuhjak;> ,];kp.khHr; 1984.)
(**mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ntw;wp ( jkpohf;fk; : V.[p. ntq;flhr;rhhp) gf;fk; 10.) vy;iyg;Guj;jpy; fhy;Nfhs;
gQ;rhg; - rpe;J khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyg; Gwq;fspy; tho;e;j K];y;k;fs; fl;f vd;w MAjNke;jpa tpisahl;bYk; clw;gapw;rpapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatHfshthHfs;. Vjphpfsplk; NkhJtjpy; %Hf;fj;jd;ik cila ,k;kf;fisr; rhe;j nrh&gpfshf khw;wp> m`pk;i] topj;jlj;jpy; elj;jpr; nrd;wtHjhd; fhd; mg;Jy; f/ghHfhd;.
1930 – fspy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fspy; tYg;gLj;jpdhH. mt;nty;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fspy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhy;Nfhis elj;jpatH vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; jhd; ,tiu vy;iyf;fhe;jp vd;W Njrhgpkhdpfs; mioj;jdH;
fhd; mg;Jy; f/ghH fhdpd; rNfhjuH lhf;lH fhd;rh`pGk; Nghuhl;l eltbf; iffspy; mtNuhL Jizepd;W gyKiw rpiwr;rhiyfisj; jhprpj;jhH.*
(* V.vd;.K`k;kJ A+Rg;> ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Ngjuhl;l tPuHfs;> gf;fk; 241.) [khy; rNfhujuHfs;
ehd; ntw;Wf; fhfpjj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;Lj; jUfpNwd;. ,e;J- K];ypk; xw;Wikg; gw;wp ePq;fSk; `h[p [khy; Kfk;kJTk; vd;d KbT nra;fpwPHfNsh> mJ vdf;Fr;rk;kjk;.
vd;W M`hfhdplk; fhe;jp[p $Wk; mstpw;F> md;W jkpofj;jpy; nry;thf;F gilj;jtuhf `h[p [khy; Kfk;kJ tpsq;fpdhH. Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;Wk; ms;spf; nfhLj;Jk; ,tH Mw;wpa gq;fspg;G kfj;jhdJ.
nrd;id khfhz fpyhgj; khehL epiwNtw;wpa Kjy; jPHkhdk; : ‘’murhy; toq;fg;gLk; nfsutq;fs;> mjpfhu rpd;dq;fs;> tpUJfs; Mfpaitfisg; ngwf;$lhJ. ngw;witfis thg];; nra;aNtz;Lk;’’ vd;gjhFk;.
nrd;idapy; nksyhdh Kfk;kJ myp jiyikapy; eilngw;w nrd;id khfhz fpyhgj; khehl;bw;F epjp jpul;Lk; nghWg;ig Vw;wtH %jwpQH; ,uh[h[p MthH. - k.ngh. rptQhdk;> tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; jkpofk;> - Kjy; njhFjp.
,j;jPHkhdj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J `h[p [khy; Kfk;kJtpd; rNfhjuH [khy; ,Guh`pk; rh`pg; jhd; tfpj;j kpf caHe;j Nfsut kh[p];bNul; gjtpia 1920 nrg;lk;ghpy; uh[pdhkh nra;jhH. Njr tpLjiyf;fha; - Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; jq;fs; jhHkPf vjpHg;igf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfj; jq;fs; gjtpfisAk; me;j];JfisAk; Jwe;j ,];yhkpaH gyUz;L.
