A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Attainment of
Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature
By:
Tifany Mutiari
NIM 12211141013
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS STATE UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA
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APPROVAL
A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF FIGURES OF SPEECH BY CONTRAST
IN SHERLOCK HOLMES TV-SERIES THE FINAL PROBLEM EPISODE
A THESIS
by: Tifany Mutiari
12211141013
Approved on May 23rd, 2017 by:
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PERNYATAAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya Nama : Tifany Mutiari
NIM : 12211141013
Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Judul Skripsi :
A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF FIGURES OF SPEECH IN SHERLOCK HOLMES TV-SERIES THE FINAL PROBLEM EPISODE
menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain, kecuali bagian-bagian tertentu yang saya ambil sebagai acuan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang lazim.
Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, hal itu sepenuhnya menjadi tanggungjawab saya.
Yogyakarta, June 14th, 2017 Penulis
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MOTTOS
Read, Write, Ride,
Life begins in me. The others are more about companions.—
Paaan.
Laa Tahzan Innallaha Ma‘ana. (Don‘t be sad. Indeed, Allah is with us).— Qur‟an 09: 40.
Maybe the journey is not so much about becoming anything. Maybe it is about un-becoming everything that is not really you, so you can be who you were meant
to be in the first place.—
Paulo Coelho.
If you do not go after what you want, you will never have it. If you do not ask, the answer is always no. If you do not step forward, you are always in the same
place.—
Nora Roberts.
Build your own dreams, or someone else will hire you to build theirs.—
Farrah Gray.
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DEDICATIONS
This Thesis is dedicated to
Me, the one who never give up on me, the one who teaches me how to be strong alone,
My dearest human being in the world: My Ibuk, Fatonah, the one who gives a birth for me, the one who never stops calling my name in her prayer, My Bapak, Zamroni, the one who never lets me alone, the one who whispers a
lullaby for me and
My little-brother, Faza Iman „Imron, the one who comes to complete my family, I adore you.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Indeed, a whole praise only belongs to Allah SWT the Almighty, the owner of all the collateral beauty and the goodness, for all His blessings, His graces, His miracles to fully give His hands upon me to accomplish my thesis writing. This is a hope and a chance for me while I almost gave up through the obstacles I confronted during my writing. He has always been the one who listens to my unsaid words in my silent prayer, the one who gives me guidance, power, and courage while I am hopeless, and the one who always understands my needs. Also, I believe all this amazing process would never be eased without the help from those who willingly helped me finish my thesis writing. Therefore, my sincere gratitude is addressed to:
1. my first supervisor, Titik Sudartinah, M. A., for her precious time and wisdom, for the best advice and knowledge, and for the valuable guidance and patience to motivate me during the process of accomplishing my thesis; 2. Niken Anggraeni, M. A., my second supervisor and my academic advisor
for the amazing five years in my college who always inspires me with her wise advice and her best support to my knowledge;
3. the lecturers and the staff of English Literature Study Program who have helped me study in this study program;
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nurture me until how I become now and also to my little brother, Faza Iman ‗Imron who always steals my attention to remind me of how to be a strong woman for our family;
5. Eri Rahma and Almas Rifqi Darmawan for their help in validating my data; 6. my life‘s companion as my un biological family, Diah Ayu Hidayati, Ali
Nasrudin, Aprilia Kurniawati, Muhammad Nafis Faraz, Puji Hapsari Novitaningrum, Avi Novita, Adelita Anindya, Astrinda Nilasastri Iswalono, Dian Attari, Almas Rifqi Darmawan, Riusly Pratomo, and Rizka Nur Afifah, Andro Prasetyo for supporting me, for always providing their ears to listen to me, and for always being my number one alarm to remind me when I made mistakes;
7. my dearest people in my college life, Ulik Chodratillah, Tiara Dewi Panduwati, Dyotra Nurul Baiti, Jehna Mayafani, Basir Ahmad Ridwan, Bondan Hussein Mubaroq, Adif Setiyoko, Rifqi Kusuma Probo Aryanto, Heri Wahyu Hartanto, Farindo Reskha Jenar, Adelta Zoraya Putra, Lestiana Nindya Putri, Yanuar Sari, and Giyasurrahman for giving me a hand when I needed helps in my college life;
8. my grammar consultant, Dien Aulia Fasya, Filla Lavenia Palupy, Leonardo Theopilus, and Fulan Nisyaroh, for helping me a lot in the process of writing my thesis;
9. you, the walk which I will never forget in my life and which will always be in me; and
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Finally, I have put my best to accomplish my thesis writing. Hopefully, my thesis will be useful for everyone to study further, especially for those who are interested in linguistics.
Yogyakarta, June 14th, 2017
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ... xii
ABSTRACT ... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………..1
A. Background of the Research ... 1
B. Research Focus ... 5
C. Objectives of the Problem ... 7
D. Significance of the Research ... 7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW………9
A. Theoretical Description ... 9
1. Stylistics ... 9
2. Figures of Speech ... 11
a. Figure of Speech by Comparison ... 12
b. Figures of Speech by Association ... 15
c. Figures of Speech by Contrast ... 18
3. Functions of Figures of Speech ... 26
a. Giving Imaginative Pleasure ... 27
b. Creating additional imagery ... 28
c. Increasing emotional intensity ... 28
d. Stating the Meaning in Brief Compass ... 29
4. Themes and Their Reflection in Creative Works ... 29
5. Television Series ... 31
6. Sherlock Holmes TV-Series The Final Problem Episode ... 32
B. Previous Studies ... 34
C. Conceptual Framework and Analytical Construct ... 36
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD………38
A. Research Type ... 38
B. Form, Context, and Source of Data ... 39
C. Data Collection Techniques ... 39
D. Research Instruments ... 40
E. Data Analysis Techniques ... 43
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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………..44
A. Findings ... 44
B. Discussion ... 47
1. Types of Figures of Speech by Contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode ... 47
a. Paradox ... 48
b. Irony ... 51
c. Litotes ... 56
d. Hyperbole ... 58
2. The Functions of Figures of Speech by Contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode ... 60
a. Giving Imaginative Pleasure ... 60
b. Creating Additional Imagery ... 62
c. Increasing Emotional Intensity ... 63
d. Stating the Meaning in Brief Compass ... 65
3. The Reflection of Figures of Speech by Contrast to the Themes in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode ... 67
a. Mystery ... 69
A. Data Sheet of the Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by Contrast, and the Themes of Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode ... 88
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1. The Poster of Sherlock Holmes TV-Series Season Four……….32
Figure 2. Analytical Construct ………...………....37 Table 1. Sample Data Sheet of Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by Contrast, and the Themes of Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final
Problem Episode……….42
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A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF FIGURES OF SPEECH BY CONTRAST
IN SHERLOCK HOLMES TV-SERIES THE FINAL PROBLEM EPISODE
by Tifany Mutiari NIM 12211141013
ABSTRACT
This research is aimed at analyzing the types and functions of figures of speech by contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode. This research is also aimed at explaining the reflection of figures of speech by contrast to the themes in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode.
This research used descriptive qualitative method. The data of this research, the data were collected by reading the transcript of the television series, analyzing the utterances with figures of speech by contrast in them, and classifying the data into the data sheet. The main instrument of this research was the researcher herself and the secondary instrument was the data sheet from the transcript of this television series. In the analysis of the data, the researcher used textual analysis. Triangulation was used to establish the validity of the data and to establish trustworthiness of the data.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this chapter is to explain deeply and to enlighten clearly the background of the research. It consists of the problems found in the research, the research focus, and the formulation of the research. In addition, this chapter also describes the objectives which are analyzed by the researcher and the significance of the research.
A. Background of the Research
Humans build a communication as a fundamental requirement not only to interact or communicate with others, but also to deliver and exchange messages, ideas, purposes, and aims among others. It certainly requires an effective communication considering that people have limits of times, places, and also the abilities. Yet, the conceptual system of effective communication is preposterous to be achieved without the intervention of language as human main means of communication. In short, language is considered as the benchmark to place effective communication as the routine and mundane habits. Thus, practically it is not surprising that the language term is highly possessed to develop effectiveness in order to maintain communication for the sake of achieving awards in society.
within the field and, even more so, between the professional linguist and general public (Dearborn, 2005: xxix). Among all aspects of language, style is one which has its own distinctive features in different pieces of language. Style is a particular attitude of language expression to show and to describe the manner through every medium which is motivated to prove some purposes and effects. It plays a role as context to deeply embed the language style in distinctive language expression. Verdonk (2002: 3) states that style is distinctive language expression which is regularly used to shape and design ideas or concept. It characterizes the uniqueness of human way in choosing a style in language. According to Leech and Short (2007: 9), style is found as a way which refers to how language is used in a certain context for particular aims by a particular person or, in other words, people employ certain style of language to use language in a given context for certain reasons. In one way or another, style in language is produced to give a sentimental effect and to express the feelings and imagination by employing intriguing, exciting, and also persuading languages.
Furthermore, style which consists of an unusual and impressive language is used to attract the perception of human beings. The study that concerns style is stylistics. According to Verdonk (2002: 4), stylistics is one of the linguistics fields which analyze language style to describe distinctive expressions in language due to particular purposes and effects.
is seen as an aesthetic device to provide a distinctive interpretation and also rises up the imagination and creates the deep impression in works. The ideal of a figure of speech is bounded with style to influence the way people think and act. According to Perrine (1977: 60-121), divides figures of speech into three classifications; figures of speech by comparison, figures of speech by association, and figures of speech by contrast. Clearly, it plays central role in defining language choice as important source to embed better interpretation in understanding the essence of the figures of speech itself.
One of the dominant exercises of language expression in non-literary work is television series that appears as media to cope the human‘s urge. Watching television series is, undoubtedly, one of human means that represents the needs of entertainment, information, and even knowledge which also reflects the culture of today‘s society. Besides the visualization of images and sounds in television series, television series produce a distinctive linguistic feature that bears language of meaningful words, not only to please the audience, but also to create a style in language that has a significant impact in shaping the conception of thinking of human beings. Thus, people spend a lot of times to watch many television series to add the information, knowledge, and experience.
Holmes and his partner in solving some mysterious cases Doctor John Watson who has returned from military service in Afghanistan with the Royal Army Medical Corps. He has an older brother called Mycroft Holmes and land lady Mrs. Hudson. Based on the positive critical responses from the audience, this television series has been given a big impact for a millions people around the world and has become a great phenomenon as the most watching television series in United Kingdom with many reviews regarding the quality of the writing, performances, and the direction.
In addition, all this series are about a variety of crimes. However, the researcher chooses the last episode of Sherlock Holmes TV Series entitled the Final Problem based on her personal reason on drama crime stories. The last episode of this drama is the climax where all puzzles and mysteries are solved and ansewered with the best ending. This drama series contains of very complex composition of plots, setting, and characterization which become the exact point of this television series. Also, this drama series reflects a story about friends and families bounded with puzzle and mysterious life that must be solved logically. On the other hand, this television series draws high quality of story line and brilliant dialogues which create linguistic expression of language style which is in accordance with the research focus. It needs to be investigated particularly in the terms of using distinctive language style uttered by all the characters.
contrast. It is the critical aspects of figures of speech that convey purposes as a language phenomenon which elaborates the messages and ideas to show how style in language can reflect realities.
B. Research Focus
In reference to the background of the research and the object as mention before, there are a number of problems found in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode. The first problem is the cultures of language style brought by the creators in this television series which is a part of non-linguistics factor. The problem is a new discussion which is uncommon among the audiences to understand. As the universal belief, language is one of the bridges that brought a movement to spread issues, cultures, politics, and educations. The culture of language draws creator‘s ideologies as a compass to shape the perception of the audience. It conveys that languages quickly spreads up like a virus which attacks human immune and body which gives influences among society through culture.
The second problem is kinesics that supports the idea of communication that happens between two people or more. It gives powerful means of non verbal communication, because certain spoken word can be lie. Kinesics is composed of facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body postures. As a matter of fact, kinesics also creates style in any given situation through non-verbal communication to show how characters express the feelings in this television series.
creator‘s work. In order to give a hallmark of their work, they choose figures of speech to emphasize the language style that uttered by all the characters in this television series.
Due to the limits of time and accessibility, the researcher realizes that it is impossible to investigate all the problems on this television series. Thus, she focuses on the third problem to only concern on the use of figures of speech. The figures of speech which may occur in this television series are the types of figures of speech that will give a different effect to the language style. She identifies and analyzes the types of figures of speech by contrast employed in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode that found in the transcript uttered by all the characters, reveals and explains the functions of figures of speech by contrast, and also reveals and explains what themes are reflected through the use of figures of speech by contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode.
Thus, the research questions can be formulated as follows.
1. What types of figures of speech by contrast are employed in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode?
2. What are the functions of figures of speech by contrast employed in
Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode?
C. Objectives of the Problem
In accordance to the formulation of the problem, this research is aimed to describe and analyze figures of speech by contrast performed in Sherlock Holmes TV Series the Final Problem Episode. The objectives of this research are:
1. to describe the types of figures of speech by contrast that are employed in
Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode;
2. to explain the functions of figures of speech by contrast employed in
Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode; and
3. to explain what themes are reflected through the use of figures of speech by contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode.
D. Significance of the Research
This research hopefully can give some contributions in the field of linguistics, and especially stylistics. The significance of the research is presented in the following.
1. This research is expected to become a source of the next relevant research. 2. This research hopefully can enrich the knowledge in linguistics field that
opens up the mind of the lecturers and students, especially in stylistic approach in the form of figures of speech by contrast in television series. 3. This research can convey a better comprehension of figures of speech by
4. It is also expected that this study will stimulate another researcher to study figures of speech by contrast further. It also can be a reference for other researchers in conducting figures of speech analysis.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
In the first part of this chapter, there are some descriptions of all theories related to figures of speech by contrast which include stylistics and style, figures of speech, types of figures of speech, types of figures of speech by contrast, functions of figures of speech by contrast, and the use of figures of speech by contrast that reflects the themes in television series. In addition, there are also previous studies and conceptual framework and also analytical construct.
A. Theoretical Description 1. Stylistics
In general, stylistics is a study that shows how language creates style. It studies how distinctive expressions of linguistic features create a style in language. Also, it becomes a hallmark of the creators due to particular purposes and intentions. According to Leech and Short (2007: 11) stylistics is linguistic study of style which analyzes the aesthetic effects of language to scrutinize the relation between language and artistic function and the author‘s motive. By using style, language uses to implicitly or explicitly describe what she/he wants or expresses. Moreover, Verdonk (2002: 1) states stylistics concerns the study of style in language which describes the distinctive manner of someone in writing, speaking, or performing. It explains how style in language is used to shape or design purposes or effects through someone‘s manner. Furthermore, Simpson
emphasis on techniques of creativity and invention in language to form a core part of creative writing.
In addition, creativity and invention in language use are not merely an exclusive preserve of literary texts, but also in many forms of non-literary texts such as advertising, journalism, popular music, news, even casual conversation which are highly display stylistic dexterity. It shows the dexterity of stylistics has been broadening since stylistics intends to explore language use as a function of texts in context. It is considered by exploring creativity in language to create style. Hence, these ‗extra-linguistics‘ parameters are inextricably bounded with the method of a text ‗means‘ which accrues stylistic analysis, (Simpson, 2004: 3).
Last, cohesion and context can be elaborated by considering the logical links between the sentences, the pronouns as the cross-reference, and the author‘s attitude which is implied through language use. Thus, in order to limit this research, the researcher decided to focus on the language of figure of speech, which is referred to as figurative language.
2. Figures of Speech
Figures of speech are seen as the author‘s style in language use. It is defined as connotative meaning beyond the surface which cannot be inferred simply by literal meaning. Abrams (1999: 96) describes figures of speech as primarily poetic language which is apprehended as the standard meaning of words in order to achieve some particular meanings or effects. On the other hand, Perrine (1977: 61) states figurative language – language using figures of speech – is language that cannot be taken literally. He also added that a figure of speech is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way by adding extra dimensions to language to give another meaning. For instance, the expression „Mary is like an angel‟ displays another sense of meaning since it is elaborated through the figures of speech‘s point of view; the expression tells the reader that Mary is a beautiful or Mary has a kind-heart like an angel.
in broad definition, a figure of speech is language that is substituted for the literal meaning in order to create a style.
Due to creating remarkable style in language, the creators apply many types of figures of speech. According to Perrine (1977: 60-121), there are some types of figures of speech under the discussion of stylistics which are divided into three categories. This includes figures of speech by comparison which consist of metaphor, simile, personification, and apostrophe, figures of speech by association which consist of synecdoche, metonymy, allegory and symbol, and figures of speech by contrast which consist of paradox, irony, litotes, and hyperbole.
a. Figure of Speech by Comparison
The first category of figures of speech is figure of speech by comparison. Figure of speech by comparison is used to compare one thing to another through the use of some words or phrases (Perrine, 1977: 61). He classifies it into four; metaphor, simile, personification, and apostrophe.
1) Metaphor
It calls target domains which are the topic or concept of an object to describe through metaphor and source domain as the metaphorical construction. Furthermore, Perrine (1977: 61) states that metaphor is the implicit version of comparison in which the comparison is implied to identify figurative term. For understanding metaphor, an example is taken from Paulo Coelho‘s novel By the River PiedraI Sat Down and Wept is presented as follows.
Love is a trap.
When it appears, we see only its light, Not its shadows.
(Coelho, 1996: 39) In the above example, Coelho made a comparison between love and a trap.
As the fact, a love is an abstract feeling of humans to another but in his novel he compares a love with a trap where a trap is a trick that designed to catch something (and sometimes kill). The combination meaning of two domains shows a deeper meaning create an imagination in which love is resembled with a trap. Furthermore, he creates an exact visualization of love by the combination meaning of love and a trap for certain purpose. By comparing two domains, he creates and redefines the concept of ‗love‘ and ‗a trap‘ in which the result is ‗love
is feelings that can kill humans. Like what Simpson stated (2004: 1), metaphor is mapping process between target domain and source domain. Thus, it can be seen that the target domain is love and the source domain is a trap.
2) Simile
by the use of some words or phrases such as like, as, than, similar, so, or seems. In addition, Gluksberg (2001: 29) states that simile is a direct comparison while metaphor is indirect comparison. It can be seen in example which is taken from Paulo Coelho‘s novel By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept as follows.
But love is much like a dam
(Coelho, 1996: 36) In the given example, Coelho compares a love to a dam in which a dam means a source of water that must be controlled due to its function and system. He uses ‗like‘ to employ simile in order to deliver his thought and build the
imaginative effects. Hence, simile is used to put his perspective about love to his audiences in hope that the audiences understand what he wants to say about love; love must be controlled.
3) Personification
Personification is a type of figures of speech that deals with a parable term to a value of humans to inhuman. In other words, it makes an inhuman has human‘s attribute. Perrine (1977: 64) clearly states personification is a type of figures of speech by giving attributes of human being to inhuman being, such as an animal, an object, or a concept. For instance, the expressions of your eyes are killing me slowly, your silence drives me crazy, your heart is staring at me, and
Moreover, Lakoff and Johnson (1984: 33) also state that personification is a process to comprehend a wide variety of experiences with inhuman entities in terms of human motivations, characterizations, and activities. It motivates something inhuman as human being. Thus, personification is a device to visualize the human‘s quality or attribute through the portrait of inhuman that certainly drives an imagination of the audiences.
4) Apostrophe
According to Perrine (1977: 65), apostrophe is a type of figures of speech which consists of addressing inhuman as it is alive or present and can reply to what being said. Apostrophe is closely considered as personification or metaphor since it also compares two domains and gives the human‘s quality to inhuman.
Yet, apostrophe has a significant characteristic that makes it different from personification and metaphor. Apostrophe is used to provide what the speaker‘s thought or when the speaker is able to address other entities without the entities present or reply. For instance, the expression My starts! Give me the kiss is an apostrophe since the purpose is to articulate what the speaker‘s thought although the entities is not present or reply the speaker.
b. Figures of Speech by Association
1) Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a type of figures of speech that is used to refer of part of something to the whole. Leech (1969: 150) states synecdoche is defined as a principle system which applies the term for the part to the whole or vice versa. He added that synecdoche occurs in two terms; the term of the whole for the part or the general term for the specific. For instance, the expression where is Luke? I did not see his nose today is the expression of synecdoche since the term ‗his nose‘
represents ‗his whole body‘. What the speaker means that Luke is not coming today. Hence, it clearly shows how synecdoche represents a whole by referring a part.
2) Metonymy
3) Symbol
Perrine (1977: 83) defines a symbol as the most complex and difficult in poetical figures which sometimes it can be more general in its meaning. However, it is able to suggest more specific meaning. Furthermore, Perrine (1977: 81) also states a symbol can be defined as a domain that means more than what it is. However, a symbol is closely related to image and metaphor that are difficult to distinguish. Yet, generally, a symbol means what it is and something beyond or more meanwhile metaphor draws something other than what it means. For instance, the expressions of the butterflies are dancing in my stomach and he is my guardian angel represent symbol and metaphor. The first expression contains a symbol using butterfly as a symbol of happiness whereas the second one is metaphor because the expression compares human with an angel. Hence, it shows that a symbol draws an imaginative poetic to portray the condition or to make clear what actually is said.
4) Allegory
Perrine (1977: 88-89) gives the example of allegory through Prophet Joseph in the Bible‘s tale. In the Bible, Pharaoh has a dream in which seven fat kines are
devoured by seven lean kines and it interpreted by Prophet Joseph. The dream means Egypt enjoys seven years of fruitfulness and prosperity obeyed by seven years of famine. The example draws allegory in which symbol is illustrated by seven and interpreted as a period of time, fat kine as fruitfulness and prosperity, and lean kine as famine. Indeed, those symbols are used to give further visualization to the audiences for understanding the story.
c. Figures of Speech by Contrast
The last category of figures of speech is figures of speech by contrast. It is a type of figures of speech that is used as an exaggerated expression to compare texts. In addition, the purpose of using an exaggerated expression is intended to build the intensity in the text. It is an expression that intends to compare a word or phrase to get the opposite meaning. Also, it is used to add an emotional context by using unusual words or phrases. Moreover, there are four types of figures of speech by contrast as follows.
1) Paradox
Perrine, Leech (1969: 142) states that paradox always deals with a contradictory situation or statement in simple form or complex form. Thus, it can be assumed paradox is an expression that conveys a meaning by using contradictory statement to make the sense of meaning.
In order to understand paradox, there are some examples of paradox taken from Paulo Coelho‘s novel By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Weptis presented as follows.
I knew it, I said to myself.
I knew he was going to turn my world upside down.
My brain warned me, but my heart did not want to take its advice.
(Coelho, 1996: 47) All this was so new to me.
Life takes us surprise and orders us to move toward the unknown—
Even when we don‟t want to and We think we don‟t need to.
(Coelho, 1996: 49) The first sentence is a paradox since it contradicts ‗brain‘ with ‗heart. It shows the brain which conveys a thought tells to do something but the heart that conveys a feeling tells to not to. Moreover, the second sentence is also a paradox since it contradicts ‗life that takes and orders humans to move‘ and ‗the human‘ itself. The abstract expression expresses that the life must go on while humans agree or not. Thus, the contradiction draws a situation that conveys the logical meaning.
are in the expression of he who has no money for my sake can buy it, the child is the mother of the lady, and there will be a rainbow after raining. The first expression is something illogical because it is impossible for the man who has no money but can buy something. The second expression is negotiation of meaning in which it should be the lady who becomes a mother not the child. And, the last expression contains a paradoxical statement because somehow it is true that there is a condition after raining, there will be a rainbow although not always appears.
In conclusion, to examine a paradoxical statement, audiences should elaborate what it actually means in the situation or statement. Perrine (1977: 102) stated that the meaning of paradox is its shocking meaning. Its seeming impossibility startles the reader into attention. Thus, the reader can underscore the truth of what is being said beyond absurdity.
2) Irony
There are three categories of irony which are divided into verbal irony, dramatic irony, and irony of situation (Perrine, 1977: 104-109).
a) Verbal Irony
Verbal irony is an expression which is the opposite of what it truly means. It can be seen that the simplest form of irony is verbal irony because it is used to express something in everyday conversation. Somehow, the type of verbal irony is applied in sarcasm or satire and it often brings the confusion in understanding the term.
Yet, in order to give a better understanding (Perrine, 1977: 104:105) defines the meaning of those terms. In general, both sarcasm and satire imply ridicule expression but it lies on different levels in which one is on the colloquial level and the other are on the literary level. Furthermore, sarcasm term comes from Greek language which means to tear flesh. It is intended to cut someone‘s speech or to wound someone‘s feelings or in the deep intention is to bully
someone‘s feelings by using bitter or ruthless expression. For instance, in a given
situation between father and the son, the father said to his son, ―Oh, you are a very kind-hearted man, too kind so you hurt your mom and let her burst in tear”.
It means that the father is being sarcastic but not ironical as he intends to woundhim by saying the ridicule expression; he means what truly he says.
from falling too deep in wounds. For example, the expression yes, you can enjoy
your holiday and I‟ll be here for looking our mom in the hospital is satire since it intends to give hurt in gentle expression.
In addition, Perrine (1977: 105) states that irony always implies the opposite of what it said. It needs awareness or alert in applying irony or in recognizing the subtle signs where irony is intended. It is because somehow the use of irony can bring misunderstanding among the audiences. For instance, the expression oh!
What‟s a nice! If you are not happy you are not able to make someone else happy
is verbal irony since it intends to say the opposite what truly means. The word ‗nice‘ truly means horrible which plays as the opposite expression. Hence, it intends to insult, yet to convey extra dimensions to meaning.
b) Dramatic Irony
the food is actually not delicious or tasty. It conveys that the author wants to perceive the husband character of being liar in order to satisfy his wife.
Somehow, dramatic irony occurs when the audience realizes something while the characters do not notice. For instance, in Gone Girl movie, the audience obviously notices that the protagonist character named Amy Dunne faked her missing to make her husband become a victim, yet her husband Nick Dunne does not know. So, he tried to find her and he has suspected as the director of Amy‘s fake missing. Thus, it clearly shows that the audiences have more knowledge than the characters through words or actions. It also creates an extra meaning to reveal the hidden dimension of meaning.
c) Irony of Situation
The last category of irony is irony of situation. Perrine (1977: 108) states that irony of situation happens when there is a discrepancy between the actual situation and those that would seem appropriate or in other words, it occurs between what one anticipates and what truly comes to pass. Furthermore, Perrine (1977: 108-109) gives some examples of irony of situation since it needs a better understanding. The first example is taken from O. Henry‘s short story The Gift of
given situation, he cannot eat because even his food turns into gold too. Those situations are ironical.
In addition, irony of situation is unexpected or in some condition is not what would seem appropriate Perrine (1977: 109). For instance, there is a situation when someone feels lonely but at the same time he/she attended a party or being in crowds. It is ironical since it is supposed to not to be lonely at party or being in the crowds because the situation contains many people. Thus, irony of situation adds unexpected circumstances to give an extended or intended meaning.
In conclusion, irony aims to build the valuable meaning without stating directly. Perrine (1977: 109) defines irony as a powerful device for poet in order to communicate great ideas more than what is said. Thus, it needs careful intention and demands an exercise to reveal what it actually means.
3) Litotes
Litotes or sometimes seen as understatement is a type of figures of speech which can emphasize a truth by saying less than one meaning (Perrine, 1977: 103). In line with Perrine, Leech (1969: 169) also states that litotes is certain understatement in which the user uses a negative expression instead of positive statement to be indicated as more forceful device to state statement. It means that people use litotes to hide the truth or choose ordinary words in stating something. In addition, litotes also defines as understatement in which the negation of the opposite is used to underscore the hidden statement. For instance, the statement ―I am very grateful that finally you give your time to come to my hut-home with
belongs to the famous and richest business man in the town. Hence, the business man chooses the negation of opposite instead of saying the truth to show that he is humble and low-profile.
Moreover, litotes is served to express personal feelings or arguments which expresses in over lack of commitment and it implies a desire to suppress or conceal one‘s true attitude (Leech, 1969: 170). Litotes may often appear in disparagement. For example, the statement it is not so beautiful as well, nor so magnificent as the photograph, yet it is not bad, it is more than enough a form of litotes. The statement is indicated to conceal the argument about someone and also, it can be assumed as humiliation to someone.
4) Hyperbole
Generally speaking, this type of figures of speech deals with exaggeration in colloquial statement which is often illogical or outside the bounds of possibility. Perrine (1977:102) stated hyperbole or overstatement is simply exaggeration which serves the truth. Furthermore, Leech (1969: 170) writes that hyperbole is typically used in eulogy to celebrate human‘s ideal, such as ideals of love or
religion and it is used to give various effects or emphasize what is said. For instance, the statements I am dying, how dare you for waking me up in the middle
of the night, I‟ll die if cannot get her love are a hyperbole since it adds an emphasis to what it really means. The statement is not expected to be believed or it cannot be true.
with personal values and sentiments in order to make subjective claims or point of view. Thus, it is difficult to decide whether the statement is hyperbole or not since the statement depends on someone‘s personal claim or subjectivity. So, in the
simplest way, it needs such a deep comprehension to dissect what actually exists in the author‘s minds. Yet, it can be changed since it depends on the general standard of society. Furthermore, Leech (1969:168) gives an example of hyperbole through the statement which is taken from Every Man in His Humor, “I do honor the very flea his dog”, it is hyperbole since the truth of the statement depends on someone‘s claim. The statement means that the man feels so grateful.
It extends to the man‘s dog, and the truth is not only the dog, but also the flea of
the dog.
3. Functions of Figures of Speech
additional imagery, increasing emotional intensity, and stating the meaning in brief compass.
a. Giving Imaginative Pleasure
Human‘s mind is triggered to make an imagination when he/she is seeing something through their eyes and also when he/she is listening to music or speech. It shows that human‘s mind has ability or faculty which can automatically process
an imagination to what is written or spoken. It also needs a device to give the pleasure for what is said. Thus, a figure of speech is used to be a comprehension device in order to facilitate people to build imaginative pleasure since figures of speech create more than ordinary language.
As Perrine stated, a figure of speech is therefore satisfying, providing humans with such a source in the exercise of the imagination (1977: 69). For example, the expression of your face is pretty is compared to the expression of
your face produce such a beauty which can seduce the entire earth. Those two expressions provide the same idea which means a beautiful woman. It clearly shows the first expression contains an ordinary language which does not give imaginative pleasure because it delivers an ordinary idea. Yet, the second expression is provided an uncommon idea which gives imaginative pleasure by using hyperbole as the choice of word. It intends to evoke the audience‘s
imagination by exaggerating the effects of the woman‘s face. The expression
b. Creating additional imagery
The next function of using figures of speech in works is to create additional imagery which appears the visual effects among the audiences. It transforms the idea to the audiences to wider their perception. Perrine stated that figures of speech is a way of creating additional imagery into verse, of making the abstract concrete, and of making poetry more sensuous (1977: 69). It indicates that figure of speech is a powerful way of multiplying imagery to evoke sense of such kind of work. For instance, the expression her heart is pure even like a newborns baby
contains simile since it compares two different things by applying ‗like‘ in the expression. Furthermore, it gives the idea to bring additional imagery since the audience‘s mind will transform and build an image on the mind to imagine that her heart is pure as a newborn baby. It visualizes the image on the mind that makes an abstract concept to become concrete. Also, it shapes the audience‘s imagination.
c. Increasing emotional intensity
filled with sadness and melancholic situation since the meaning of the expression is much emotional. The situation draws an exact visual image of sadness that the longing is very hurt as hurt as when a knife cuts the human body. Hence, it also conjures up the feeling of despondency through the visual comparison of the expression.
d. Stating the Meaning in Brief Compass
The last function of figures of speech defined by Perrine is stating the meaning in brief compass. In other words, it is a way of simplifying something to state ideas or arguments without explaining in details. It needs less word to convey something, Perrine (1977: 69). It uses multidimensional words to illustrate the meaning in brief compass. In addition, Perrine (1977: 70) gives an example through the statement taken from Shakespeare‘s play Macbeth; “life is like a
candle”. The statement is a comparison between life and candle by using metaphorical description which conjures imagination and suggest certain truth about life. On other hand, it requires a dozen words to describe life in literal words.
4. Themes and Their Reflection in Creative Works
In order to deliver ideas or messages to the audiences, the creator employs and adds a certain style in their works. The style contains creative and imaginative language that is intended to create a theme. A theme is portrayed as the general idea or argument in creative works; literary works or non-literary works. Thus, theme can be defined as the main idea or central idea that has a significant meaning in creative works. According to Ryan and Bernard (2003: 85), a theme is identified as one of the fundamental devices in creative works which reflect in explicit and implicit idea. He added that explicit theme states directly by the creator while implicit theme is implied through such a story. In the other hands, Opler stated via Ryan and Bernard (2003: 86), theme is a key to analyze culture in such creative works. Thus, it can be assumed that themes play a prominent role in communicating ideas in order to shape human‘s perspectives even to design culture.
-1861) How Do I Love Thee, the themes of reality lover can be presented as follows.
How do I love thee, let me count the ways I love thee to depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out the sight For the ends of being and ideal grace
I love thee to level of every day‟s (Browning, 1806-1861)
The author uses figures of speech in the form of hyperbole. The word I
love thee to level of every day‟s is used to reflect the themes in the poem since it can describe the reality theme of the lover. It means a very deep of love to his/her lover. By employing hyperbole, the author runs the implicit theme that the love is everlasting. It also reflects that love to the lover is the central theme of Browning‘s poem How Do I Love Thee. Thus, the use of figures of speech in reflecting the themes in creative works conjures up the reader to not to take the literal meaning of the language, yet to look beyond what is said.
5. Television Series
documentaries. It is demonstrated that many narratological concepts can be applied to audiovisual media as medium to compose complex variety of communication devices. Thus, nowadays, television series are used as a communication device which people enjoy to entertain and add more information. It visualizes images and sounds (audiovisual).
Moreover, Allart and Gymnich (2005: 7) states that television series create creative language to shape the audience‘s perception with influential figures.
From the passage above, it can be assumed that television series are able to play prominent role for the audiences by applying creative language. In other words, television series are designed to shape human‘s perception. Also, it can visualize the idea with the creative language in order to shape comprehension of information and issue.
6. Sherlock Holmes TV-Series The Final Problem Episode
Figure 1: The Poster of Sherlock Holmes TV-Series Season Four This television series starred Benedict Cumberbatch as Sherlock Holmes and his partner Doctor John Watson starred Martin Freeman. It aired in BBC network as the co-production. It filmed in Cardiff, Wales, with North Gower Street in London used for Holmes and Watson‘s 221B Baker Street residence.
Many awards also nominated for this television series, such as BAFTAs, Emmys, and a Golden Globe. It is not a big surprise that this television series won three categories at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards. In addition, this television series was also honored with Peabody Award which became the most watched drama series in UK and sold to 180 territories.
mysterious case as partner. Moreover, the flat is owned by land lady named Mrs. Hudson. In the story, Sherlock Holmes has a brother who named Mycroft Holmes. However, this research only uses the last episode taken from season four entitled The Final Problem. This episode is directed by Benjamin Caron and written by both Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss which originally aired on January 15th 2017. It is the climax of all the stories in which all the secret and the mystery solved. Moreover, this is the next episode after two previous episodes, each of which has been aired on January 1st and 8th, 2017 entitled The Six Thatcher and
The Lying Detective.
The last episode of Sherlock Holmes TV-Series introduces Eurus Holmes as the new character to complete the puzzle in this television series. She is the younger sister of Sherlock and Mycroft Holmes. Moreover, the story begins with Sherlock and Dr. Watson who tricked Mycroft to know the existence of Eurus Holmes. Then, the secret about Eurus Holmes has been revealed. This episode contains puzzle from Eurus to test the emotional context of Sherlock, Watson, and Mycroft. However, the ending of the episode is portrait of message of Mary Watson and it is a happy ending story.
B. Previous Studies
in creative works. All those previous researches become the references for the researcher to conduct this research.
The first similar study is an undergraduate thesis of Yogyakarta State University conducted by Arista Ferdiansyah Puspita (2014) entitled A Stylistic Analysis of Figures of Speech in Les Miserables Movie. The research aimed to describe the types of figure of speech in movie script Les Miserables and to find out the function of figures of speech applied in the movie. Moreover, there are twelve types of figures of speech which divided into three categories found in the research. In addition, there are four functions of the use of figure of speech: to give imaginative pleasure, to give additional imagery, to add emotional intensity, and to concrete the meaning in a brief compass.
Meanwhile, Mark Lu Shengli (2009) also conducted a research for the degree of master of art entitled Sherlock Holmes as A Romantic Detective: A
Stylistic Analysis of Holmes‟s Use of Language. The research describes how the use of language in Sherlock Holmes significantly influences the readers and how the short-story indicates a strong romantic slant. Moreover, the research shows point of view of the researcher since he argues the critique of Victorian value towards Sherlock Holmes. The findings show that Holmes uses scientific and poetic language to imply the truth. It is found that Holmes is an attractive figure which illustrates a romantic figure. In addition, the research shows that he contradicts a view where Holmes stories reaffirm the value of materialism.
reflects the themes of Sherlock Holmes TV-Series. The reflection of the themes enriches the knowledge of the readers in comprehending this term. Thus, it makes this research different from other two previous studies above.
C. Conceptual Framework and Analytical Construct
This research attempts to scrutinize one of successful adaption from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle‘s detective series produced by BBC One Channel Sherlock Holmes TV-Series using stylistic approach. It focuses on the language style of the object that becomes the main issue in this research. In addition, the researcher also explains the stylistic approach at the first part of the literature review in this research.
The next part also reveals and describes figures of speech in stylistic approach in order to answer the first and the second objective of the research, i.e. the types and function of figures of speech. There are twelve types of figures of speech defined by Perrine in his book Sound and Sense Fifth Edition (1977) which are divided into three categories; by comparison, by association, and by contrast. There are four functions of figures of speech: giving imaginative pleasure, creating additional imagery, increasing emotional intensity, and stating the meaning in brief compass.
themes through structure of the television series including the plot, setting, characters and characterization.
s
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter which was broken down into some headings aimed to demonstrate the technical method of the research. It included types of the research, data and source of data, and the instruments that were used in the research. In addition, the researcher also described data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, and trustworthiness of the data.
A. Research Type
This research was descriptive qualitative method in nature. It emphasized on describing and explaining the phenomena of language styles. It also implied that qualitative analysis approach as the prominent and the main method that used in this research. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982: 28), qualitative research is descriptive which contains more words than numbers. Moreover, to strengthen the argument, they stated that qualitative approach is a research method or procedure which is presented descriptively in oral or written form from the subject of the research (Bogdan and Biklen, 1982: 39-42).
manipulation. Thus, this research provided a richer and in-depth comprehension in explicating the language phenomenon particularly figures of speech by contrast in
Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode. It also attempted to see and to describe the types and functions of figures of speech used in the television series.
B. Form, Context, and Source of Data
The object of this research was television series entitled Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode. The main data of this research are spoken language or utterances uttered by the characters in the television series. Since this research applied descriptive qualitative approach, the data of the research were in the form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and utterances uttered by the characters in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode. Moreover, the context of the data was the dialogue of the characters. Furthermore, the source of the data was the transcript of the dialogue uttered by the characters which was retrieved from the website http://arianadevere.livejournal.com/92287.html and
Sherlock Holmes TV-Series itself. C. Data Collection Techniques
Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode by using note-taking as the data collection techniques. According to Hartley via Boch and Poilat (2005: 102), note-taking is an effective information-processing tool to store transmitted information. Furthermore, in collecting the data, the researcher decided to choose only figures of speech by contrast as the prominent type to be included in the data. Then, the procedure of the data was presented in order to get the final result of this research as in the following.
1. The researcher watched the television series.
2. The researcher downloaded the transcript of the television series on the internet and re-read it comprehensively.
3. The researcher checked the suitability between the transcript and the original dialogue from the television series by listening to the dialogues. 4. The researcher wrote down the data to analyze the use of figurative
language.
5. The researcher analyzed all the character‘s dialogues in the television series to comprehend the context and support the analysis.
6. The researcher selected and classified the valid and relevant data based on the classification.
7. The researcher categorized the data into the data sheet. D. Research Instruments
roles in the process of the research, including observing, analyzing and interpreting the data. Furthermore, Moleong (2010: 211-212) states that the researcher is the main instrument in qualitative research which plays a significant role as the designer, data collector, analyst, data interpreter, and reporter of the result of the research. Thus, considering that qualitative research dealt with rich and in-depth analysis, then the researcher played as the key instrument of the research.
In addition, the secondary instrument of this research was a data sheet. The television series and the transcript of the television series also helped to complete this research. It helped the researcher in collecting, classifying and analyzing the data. The data sheet was in the form of a table presenting the types and functions of figures of speech by contrast and the use of figures of speech by contrast that reflected the themes in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode.
Table 1. Sample Data Sheet of Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by Contrast, and the Themes of Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode
N
Type: The dialogue applies a paradoxical statement. It contains contradiction which seems to contradict the statement itself. In that context, Mycroft tells he does not have a time. Hence, his statement gives an implied meaning that he will not follow the games with a reason it will waste his times. By stating a contradictory statement, he aims to emphasize that his time is very precious. Besides, the child argues his statement by saying the common fact. In reality, for humans, the time never runs out because humans live in the circle of time. Thus, there is no excuse for escaping the games until he conveys the truth. Function: The statement‘s purpose is to state the meaning in brief compass. Mycroft has no-need to explain the details about how non-sense the game is and how precious his time is. By stating such statement, he is able to make clear what he wants to do.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
The researcher applied textual analysis in this research since it dealt with language and symbols. According to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 210), textual analysis involves the identification and interpretation of verbal or non-verbal signs. Thus, the researcher was able to investigate the data by analyzing the aspects of language as presented in the previous discussion. Then, the procedures of the data analysis were presented as follows.
1. The researcher classified the data into the categories as shown in the data sheet.
2. The researcher applied trustworthiness by discussing with friends and lecturers.
3. The researcher analyzed, described, interpreted, and explained the data. 4. The researcher drew and derived conclusions based on the result of data
analysis. F. Trustworthiness
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the research findings based on the objectives of the research: to describe and analyze the types of figures of speech by contrast, to reveal and explain the functions of figures of speech by contrast, and to convey and explain the reflection of figures of speech by contrast to the themes in
Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode. The findings are presented in the form of a table. In addition, the findings of this research are also elaborated and explained in details in the discussion section.
A. Findings
Table 2. Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by Contrast and the Themes of Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode
No Type Function Theme Data
1 Paradox Creating additional imagery Family 21 Increasing emotional 2 Irony Creating additional imagery Family 31
Increasing emotional
3 Litotes Stating the meaning in brief compass
Furthermore, the data show that there is a dominant type and function of figures of speech by contrast applied in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode. Irony appears as the dominant type of figures of speech by contrast. This is due to the fact that irony is often used in daily language to reveal what is supposed to occur in actual outcome. In this television series, the characters mostly use daily language in their dialogue to deliver arguments and points of view. Also, there are numbers of ironical and cynical utterances uttered by the characters. Practically, it is the author‘s way to create and characterize the
characters. Thus, through this television series, irony is seen as the most suitable and easiest figure of speech which is considered as the author‘s method in
applying irony to play some contexts and sentimental levels. In addition, the most dominant function of figures of speech is stating the meaning in brief compass. Therefore, it means that mostly the dialogues uttered by the characters in the television series are short, clear, and direct utterances without adding details and that is to state the meaning in brief compass.
Apparently, the figures of speech by contrast reflect the themes created by the author. There are five themes that are conveyed by the application of figures of speech by contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode.
through the dialogues uttered by the characters. It means the use of irony as a figure of speech in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Episode can elaborate all the themes in order to deliver the central idea of the author. Thus, irony serves a significant and prominent component in building the whole story in this television series.
B. Discussion
The discussion section provides a different explanation from the findings since the section explains the research questions in a brief explanation. In the findings, the research questions are only answered in the form of the table of data findings, yet the discussion provides a deep explanation which is presented to elaborate the three research questions. They are the types of figures of speech by contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode, the functions of figures of speech by contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode, and the reflection of figures of speech by contrast to the themes in
Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode.
1. Types of Figures of Speech by Contrast in Sherlock Holmes TV-Series the Final Problem Episode
a. Paradox
Paradox is an expression which is used to reveal the actual or real meaning by applying a contradiction between two or more entities. In paradox, the contradiction relates to the relationship within the expression. It applies context which seems to contradict itself, yet it conveys the truth within its contradiction. Paradox somehow contains an absurdity on its meaning which forces the audiences to examine through the understanding of all the conditions and circumstances. Hence, it needs a careful examination in elaborating the sense on its meaning before understanding and deciding what the statement actually means. In the television series, paradox is applied to express the contradictory situation which seems to be true since Mycroft refuses the reality that he deals with. The scene intends to reveal the identity of Eurus, Mycroft‘s sister, which builds the plot in the story. The use of paradox is presented as follows.
MYCROFT: ―Why don‘t you come out and show yourself? I don‟t have time for this.”
the games until he conveys the truth. Moreover, the statement can be considered as paradox because it contains a contradiction fact. The next use of paradox in this television series also expresses a contradictory condition of Mycroft is explained in datum 03.
MYCROFT : “Impossible.”
CHILD : “Nothing‟s impossible. You of all people know that.” (Datum 03) The dialogue in datum 03 is uttered by Mycroft and the child when they are still on the trick used to reveal the identity of Mycroft‘s sister. Mycroft declares that he really does not recognize the child because he is trapped in impossible condition. However, the child contradicts it by saying the common fact. The fact of humans believes that everything in this world is possible and he also realizes and believes it. Thus, the statement is aimed to bring Mycroft confused and down until he speaks the truth. Yet, the statement sounds absurd and illogical since it is difficult to be understood logically. However, the statement is considered as paradox since it applies a contradictory condition.
