2017 Kesling Sesi 6 SPS Heavy Metasls and Health

11

Point source

Non Point

Kategori

Domestic Industrial Agriculture

Urban

sewage

wastes

runoff

runoff

X

X

X

X

Nutrients

X

X

X

X

Pathogens

X

X

X

X

SS/sediments

X

X

X

X

Salts

X

X

X

Toxic metals

X

X

Toxic organic material

X

X

Heat

X

•

Domestic refuse :

–

organic - infectious/toxic & inorganic

- toxic (glass, metals, battery etc)

‏

•

Industrial waste :

–

toxic & inflammable wastes which

require special disposal facilities

•

Agricultural based industries :

Major Ion

(Ion

Utama)

Ion Minor (minor constituents)

_{(ug/liter – mg/liter)}

Sodium (Na) (mg/l) PO

43-

Molibdenum

(Mo)

Kalsium ( Ca)

(mg/l)

HPO

4

2-

Strontium (Sr)

Magnesium ( Mg)

(mg/l)

H

2

PO

4

-

Kalium (K)

Bikarbonat ( HCOз)

(mg/l)

NO

3

2-

nitrat

CO3

Sulfat (SOч) (mg/l)

Ammonium

NH

4+

Fluorida

Klorida (mg/l)

Silikat (SiO)

Boron

Besi (Fe)

Ion Utama (Major

Contituents) (1.0 –

1000 mg/lt)

Seconday

Contituents (0.01 –

10.0 mg/lt)

Minor Constituents (0.0001 – 0.1 mg/lt)

Sodium

Besi

Arsen

Lead (Timbal)

Kalsium

Aluminium

Barium

Litium

Magnesium

Kalium

Bromida

Mangan

Bikarbonat

Karbonat

Kadmium

Nikel

Sulfat

Nitrat

Kromium

Fospat

Klorida

Flourida

Kobalt

Strontium

Silika

Boron

Selenium

Copper

Iodida

Uranium

No

Parameter

Jenis Air Tanah

Magmatic

Rock

Sandstone

Carbonate

_Rock

Gypsum

Rock Salt

1

Na+ (mg/liter)

5-15

3-30

2-100

10-40

Hingga 1000

2

K+ (mg/liter)

0,2-1,5

0,2-5

Hingga 1

5-10

Hingga 100

3

Ca²+

4-30

5-40

40-90

Hingga 100

hIngga 1000

4

Mg²+

2-6

0-30

10-50

Hingga 70

Hingga 1000

5

Fe²+

Hingga 3

0,1-5

Hingga 0,1

Hingga 0,1

Hingga 2

6

Cl¯

3-30

5-20

5-15

10-50

Hingga 1000

7

NOз¯

0,5-5

0,5-10

1-20

10-40

Hingga 1000

8

HCOз¯

10-60

2-25

150-300

50-200

Hingga 1000

9

SOч²¯

1-2

10-30

5-50

Hingga 100

Hingga 1000

Bahan Baku,

media reaksi,

katalis

Proses

Produksi

Produk

IPAL

Sludge

Limbah Padat;

Limbah Cair

Air limbah

(diolah)‏

Badan Air Penerima

(sungai/laut)‏ PP 82/2001

Air Limbah

(Kepmen 51/1995)‏

Emisi Udara

(PP 41/2001)‏

Sisa kemasan,

Bahan kimia kadaluarsa

Limbah Padat;

Limbah Cair

Pendekatan

end of pipe

fokusnya pada bagian hilir :

menurunkan kadar bahan pencemar sehingga memenuhi baku mutu & zero waste

Pollution Prevention

Cleaner Production

Waste Minimization dll

In pipe pollution prevention :fokusnya pada bagian

hulu :

Minimisasi (vol, konsentrasi & toksisitas), dll

Pengelolaan Limbah

Fig. 21-6, p. 562

Raw materials

Processing

and manufacturing

Products

Solid and hazardous wastes generated during the manufacturing process

Waste generated

by households

and businesses

Food/yard waste

Hazardous waste

Remaining mixed

waste

Plastic Glass Metal Paper

To manufacturers for reuse or

for recycling

Compost

Hazardous waste

management

Landfill

Incinerator

•

Inorganic contaminants, removal by:

–

Chemical process operation tailored to the type & concentration of

contaminants

•

Asam/Acids, sumber:

–

Oil refinery

–

Steel mill, paper mill

–

Acid mine

–

Acid sludge products (sulfuric acid)



spray to furnace

–

Pabrik obat



strong alkali atau strong acids

•

Treatment: Separation

–

Gas

–

Liquid/water

–

Sludge

68

Ion exchange

Filtration

Precipitation

Oxidation

Reduction

Reverse Osmosis

Polymeric resins

Granular CA

Anaerobic treatment

Wet air oxidation

Chemical oxidation

Air or stream

stripping

Heavy metals

Organic chemicals

Volatile Org.

Ammonia

Process WWater

To discharge, recycle, treatment

Fig. 21-18, p. 575

Radioactive

contaminants

contaminants

Organic

metal contaminants

Inorganic

Poplar tree

Brake fern

Sunflower

Willow tree

Indian mustard

Landfill

_Oil

spill

Polluted groundwate

r in Decontaminated water out

Soil Polluted leachate Soil

Groundwater Groundwater

Rhizofiltration Roots of plants such as sunflowers with

dangling roots on ponds or in greenhouses can absorb pollutants such as radioactive strontium-90 and cesium-137 and various organic chemicals.

Phytostabilization Plants such as willow trees and poplars can absorb chemicals and keep them from reaching groundwater or nearby surface water.

Phytodegredation Plants such as poplars can absorb toxic organic chemicals and break them down into less harmful compoinds which they store or release slowly into the air.

Phytoextraction Roots of plants such as Indian mustard and brake ferns can absorb toxic metals such as lead, arsenic, and others and store them in their leaves. Plants can then be recycled or

Fig. 21-23, p. 577

Bulk

waste

Gas

vent

Plastic cover

Impervious

clay

Impervious clay

cap

Clay

cap

Sand

Water

table

Leak

detection

system

Earth

Groundwater

Double leachate

collection system

Plastic

_{double liner}

Reactive

_wastes

in drums

Groundwater

monitoring

well