Chapter 5 UTILITY DETECTION SURVEY BY: MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS B. AMINUDDIN PENSYARAH PROGRAM UKUR TANAH POLITEKNIK KUCHING SARAWAK

Chapter 5

UTILITY DETECTION SURVEY

BY:

MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS B. AMINUDDIN PENSYARAH PROGRAM UKUR TANAH

Outcomes from this topic:

• Understand the utility detection survey

• Understand the flow chart of utility survey process

• Understand the spesifications and accuracy for utility survey

instruments



INTRODUCTION

 Emplacement of underground utilities – made decades ago, in Malaysia.  Mapping location of underground utilities – performed by individual

utility providers, eg :- Petronas - Gas  TNB - Electricity  TM - Telecommunications  SYABAS - Water  IWK - Sewerage

 No single agency keeping and maintaining all underground utilities (location) information.

ELECTRICITY COMMUNICATION

WATER SUPPLY DRAINAGE

GAS PIPE

WHAT is

utility mapping

????

• is the process of identifying and labeling public utility mains which are underground with basic topographic and cadastral information.

• also refers to the detection, positioning and identification of buried pipes and cables beneath the ground.

- Detection Survey:

Surveying activities or detection to collect data (x,y) for location and (d) for utilities underground depth.

- The FINAL PRODUCTS  Utility Maps (usually restriced and kept by authorities, [JUPEM] or government linked companies, [TNB,TM,..])

Why Land Surveyors involved in Utility Mapping???

• due to the frequent disruption of water and electricity supplies caused by the damage of water pipes and electricity cables due to the excavation works carried out during installation of new utility facilities or during upgrading or widening of roads.

• The damage is due to the unknown location and depth of the underground

utilities Positioning technique (Satellite survey, Automation survey) Detection technique (GPR, PCL)

Roles & Responsibilities of Main Stakeholders

 JUPEM :

 Establish PADU

 Conduct quality checks

 Provide utility maps to users  Utility Companies / Providers :

 Provide utility data to JUPEM

 Provide access to LS (utility records)  Engage LS to undertake utility surveys  Land Surveyors :

 Consultants to Utility Companies  Undertake / Perform utility surveys  Certify utility maps / plans

HISTORY OF UTILITY DETECTION SURVEY

• Underground utility mapping presents a completely new field for land surveyors to diversify their expertise in positioning technology. Thus, underground utility mapping

which combines the use of detection and positioning technology, requires the land

surveyors to acquire new skills, knowledge and technique.

• In Malaysia, there are two main agencies responsible for Utility Mapping which are private agencies and JUPEM.

• JUPEM have been entrusted by the Government to compile and manage information on

 Cabinet Meeting – 24th _{August 1994}

“ Agrees that :

 Underground utility map to be prepared

 JUPEM keeps custody of underground utility map apart from utility agencies ”

 ICU Meeting, PM’s Department – 10th _{February 1995}

 JUPEM to undertake underground utility mapping as directed by the Malaysian Cabinet.

Jemaah Menteri semasa menimbangkan Memorandum daripada Menteri Kerja Raya No. 599/1939/94 pada 24 Ogos 1994 yang bertajuk

“ Masalah Kerja-Kerja Pengalihan Kemudahan Awam Dalam Rizab Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) ”.

Arahan Jemaah Menteri

1994: Memorandum KKR

1998: Memorandum KTTP

Jemaah Menteri telah memutuskan supaya:

“ Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan menyimpan peta-peta

(susunatur dan kemudahan awam yang dipasang di bawah

tanah) yang berkaitan di samping agensi-agensi kemudahan

awam itu sendiri. ”

Selanjutnya, Mesyuarat antara Unit Perancang dan

Pelaksanaan, Jabatan Perdana Menteri dan

agensi-agensi kemudahan awam serta JUPEM pada 10 Feb

1995, antara keputusan yang dicapai:

“ ... supaya Jab. Ukur dan Pemetaan mengambil

tindakan di atas arahan Kabinet bagi menyediakan

peta tempat letak dan susunatur kemudahan awam

yang disediakan oleh agensi kemudahan awam dan

penyimpanan-nya dengan mendapat kerjasama

agensi-agensi kemudahan awam dan pihak JKR. ”

Pada 14 Januari 1998, Jemaah Menteri bersetuju

dengan perakuan Kementerian Tenaga, Telekom dan

Pos tentang beberapa langkah pencegahan gangguan

perkhidmatan utiliti termasuk :

•

Langkah pencegahan

•

Penalti Berat

•

Bayaran Ganti Rugi

•

Tindakan Susulan

Pada 25 Februari 1998, Kementerian Tenaga,

Telekom dan Pos mengedarkan arahan Jemaah

Menteri, antara lainnya supaya “...kerjasama semua

pihak utiliti membolehkan JUPEM mengemaskini

digitised plan dari semasa ke semasa

...dan...pelaksanaan GIS hendaklah disegerakan bagi

membolehkan pelaksanannya di seluruh negara”

Intipati Arahan Jemaah Menteri

• Data pemetaan utiliti perlu diselenggara oleh agensi utiliti

• Agensi utiliti berkongsi data pemetaan utiliti dengan

JUPEM

• JUPEM menyediakan pangkalan data pemetaan utiliti di

seluruh negara

Pelaksanaan Arahan Jemaah Menteri

• JK Teknikal AM/FM / JK Pemetaan Utiliti

• Projek Perintis Pemetaan Utiliti

• Penubuhan SPU

Tindakan JUPEM

• Oleh itu cadangkan penubuhan Seksyen Pemetaan

Utiliti (SPU)

• 1 Oktober 2005, penubuhan SPU diluluskan oleh pihak

JPA dengan 55 perjawatan.

Memastikan dasar dan aktiviti pemetaan utiliti yang merangkumi penyelarasan aktiviti pengumpulan data,

perkongsian data, pembangunan dan penyenggaraan pangkalan data utiliti serta penerbitan, penyimpanan dan penyebaran maklumat pemetaan utiliti dilaksanakan dengan

efisien, teratur dan berkualiti untuk keperluan negara.

• Mengumpul dan menyelaras maklumat-maklumat pemetaan utiliti dari pelbagai agensi utiliti.

• Melaksanakan pengukuran di lapangan bagi pengumpulan

maklumat, penerbitan dan pengesahan peta-peta utiliti.

• Membangun dan menyenggara Pangkalan Data Pemetaan Utiliti

(PADU).

• Memberi latihan mengenai garis panduan, peralatan dan teknologi

terkini yang digunakan bagi pemetaan utiliti.

• Menjalankan aktiviti penyelidikan dan pembangunan mengenai

teknologi dan prosedur terbaru berkaitan pemetaan utiliti.

Cawangan di SPU

• Cawangan Pengurusan dan Penyelarasan Utiliti

• Cawangan Perkhidmatan dan Operasi Utiliti

Diantara Butiran Yang Perlu Di Kesan Dan Ukur

(Rujuk PKPUP 1/2007)

A. Aliran Kerja Pengukuran Pemetaan Utiliti

2. Ukuran Kawalan Penyediaan Fail Kerja/Arahan Kerja Luar AKTIVITI PENGUKURAN DI LAPANGAN 1. Tinjauan Kawasan Kerja 3. Kerja Pengesanan Pepasangan Utiliti 4. Ukuran Butiran Topografi dan Pepasangan Utiliti Pemprosesan Data Pengukuran Serahan Data ke Pejabat

1. Tinjauan Kawasan Kerja

• berpandukan pelan/peta lokasi.

• kenal pasti jalan keluar-masuk yang mudah.

• Kenal pasti maklumat ukur dan punca-punca utiliti yang terdedah untuk memulakan kerja pengukuran.

• Membuat perancangan persediaan peralatan kerja serta peralatan keselamatan yang perlu semasa kerja pengukuran.

Kawasan kerja pengesanan utiliti

RD8000 PCL

SONDE + Rod/cable

Detection Survey Equipments

Ground Penetrating Radar

Surveying Equipment

Backup Equipment

BW Gas Alert Micro 5 PID Multigas Detector

MOTOROLA GP338 Walkie Talkie

CANON Powershot A570 Digital Camera

ADVANTAGE 3000

Fullface mask HONDA WT20 Water Pump RAMFAN UB20 Turbo Ventilato (Air Blower) +

2. Ukuran Kawalan.

• Dilaksanakan bagi mengawal ketepatan pengukuran kedudukan sumber utiliti. • Boleh dilaksanakan serentak dengan ukuran pengesanan utiliti.

• Boleh menggunakan alat berikut:-a) Alat Konvensional

– Teodolit, Total Station dsb.

3. Ukuran Pengesanan jajaran pepasangan utiliti.

• Dilaksanakan bagi mengesan dan menanda utility bawah tanah. • Pelbagai kaedah pengesanan dengan kaedah geofizik.

4. Kerja penentududukan jajaran pepasangan utiliti dan butiran topografi.

• Dilaksanakan bagi pengambilan butiran topografi kedudukan utiliti beserta keadaan butiran sekeliling. • Kedudukan utiliti perlu dilukis di plan bagi menunjukkan kedudukannya secara tepat.

Raster Orthophoto dari Program Pemetaan Sedia Ada Pangkalan Data Utiliti (PADU) Data Ukuran Lot Hakmilik – dari NCDB Data Vektor Topografi Yang Lengkap Pendigitan Monoscopik dan Suntingan Penyusunan dan Pengkatalogan Imej

Vektor Teks Peta Cetak

Data Vektor Utilitti Yang Lengkap Penukaran Format, Kawalan Kualiti dan Penstrukturan Penukaran Format, Kawalan Kulaiti Serta Pemprosesan Imej dan Rektifikasi

Pengimbasan dan Pembetulan Imej Pendigitan Field QC Produk Dataset dan Peta

Utiliti Bercetak 1 centimeter equals 130.931081 meters 0105210420630840Meters

±

LegendManhole Drain or Irrigation

Road Networ k Intersect Node<all other values>

NODE_TYPE

InterchangeRoad JunctionRound-aboutToll PlazaUNK

Traffic or Road S tructur e<all other values>

STR _TYPE

Kilometer PostTraffic LightTraffic Sign

Bangunan<all other values>

BLD_TYPE

BillboardBuilding of WorshipCommercial BuildingEducational BuildingIndustrial BuildingInstitutional BuildingResidential BuildingUNKPoles Tow er UtilityUtility Building or Facility Riverline and Centreline

Dr ain and Irrigation<all other values>

STR _TYPEDrainLine_CentreLineIrrigationCanalLine_CentreLineUNKCoast Line

Traffic or Road S tructur e<all other values>

STR _TYPEBridgeCausewayOverheadCrossingSubwayTunnel

Road Centreline<all other values>

RLEVEL

Above Ground LevelGround LevelJunctionUnderground LevelRail LineCable Car lineWall or FenceTrench or ConduitRiver

Waterbody Lakes<all other values>

WB_TYPEDamInland Flood Prone Area Lake or PondPoolReservoirSwamp or WetlandsUNKOpenWater SeaShore Foreshore Beach

Dr ain Ir rigation Water P oly<all other values>

STR _TYPE

DrainAreaIrrigationCanalAreaUNK

Road Surfa ce<all other values>

RLEVELAbove Ground LevelGround LevelJunctionUnderground Level

Bangunan<all other values>

BLD_TYPEBillboardBuilding of WorshipCommercial BuildingEducational BuildingIndustrial BuildingInstitutional BuildingResidential BuildingUNKUtility Building or Facility

Kawasan Lapang / Rekr easi / Awam<all other values>

BLD_TYPEBus Station or TerminalCemeteryColumbariumCrematoriumDockyardGolf CourseGolf Driving RangeHarbourJetty Pier Wharf Quay Marina Memorial Park Cemetery ParkPlay GroundPolo FieldPortRace CourseRacing CircuitRail Station or TerminalSport ComplexStadiumSwimming ComplexSwimming PoolTaxi Station or TerminalTheme ParkUNKVelodromeWaste Treatment or Incinerator

Zoo

Putrajaya

Data Pemetaan Utriliti (Atas Tanah & Bawah Tanah) dpd Agensi

Utiliti

1 2 3

4 5

6 7

33

Bagaimana Data Utiliti Diperoleh?

(2 Main Utility Method)

1. Pengesanan

• Untuk pepasangan (installation) sudah ditanam

2. Ukuran Terus

TWO MAIN UTILITY DETECTION METHODS

PIPE AND CABLE LOCATOR (PCL) GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR)

Fundamentals of

Ground

Penetrating Radar

(GPR)



Overview

What is GPR? Basic GPR Principles Teknik Pengesanan menggunakan Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

What can be done with GPR

What can not be done with GPR

What is GPR?

• acronym for Ground Penetrating Radar • ground can be soil, rock, concrete,

wood - anything non-metallic

• Locate metallic & non-metallic utilities • Accuracy of measurement reading

Basic GPR Principles:

• GPR antenna emits a pulse into the ground (microwave)

• records echoes

• builds an image from the echoes • This radar image interpretation

should then be carried out to recognize

• Hasil pengesanan mengeluarkan isyarat parabola

• Intepritasi secara visual dengan bantuan maklumat tambahan dari agensi utiliti

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Radargram

Jarak (m) Ke da la ma n (m) Ma sa ( ns )

Contoh Data GPR

• Hasil pengesanan GPR hanya menunjukkan isyarat hyperbola. • Intepretasi secara visual

diperlukan dengan bantuan

maklumat tambahan dari agensi utiliti dan/atau alat PCL bagi mengenalpasti jenis utiliti yang tertanam.

• Kualiti isyarat yang diterima juga bergantung kepada jenis dan keadaan tanah. 40 Jarak (m) Ke da la ma n (m) Ma sa ( ns )

41

Operasi Pengesanan

PCL BM _GPR Mula _GPR Mula GPR Mula GPR Henti GPR Henti GPR Henti 1 2 4 3 5 6 (x_{3 ,} y₃) (x_{1 ,} y₁) (x_{4 ,}y₄) (x_{2 ,}y₂) (x_{5 ,}y₅) (x_{6 ,}y₆)

Tanda Cat (GPR) Stesen Kawalan

(x_{A ,}y_A) (x_{B ,} y_B) Elektrik Telekomunikasi Air Tanda Cat (PCL) A B Laluan PCL 10 11 ₁₂ (x_{10 ,} y₁₀) (x_{11 ,} y₁₁) (x_{12 ,} y₁₂)

Kabel (sedang dipasang)

Lalua n G P R Lalua n G P R Lal uan G P R Lubang Ujian

Components Need To Be Checked Before

Starting The Utility Detection Fieldwork

a) Control Unit

For generating a short electrical pulse.

b) Battery

For power of GPR.

c) Cable

For download data from data logger to computer.

D) Data Logger

For logging reflected signal information in digital form or digital signal processing and post analysis.

E) Recording Unit

For recording the received signal information in digital form for digital signal processing and post analysis.

F) Display Unit

What can be done with GPR

• Locate metallic and nonmetallic pipes/cables/conduits

• Define depth and size

• Trenchless installation planning • Tunneling

• Real Estate Site Assessment • Find depth to bedrock

• Treasure Hunting • Archaeology

• Environmental Site Assessment • Geotechnical mapping

• Graveyard mapping & planning • Groundwater Studies

• Roads and Railway route planning

What can not be done with GPR

• GPR does

NOT

provide a

photographic image

• GPR limitation is the soil condition

• GPR does

NOT

identify objects

detected –GPR data must be

understood

Fundamentals

of Pipe &

Cable Locator

(PCL)

Overview

What is PCL? Basic PCL Principles Kaedah pengesanan menggunakan PCL

Detection and measurement

Detecting all metal objects that are able to conduct electricity by induction electromagnetic fields.

Mengandungi 2 komponen utama • Pemancar (transmitter)

• Penerima (receiver)

Terdapat perbagai jenis PCL dengan berbagai saiz dan bentuk serta

frekuensi boleh diperolehi dipasaran. (Julat frekuensi yang biasa digunakan : 50 Hz ke 480 kHz)

PCL berupaya mengesan pada

ketepatan ± 10cm dan kedalaman pada ±5% daripada nilai sebenar

46

Transmitter _Receiver

Magnetic Field

• Transmitter transmit the signal.

 The signal produce the magnetic field.

 The magnetic field can be detect by the sensor receiver and give the object depth reading.

Kaedah pengesan PCL:

i. Pasive – isyarat yang dikeluarkan secara semulajadi

oleh konduktor tertanam

ii. Active – menggunakan pemancar samaada secara

‘direct connection’ – isyarat active pada

konduktor menggunakan connector

‘clamping’ – isyarat active pada konduktor

menggunakan clamp

 ‘induction’ – ‘signal radiated and induced to any

conductor’

Passive Signal - Power 50/60Hz



Fast



Easy



Difficult to

SIGNAL CLAMP

Direct Connection Method

i. Prepare connection and place ground stake ii. Select frequency

iii. Perform complete sweep

iv. Pinpoint and evaluate signal (depth, shape, current) v. Trace line for a reasonable distance

vi. Place poker chips on line location for positioning vii. Sketch your results.

Clamping method

i. Clamp onto utiliti ii. Select frequency

iii. Perform complete sweep

iv. Pinpoint and evaluate signal (depth, shape, current) v. Trace line for a reasonable distance

vi. Place poker chips on line location for positioning vii. Sketch your results.

Inductive Locating Method

i. Place transmitter at logical point to achieve desired results

ii. Perform complete sweep using receiver iii. Pinpoint signal with maximum reading iv. Sketch results

v. Disadvantage: • Unreliable • Inaccurate

• Used by expert • No other method

Passive Signal Sweep

i. Sweep for a signal (60 Hz) using the receiver ii. Technique allows detection of live cable

transmitting electromagnetic wave iii. Disadvantage:

Sonde Locating Technique

i. Activate sonde

ii. Attach sonde to rod iii. Insert into pipe

iv. Locate, pinpoint and evaluate sonde signal

DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OPERATIONS

END START

ELECTRICITY/ELEKTRIK

Code Description Database

EK Kabel Elektrik ElectricityPowerCable_L

EK Kabel Elektrik ElectricityCableDepth_P

EMH Manhole Eletrik ElectricityManholeCover_P

ESB Substation Elektik

ElectricityUnit_P

ETF Tranformers Elektrik

EFB Feeder Box Elektrik

EM Meter Elektrik

ETL Tiang Lampu

BUILT INVIRONMENT - PoleUtilityFacilities_P ETK Tiang Kabel

TELECOMMUNICATION/TELEKOM

Code Description Database

TK Kabel Telekom TelecomCable_L

TK Kabel Telekom TelecomCableDepth_P

TMH Manhole Telekom TelecomManholeCover_P

TFB Feeder Box Telekom TelecomCabinetSwitch_P

TSB Substation Telekom BUILT INVIRONMENT - UTBLDFacilities_A T METER Meter Telekom Telecom Cabinet Switch_P

SEWERAGE/PEMBETUNGAN Code Description

SPT Parit Kumbahan SewerPipe Line_L

SPT Parit Kumbahan SeweragePipeDepth_P

SMH Manhole Kumbahan Sewerage Manhole Cover_P

SKK Kolam Kumbahan

BUILT INVIRONMENT - UTBLDFacilities_A STK Tangki Kumbahan

WATER/AIR

Code Description Database WP Paip Air Water Pipe Lline_L

WP Paip Air WaterPipeDepth_P

WPB Pili Bomba Hydrant_P

WMH Manhole Air Water Supply Manhole Cover_P

WWT Water Tank BUILT INVIRONMENT - UTBLDFacilities_A WWD Water Dispenser

WaterSupplyValve_P

WS/WV Water Shaft/Water Valve

WM Water Meter Water Supply Meter_P

HIDROGRAPHY/HIDROGRAFI

Code Description Database HPT Parit

HYDROGRAPHY - IrrigationChannel_L HL Longkang

HL Longkang HYDROGRAPHY-IrrigationChannel_P GAS/GAS

Code Description Database GP Paip Gas Pipeline Oil Gas_L

GP Paip Gas OilGasPipeLineDepth_P

GMH Manhole Gas OilGas Chamber Cover_P

GPM Plate Marker Gas

Oil Gas Pipe Marker _P

GSB Sign Board

GV Gas Valve Oil Gas Valve_P

GM Gas Meter Instrument or Meter

BUILDING/BANGUNAN

Code Description Database BBGN Bangunan BUILT INVIRONMENT - Building Area

Garis Panduan Pemetaan Utiliti

-Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur Dan Pemetaan Bil 1 Tahun 2006

Garis Panduan Ukuran Pepasangan Utiliti

-Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur Dan Pemetaan Bil 1 Tahun 2007

 Ketepatan dan kebolehpercayaan maklumat kedudukan & jajaran pepasangan

utiliti bawah tanah amat penting bagi memberikan panduan kepada kontraktor yang dilantik memasang pepasangan utiliti yang baru atau menyenggara

pepasangan utiliti yang sedia ada.

 Tahap kualiti bagi setiap pepasangan utiliti perlu dikenalpasti dan ditunjukkan

dalam peta utiliti.

 Kualiti maklumat utiliti terbahagi kepada empat

tahap:- Tahap Kualiti A

 Tahap Kualiti B

 Tahap Kualiti C

 Tahap Kualiti D

TAHAP KUALITI

DATA

SPESIFIKASI

A • Maklumat utiliti yang ditentukan menerusi pengesanan dengan kaedah geofizikal disemak dan disahkan melalui penggalian lubang ujian (test hole).

• Atribut entiti utiliti seperti saiz, jenis, dsb juga dibekalkan

B Maklumat utiliti ditentukan menerusi pengesanan dengan kaedah geofizikal dan pengukuran kedudukan entiti utiliti yang telah dikesan berasaskan kepada kawalan ukur projek

C Maklumat bersumberkan daripada ukuran/cerapan keatas entiti utiliti yang terdapat di permukaan tanah seperti manhole, pili bomba dsb. D Maklumat bersumberkan daripada rekod utiliti yang sedia ada dengan

tahap kebolehpercayaan yang rendah dimana kedudukan & kepadatan jajaran pepasangan utiliti secara visual /gambaran kasar sahaja.

 Quality Level D

Lowest quality level

Can be used to obtain rough view of utility's location and density

Should be used carefully

* Water pipe line – 5.0m from road edge

valve

valve

valve

T.R.

 Quality Level C

 Better than quality level D

 Measurement done based on visible features

 Quality Level B

 Better than quality level C

 Geophysics measurement being used

 Location of utilities found are marked on the

ground

 Measurement to those marks are made based on

project’s survey control

 Moderate / Desirable accuracy for location

 Better than quality level B

 Measurement and other procedures taken as in

level B

 Can be enhanced with verification of location,

depth, etc by performing excavation

 Accurate X, Y & Z information ( ±10cm )  Accurate important attributes information

( ie : size and type of utility )

Kaedah Ukuran Terus

• Libatkan pengukuran kepada utiliti yang terdedah

• Menggunakan peralatan ukur konvensional

• Ukuran lubang ujian (test hole)

• Ukuran terus sebelum pepasangan utiliti ditimbus

• Hasil ukuran – data utiliti pada tahap Kualiti “A”

Lubang ujian (test hole)

• Backhoe

• Penggalian menggunakan alat asas

• Ekskavasi hampagas (vaccum)

Perbandingan Pengesanan & Pengukuran Terus

• Sesuai mulakan pemetaan utiliti secepat mungkin

• Penggunaan kaedah pengukuran terus terbaik bagi pepasangan baru

• Penggunaan kaedah pengesanan kaedah terbaik untuk pepasangan sedia ada

Kaedah Kegunaan Tahap Kualiti Peralatan Ketepatan

(relatif) Kos (relatif)

Masa Perolehan Data (relatif) Pengesanan Pepasangan Tertanam B PCL GPR Total Station GNSS

Rendah Tinggi Lama

Pengukuran Terus Pepasangan baru belum ditanam A Total Station GNSS

• Planimetri

• Cassini-Soldner

• RSO berasaskan datum GDM2000 • Ketinggian:

• Berasaskan Datum Tegak Geodetik Sem. Malaysia

Peralatan Pengesanan

Seperti yang ditetapkan oleh pengeluar alat

Sijil tentukuran perlu dikemukakan bersekali semasa serahan kerja

Peralatan Pengukuran

Ditentukur mengikut peraturan JUPEM Pekeliling KPUP berkaitan:

Pek. KPUP 6/1999 Pek. KPUP 3/2003 Pek. KPUP 9/2005

Contoh Sijil Kalibrasi Alat

Pengesanan