ABSTRACT
ASTUTI, ARUM WIDYA.
Translation Variations of Locative
Preposition at, in,
on
with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s
Short Stories.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.The present research discusses about the translation variations of English locative preposition at, in, on in Ernest Hemingway’s selected short stories and the results of the translation variations revert back into English. The present research deals with prepositional meanings in two different languages. The prepositions’ meanings that overlap each other open up the possibility for the prepositions to be translated into various prepositions in another language.
The present research tries to arrive at the following objections. The first is to analyze the translation variations of locative preposition at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. The second is to show how the translation variations are assessed using back translation method and find out if there is any other translation variation of the prepositions when it is translated back into the source language.
The present research employs the library and field research as the methodologies. The translation variations and meaning of the prepositions are analyzed using the prepositional meaning theory. In the back translation method, respondents who are native speakers of SL but have a good proficiency in both SL and TL are asked to translate the TT sample data back into SL.
ABSTRAK
ASTUTI, ARUM WIDYA.
Translation Variations of Locative
Preposition at, in,
on
with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s
Short Stories.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.Penelitian ini membahas tentang variasi terjemahan dari preposisi lokatif at, in, on dalam beberapa cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway dan hasil dari variasi terjemahan tersebut yang diterjemahkan kembali dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan arti preposisi dalam dua bahasa yang berbeda. Preposisi yang memiliki arti sama atau dapat menggantikan satu sama lain membuka lebar kemungkinan bahwa satu preposisi dapat diterjemahkan menjadi beragam preposisi di bahasa lain.
Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan sebagai berikut. Pertama adalah untuk menganalisa variasi terjemahan dari preposisi lokatif at, in, on dalam beberapa cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway. Kedua adalah untuk melihat variasi terjemahan dari preposisi tersebut jika diterjemahkan kembali dalam bahasa Inggris.
Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi prepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Variasi terjemahan dan arti dari preposisi dianalisa menggunakan teori tentang arti preposisi. Dalam metode back translation, responden yang merupakan penutur asli bahasa Inggris yang juga cakap berbahasa Indonesia diminta untuk menerjemahkan sampel data dari teks hasil terjemahan kembali ke bahasa Inggris.
TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION
AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S
SHORT STORIES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
ARUM WIDYA ASTUTI Student Number: 124214099
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION
AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S
SHORT STORIES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
ARUM WIDYA ASTUTI Student Number: 124214099
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
vii
We all need people who will give us feedback. That’s how we improve.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have learned that this undergraduate thesis would not come into being without the help of the others. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who has contributed to the writing process of this thesis.
First of all, I praise Allah SWT for giving me blessings and strength to get through tough times until I can finally finish this piece of work.
I would like to express my special appreciation to Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. as my superb thesis advisor for the guidance, encouragement, and invaluable advices during the writing process. I am also grateful to my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for the suggestions and correction on my undergraduate thesis. . I would like to address my gratitude to my main examiner, Scolastica Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum. I would like also to thank all lecturers in English Letters Department for all the help and motivation during my study.
None of this could have happened without all the love, support, and prayer from my family, especially my parents and my sister. Special thanks go to the center of my universe for all the life roller coasters we’ve been through. I would like to extend my gratitude to my self-proclaimed duo Kendall and Kylie, my growing-up partner, my dear Cebel, Om Erik as my amazing respondent and editor, my squads, my friends, my fellow thesis fighters, my wonderful respondents, and all parties I cannot mention here for the support throughout the entire process. A billion thanks will not be enough.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv
LEMBAR PENYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi
MOTTO PAGE ... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLES ... xi
ABSTRACT ... xii
ABSTRAK ... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 5
C. Objectives of the Study ... 5
D. Definition of Terms ... 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7
A. Review of Related Studies ... 7
B. Review of Related Theories ... 9
1. Theories of Translation ... 9
2. Theories of Prepositions ... 9
3. Back Translation Theories ... 12
C. Theoretical Framework ... 13
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 14
A. Areas of Research ... 14
B. Object of the Study ... 14
C. Method of the Study ... 15
D. Research Procedure ... 15
1. Types of Data ... 15
a. Objective Data ... 15
b. Affective Data ... 16
2. Data Collection ... 16
3. Population and Sample ... 17
4. Data Analysis ... 17
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ... 21
A. Translation Variations of English Locative preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian ... 21
x
2. The Meaning and Translation Variations of English Locative preposition in ... 25 3. The Meaning and Translation Variations of English Locative
preposition on ... 28 B. Results and Discussions of Back Translation Method ... 31 1. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition at . 32 2. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition in . 35 3. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition on 40 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 50 APPENDICES ... 52
Appendix 1: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative
Preposition at ... 52 Appendix 2: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative
Preposition in ... 56 Appendix 3: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative
Preposition on ... 63 Appendix 4: The Sample Data ... 68 Appendix 5: The Form used for the Survey ... 71 Appendix 6: The Result of Back Translation Method from
Respondent 1 (R1) ... 74 Appendix 7: The Result of Back Translation Method from
Respondent 2 (R2) ... 77 Appendix 8: The Result of Back Translation Method from
Respondent 3 (R3) ... 80 Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation Method from
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Example of the Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of
Locative Preposition at ... 18
Table 2. Example of Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at ... 19
Table 3. The Example of the Data Analysis of the Back Translation Results ... 19
Table 4. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at ... 22
Table 5. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at ... 24
Table 6. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition in ... 25
Table 7. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition in ... 27
Table 8. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition on ... 28
Table 9. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition on ... 31
Table 10. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at ... 32
Table 11. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition in ... 35
Table 12. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition on ... 41
LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 1. The Percentage of Locative Preposition at Translations Translated Back to the SL ... 45
Diagram 2. The Percentage of Locative Preposition in Translations Translated Back to the SL ... 46
xii ABSTRACT
ASTUTI, ARUM WIDYA.
Translation Variations of Locative
Preposition at, in,
on
with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s
Short Stories.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.The present research discusses about the translation variations of English locative preposition at, in, on in Ernest Hemingway’s selected short stories and the results of the translation variations revert back into English. The present research deals with prepositional meanings in two different languages. The prepositions’ meanings that overlap each other open up the possibility for the prepositions to be translated into various prepositions in another language.
The present research tries to arrive at the following objections. The first is to analyze the translation variations of locative preposition at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. The second is to show how the translation variations are assessed using back translation method and find out if there is any other translation variation of the prepositions when it is translated back into the source language.
The present research employs the library and field research as the methodologies. The translation variations and meaning of the prepositions are analyzed using the prepositional meaning theory. In the back translation method, respondents who are native speakers of SL but have a good proficiency in both SL and TL are asked to translate the TT sample data back into SL.
xiii ABSTRAK
ASTUTI, ARUM WIDYA.
Translation Variations of Locative
Preposition at, in,
on
with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s
Short Stories.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.Penelitian ini membahas tentang variasi terjemahan dari preposisi lokatif at, in, on dalam beberapa cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway dan hasil dari variasi terjemahan tersebut yang diterjemahkan kembali dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan arti preposisi dalam dua bahasa yang berbeda. Preposisi yang memiliki arti sama atau dapat menggantikan satu sama lain membuka lebar kemungkinan bahwa satu preposisi dapat diterjemahkan menjadi beragam preposisi di bahasa lain.
Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan sebagai berikut. Pertama adalah untuk menganalisa variasi terjemahan dari preposisi lokatif at, in, on dalam beberapa cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway. Kedua adalah untuk melihat variasi terjemahan dari preposisi tersebut jika diterjemahkan kembali dalam bahasa Inggris.
Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi prepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Variasi terjemahan dan arti dari preposisi dianalisa menggunakan teori tentang arti preposisi. Dalam metode back translation, responden yang merupakan penutur asli bahasa Inggris yang juga cakap berbahasa Indonesia diminta untuk menerjemahkan sampel data dari teks hasil terjemahan kembali ke bahasa Inggris.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study
Prepositions, as described in Geoffrey Finch’s Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics are “words that relate two parts of a sentence together where the relationship is typically one of time, place, or logic” (2009: 108). According to the word classification by Anton M. Moeliono in Ramlan’s Tata Bahasa Indonesia: Penggolongan Kata, prepositions always precede nouns and it never comes in the end of a sentence. There are also three kinds of preposition mentioned, preposisi direktif (directive prepositions), preposisi agentif (agentive prepositions), and preposisi penunjuk orang (prepositions that refer to a person) (Ramlan, 1985: 43). Prepositions, however, do not come by itself. In a sentence, prepositions are found as a part of a phrase, “a syntactic unit that typically consists of more than one word, and is intermediate between word and clause level in sentences” (Finch, 2009: 106). Phrases are classified by its “head” that is taken as the phrases’ basis (Finch, 2009: 107). Thus, a phrase that has a preposition as its basis is named a prepositional phrase. While, as classified by Moeliono, prepositions are divided into three, which will create three kinds of prepositional phrase including the directive/locative prepositional phrases which have a locative preposition as its head.
variations of locative preposition at, in, and on in Hemingway’s short stories, the present research uses semantic approach by analyzing the meaning of the locative prepositions with the help of the words preceding and following the prepositions to see to whichever prepositions in TL the prepositions in SL are translated. The present research also uses back translation method to see whether or not the translated prepositions are translated back to its original prepositions in SL. The target language text is translated back into its source language by native speakers of the source language who are fluent in both languages.
The object of the study is short stories by Ernest Hemingway titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”. Hemingway’s short stories are famous of its simple sentence structure, so that it will provide a clear comparison of the translation of the prepositions. Hemingway is also fond of using detailed description in which contains various usages of prepositions that makes his work qualified to be the object of the present research. The four short stories are chosen based on the repetition of the same prepositions that are translated differently in Indonesian. Therefore, it might trigger a problem in the back translation process.
The following examples show the cases of the translations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s “The Capital of the World”.
1. ST: The middle aged waiter was seated on the terrace of the Café Alvarez drinking a small beer. (Hemingway, 2003: 36)
2. ST: Paco was alone, first sitting up, then huddled over, then slumped on the floor. (Hemingway, 2003: 37)
TT: Pertama-tama ia duduk tegak, kemudian berjalan terhuyung-huyung, lalu merosot ke lantai. (Hemingway, 2015: 24)
The examples above show how the locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition. In the first example, it can be seen that preposition on is translated into di. In the second example, the preposition on is translated differently into Indonesian preposition ke. Thus, the preposition on has the possibility to be translated into more than one Indonesian prepositions.
The locative prepositions in the present research are analyzed based on the meaning it carries which is affected by the prepositions’ “environment”. The environment of the prepositions here is the words that follow and precede the prepositions. Thus, the analysis shows the translation variations of the locative preposition at, in, and on. The back translation method applied in the present research is also used to see how the translated prepositions are translated back into English prepositions by the English native speakers who learn Indonesian as their foreign language. In addition, the products of the back translation process are used to see whether or not the prepositions have other translation probabilities.
in, and on. The researcher is also optimistic that the present research will help other researchers to open up new discussions about translation studies from new perspectives.
B. Problem Formulation
The problem of the present research can be formulated as follows:
1. What are the translation variations of the locative prepositions at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s four short stories in Indonesian?
2. What are the translation variations of the locative prepositions at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s four short stories when assessed with the back translation method?
C. Objectives of the Study
According to the formulated problems, the objectives of this research are two layers. The first is to analyze the variations of the Indonesian translations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. The second is to see if there are other translation variations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories using back translation method.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misconception and confusion about the terms used in the present study, certain terms are defined below.
Preposition. As quoted from THE STUDENTS' ABILITY IN USING PREPOSITION “A Case Study at Faculty Of Letters Of Hasanuddin University” by Binti Mus, it is stated that preposition is
connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentences elements: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence (2012: 2).
Translation. Catford in A Lingusitic Theory of Translation states that “translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another” (1974: 1).
7 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part provides reviews of some researches with similar topics done previously by other researchers to see how the previous researches are relevant and different with the present research. The second part is the reviews of related theories. It explains the theories that are relevant to be used in analyzing the problems in the present research. The last part of this chapter consists of the explanation on how the theories are able to solve the formulated problems.
A. Review of Related Studies
1. Purwaningsih’s undergraduate thesis “Translation Mapping of the English Preposition Above, Beyond, and Over in Jeanne’s DuPrau City of
Ember into Indonesian and Their Equivalence in Back Translation”
beyond, and below, whereas the present research focuses on the preposition at, in, and on. In addition, Purwaningsih’s thesis uses Jeanne Du Prau’s novel City of Ember as the data source, while the present research uses Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” as the object data source of the research.
2. Antonius Heri Purwanta’s thesis “A Contrastive Analysis between English Preposition of Place AT, IN, ON and Indonesian Preposition of Place DI, DI ATAS, DI DALAM, PADA”
the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” as the data source.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theories of Translation
“Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another” (Catford, 1974: 1). Basically, translation is the activity of transferring a message from the source language to the target language. As stated by Nida and Taber in the book The Theory and Practice of Translation, translation has the goal to reproduce the message. In reproducing the message, however, the translator needs to make grammatical and lexical adjustments (1974: 12). Therefore, the changes that occur during the translation process are inevitable.
2. Theories of Prepositions
means/agentive spectrum, fifth is prepositions that denote accompaniment meaning, and sixth is the prepositions that denote support and opposition meaning (1985: 674 – 703). The present research only focuses on locative prepositions which show spatial meaning. The spatial relation shown by the prepositions includes the locative and directive meaning carried by the prepositions. When repositions are used to indicate space, the dimensional properties of the location affect the prepositions’ meaning and the spatial relation shown by the locative preposition (1985: 673). There are four kinds of dimension regarding the spatial relationship that an object may have. First is the dimension-type 0 which shows that the subject is located in the dimensionless location or can be said that the subject’s position is in a point related to the object. Second is the dimension-type 1 which carries the meaning that the object of the preposition is perceived as a line. Third is the dimension-type 2 which takes the object of the preposition as a surface and thus the subject can be positioned on the top of the object. Fourth is the dimension-type 3 which denotes the meaning that the object is three dimensional and has a volume (1985: 673-676). The classification above is used to categorize the meaning of the locative prepositions.
In accordance with the theory of Indonesian preposition by Alwi et al. in Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, based on its structure, prepositions can be classified into monomorphemic and polymorphemic prepositions. Monomorphemic prepositions are prepositions that only contain one morpheme. Followings are the examples of monomorphemic prepositions and its meaning.
2. Dari: showing the source location 3. Dengan: showing the manner 4. Di: indicating position
5. Karena, sebab: showing cause
6. Ke: showing directive meaning/ destination place 7. Oleh: showing agentive meaning
8. Pada: indicating place or time relation 9. Tentang: showing the subject matter
10.Sejak: showing time, duration from a certain time to another time There are two kinds of polymorphemic prepositions. First is the affixed polymorphemic prepositions which are structured by adding an affix to the free or bound morphemes. For instance, the addition of affix –kan to morpheme bagai constructs the affixed polymorphemic bagaikan that carries the meaning of showing likelihood. The other polymorphemic prepositions are the prepositions that consist of two free morphemes. The two morphemes can be both prepositions or only one of them is preposition. The examples of polymorphemic preposition that consists of two prepositions are
The examples of polymorphemic prepositions that consist of preposition and non preposition are di atas, di bawah, di muka, di belakang, ke dekat, ke depan, ke dalam, ke luar, ke tengah, dari balik, dari samping, dari luar, and dari tengah. The meaning of the prepositions is the combination of the meaning carried by each morpheme (1988: 230 – 234)
In Indonesian, according to the word classification by Soetarno in his book Sari Tatabahasa Indonesia II, syntactically, prepositions are classified into two categories.
1. Simple prepositions (kata depan tunggal) that consist of one word, such as di, ke, dari, untuk
2. Complex prepositions (kata depan majemuk) that consist of more than one word, such as di dalam, ke dalam, di atas (Ramlan, 1985: 22) 3. Back Translation Theories
“As a review, back translation is the practice of taking a translated document and translating it back into the original language as a means of checking the accuracy of the translation” (Paegelow, 2008; 22). Thus, basically, back translation is a tool to assess the quality of a translation by contrasting the re-translated text with its ST. Harkness and Gulsberg in Questionnaires in Translation explain the method of back translation as follows:
b. The target language text (SLT1) is later translated back into the source language (Source Language Text 2, SLT2) by a second translator who is a native of the source language and not aware of the existence of the original ST
c. Comparison of the SLT1 and SLT2
d. A conclusion is drawn based on the similarities and differences between the SLT1 and SLT2
The conclusion can be inferred from more identical the SLT1 and SLT2, the better the quality and the equivalence of the translation. Yet, as the present research does not discuss about translation equivalence, the back translation method employed in this research is used to see if there is new translation probabilities when the locative prepositions are translated back into SL.
C. Theoretical Framework
In answering the questions, applicable and relevant theories are needed. The theories of preposition and translation are employed in answering the first question that deals with how the prepositions are translated into TT. The theories of preposition and translation are used to determine which word is the translation of the locative preposition and the meaning of the prepositions.
14 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Areas of Research
The present research employs the research area of text analysis and translation with the focus on the translation variations of the locative preposition at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. Text analysis and translation research area, as stated by William and Chesterman (2002: 6), includes the analysis of the translated text which is the analysis and comparison of the product of the translation (the text in the TL) and the original text (the text in the SL). The focus of the study varies, yet it cannot have several focuses at once. The study must take one aspect in the source text as the focus of the study. For instance, it can be its linguistic features, translation problems, or translation strategies applied. Thus, in comparing the source text and the target text, the research can begin with finding the significant feature in the original text that later can be used as the focus of the study.
B. Object of the Study
have enough representation of the translation variations and are qualified to be the objects of the present research.
C. Method of the Study
The library and field research are used in the present research. The library research is conducted by reading any relevant book and journal. The present research employs the library research in the purpose of collecting sufficient ground and theories from various books to support the research. The field research is implemented through the back translation method conducted for the research. The back translation method is used in the form of a survey that requires the participants to complete the given questionnaires.
D. Research Procedure 1. Types of Data
a. Objective Data
b. Affective Data
Affective data of the research are the data taken from the respondents or readers involved in the research. The contribution of the respondents or readers to the research can be in the form of questionnaires, interviews, or observations.
In the present research, the affective data are the result of the back translation method as a mean of a questionnaire. The present research conducts the back translation method with four respondents whose native language is English and who has a good proficiency of Indonesian, so that the respondents are expected to be able to translate the translated text into its source language well. The respondents are coded as R1, R2, R3, and R4. R1 was an American citizen whose job was a congress staff and spent 4 years living in Indonesia. R2 was an American artist who had been staying in Indonesia for 33 years. R3 was an American lecturer who had been staying in Indonesia for 3 years. R4 was an Australian diplomat who had been staying in Indonesia for 3 years and purposely learning Indonesian.
2. Data Collection
The data of the present research were collected in two steps. First, the objective data were collected through reading. Second, the affective data were collected through the back translation method using questionnaires.
locative preposition at, in, and on. Next, the data were collected in the tables with certain coding to make it easier to refer to certain datum.
The affective data were gathered from the questionnaires of the back translation method. The present research involves four respondents coded as R1, R2, R3, and R4. To gather the affective data, the locative preposition at, in, and on in both of the Indonesian translation and the result of the back translation method were highlighted and collected in tables which are grouped based on the data’s SLT1 preposition.
3. Population and Sample
The population of this study is the locative preposition at, in, and on found in the Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”. Total population of the data is 138 data points with 28 data points of locative preposition at, 61 data points of locative preposition in, and 49 data points of locative preposition on. Out of the total population, 21 data which best represent the whole population are purposely and proportionally selected using the sampling method proposed by Widodo in Cerdik Menyusun Proposal Penelitian. Proportional sampling method used in the data population that has the equal classification (2012: 58), in this case, all of the three subgroups contain three different locative prepositions that become the focus of the present research. 4. Data Analysis
data containing the locative preposition at, in, and on and its translation are collected and grouped based on what locative preposition is contained in the data. The grouped data which are still in the full sentences are then specified into a table that only contains the locative prepositions, object preceding the locative preposition, object following the locative preposition, the meaning of the locative preposition, and the Indonesian translation of the locative preposition.
Table 1. Example of the Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at 111/ST/At/22/200 one at each side Dimension
-type 0 -
130/ST/At/25/293 that town at one end Dimension
-type 0 dari 133/ST/At/27/293 down at the station Dimension
-type 0 ke
The table has the function to show the meaning of the locative preposition related to its “environment” or the words that come before and after the locative preposition and to show the translation of the locative preposition in Indonesian.
Table 2. Example of Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at English
Preposition
Indonesian Translation
Number of Data
At Di 13/TT/At/5/5
Pada 93/TT/At/21/149
Not translated 111/TT/At/22/170 Dari 130/TT/At/25/251
Ke 133/TT/At/27/252
To answer the second problem, the back translation method is conducted. Twenty one samples of the data, in this case, the Indonesian translation of the locative preposition at, in, and on, are given to the respondents to be translated back into English. The results of the back translation are then re-checked with the source text whether or not the respondents translate it back to the same preposition. The results of back translation method are presented in different tables based on the locative prepositions contained in the data.
Table 3. The Example of the Data Analysis of the Back Translation Results
Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 TLT 2
R1 R2 R3 R4
13/ST/At/5/30 at di at at on at
93/ST/At/21/293 at pada on at to to
111/ST/At/22/200 at not translated
- - - -
130/ST/At/25/293 at dari from from from from
133/ST/At/27/293 at ke at at at to
abbreviation of Target Language Text 1 which refers to the Target Text. SLT1 is the abbreviation of Source Language Text 1 which refers to the Source Text. SLT2 is the abbreviation of Source Language Text 2 which refers to the text as the result of the back translation method.
21 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter is divided into two subdivisions. The translation variations and meaning of locative preposition at, in, and on is presented in the first section. The discussion and the results of the back translation method are presented in the second section of this chapter.
The first section is the translation variations of English locative preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian. Among the 21 sample data points collected, it includes 5 data points with the locative preposition at, 9 data points with the locative preposition in, and 7 data points with the locative preposition on. This first section contains the locative prepositions at, in, and on that is analyzed semantically and its translation variations in Indonesian. The analysis is presented in the forms of tables that contain the data partially, not in the form of full sentences.
The second section is the results and discussion of the back translation method. As mentioned in the earlier chapter, the present research employs the back translation method whose results are discussed in this section. The results of the back translation method are not shown in the form of full sentences, but only the translations of the locative preposition are presented in the form of tables which are grouped based on each locative preposition.
A. Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian
Indonesian translation. According to the data collection mentioned, the whole sample data are divided into three groups, data points containing locative preposition at, in, and on. The full-sentence data are specified into words preceding the preposition, the preposition, and words following the preposition. In analyzing the meaning of the locative prepositions, the theory proposed by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik was used.
According to Quirk et al. in A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language, prepositions can denote several different meanings (1985: 673). Yet, since the present research only focuses on the locative preposition at, in, and on, the meaning donated by the prepositions is only related to the object’s spatial relation.
1. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition at
There are 5 data points in the sample data containing locative preposition at found in the Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. Each datum is translated differently in Indonesian. The following table discusses the meaning of each preposition regarding to its context and the translation variations of the locative preposition in Indonesian.
Table 4. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at
Number of data
Object precedin g the prepositi
on
Prepo sition
Object following
the preposition
Meaning
Indonesian translation
of the preposition 13/ST/At/5/30 alone at a small
table
Dimension
-type 0 di
match -type 0 111/ST/At/22/200 one at each side Dimension
-type 0 -
130/ST/At/25/193 that town at one end Dimension
-type 0 dari 133/ST/At/27/293 down at the station Dimension
-type 0 ke
Based on the classification by Quirk et al., locative preposition at in all data containing locative preposition at is classified into the category of preposition that has the meaning of dimension-type 0, in which the subject takes place in a point somewhere related to the object following the locative preposition. The objects following the locative preposition are treated as a dimensionless object, although in reality, the object may not be. For instance, the object a small table has a surface which can be categorized into objects which has the meaning of dimension-type 2, but the relation between the subject and the object is considered to have a dimension-type 0 meaning. It goes the same with the datum 133/ST/At/27/293 which has the station as the object following the preposition. Literally, a station is a building that has a volume. Therefore, the meaning of the preposition may fall into the category of dimension-type 3, but the station is treated as a dimensionless object regarding the subject is in a point somewhere related to the station and it is considered to have a dimension-type 0 meaning.
in datum 111/ST/At/22/200 is not translated into any Indonesian preposition due to the changes done by the translator. The translator translates the prepositional phrase at each side to Indonesian adverb bersisihan. Therefore, the preposition at is omitted and considered as not translated. Locative preposition at in datum 130/ST/At/25/193 and 133/ST/At/27/293 undergoes a change in meaning. Locative preposition at which indicates the location of a subject is translated into Indonesian preposition dari and ke that contains directive meaning. These changes occur for the reason that the translator has different focus in the context of the sentences. The translator focuses on the activity done rather than the location of the activity, so that locative preposition at loses its locative meaning and translated into Indonesian directive preposition.
From the discussion about the translation of locative preposition at in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above, the translation variations of locative preposition at can be presented in the table below.
Table 5. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at English
Preposition
Indonesian Translation
Number of Data
At Di 13/TT/At/5/5
Pada 93/TT/At/21/149
Not translated 111/TT/At/22/170 Dari 130/TT/At/25/251
Ke 133/TT/At/27/252
2. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition in
Nine data points containing locative preposition in are collected. There are some data points that have the same meaning but translated differently in Indonesian. Although there are also some data points with the same meaning that are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, the meaning and translation of those data points are still presented in the table.
Table 6. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition in
26/ST/In/15/35 have in a ring Dimension
-type 2 di
41/ST/In/20/111 show in the picture Dimension
-type 2 dalam 52/ST/In/26/112 breakfast in bed Dimension
-type 2 di
65/ST/In/31/183 someone in the office Dimension
-type 3 di dalam 74/ST/In/34/185 it in his pocket Dimension
-type 3 ke dalam 81/ST/In/36/187 warming in his empty
stomach
Dimension
-type 3 di dalam 90/ST/In/44/192 held in his right
hand
138/ST/In/61/297 read in the papers Dimension
It is stated that even though locative preposition in denotes the meaning of being inside, which logically, only belongs to the category of dimension-type 3, locative preposition in can also belong to the category of dimension-type 2 in which the object following the preposition is treated as an enclosed space (being in area with boundaries) (Quirk et al., 1985: 674). Among the total of nine data points containing locative preposition in, five data points belong to the category of dimension-type 2 with the objects following the preposition are a ring, the picture, bed, his right hand, and the paper. The objects mentioned are treated as non three-dimensional objects since the subjects are not literally located inside the objects. Four objects following the preposition, the office, his pocket, his empty stomach, the swelling hump of muscle above the bull’s shoulder, however, are treated as three dimensional objects which have a volume.
into complex Indonesian prepositions. Datum 98/ST/In/47/193 is translated into Indonesian preposition pada which has the function to indicate the position of a subject without specified dimension of the object. Two data points, datum 65/ST/In/31/183 and datum 81/ST/In/36/187 are translated into complex preposition di dalam which is from the preposition di that indicates the subject’s position and the preposition dalam that emphasizes the multidimensionality of the object. Locative preposition in in datum 74/ST/In/34/185 is translated into complex Indonesian preposition ke dalam which consists of simple preposition ke that carries directive meaning and preposition dalam that shows the volume of the object. The meaning shift from the locative meaning to the directive meaning carried by the preposition is affected by the different emphasis of the sentence. The ST has the emphasis on the destination point or the current position of the subject, but in contrast, the TT has the emphasis on the destination or the goal of the activity being done. The translation of all four data points, however, supports the dimension-type 3 meaning carried by the preposition.
The following table shows the translation variations according to the analysis on the translation of locative preposition in in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above. Since some of the data are translated to the same Indonesian preposition, only one of the data is chosen to be presented in the translation mapping of locative preposition in table as follows.
Table 7. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition in English
Preposition
Indonesian Translation
Number of Data
In Di 26/TT/In/15/21
Ke dalam 74/TT/In/34/130 Not translated 90/TT/In/44/147 Pada 98/TT/In/47/151
The table above shows that there are six translation variations of locative preposition in in which locative preposition in is translated into five different Indonesian prepositions and not translated in one datum. Locative preposition in is translated into Indonesian preposition di, dalam, di dalam, ke dalam, pada and not translated in datum 90/ST/In/44/192.
3. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition on
The total number of data containing locative preposition on collected from Ernest Hemingway’s short stories are 7. Despite the fact that some of the data are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, all data are still presented in the table.
Table 8. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition on
72/ST/On/22/184 forward on his head Dimension
-type 2 di depan 87/ST/On/26/192 spat on the sand Dimension
-type 2 di atas 96/ST/On/29/193 pivoted on his heels Dimension
juice -type 2 137/ST/On/49/295 out on on the coast Dimension
-type 1 ke
In accordance to the meaning of preposition on, which is “located at the upper surface of” something, the meaning of locative preposition on can fall into two out of four categories (Quirk et al., 1985: 674). Locative preposition on can have the dimension-type 1 meaning that treats the object following the preposition as a line. Locative preposition on can also have the dimension-type 2 meaning that treats the object following the preposition as an object that has a surface. From seven data points containing locative preposition on, six data points have the dimension-type 2 meaning. The objects that are treated as a surface are the terrace of the café Alvarez, the desk, his head, the sand, his heels, and his hands. Literally, those objects have a surface as the subject’s supporting point. On the coast, however, is categorized into dimension-type 1 meaning. As mentioned in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, the coast is treated as a line if it is preceded by locative preposition on (Quirk et al., 1985: 676). Therefore, the meaning of locative preposition on in datum 137/ST/On/49/295 falls into the category of the dimension-type 1, although in reality, the coast is not a real line.
Based on the explanation about the translation of locative preposition on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above, the table below summarizes the translation variations of locative preposition on. For the data that are translated to the same Indonesian preposition, only one of the data is listed as a representation.
Table 9. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition on English
Preposition
Indonesian Translation
Number of Data
On Di 31/TT/On/6/21
Not translated 69/TT/On/20/122 Di depan 72/TT/On/22/124 Di atas 87/TT/On/26/147 Pada 96/TT/On/29/149
Ke 137/TT/On/49/258
Table 9 recapitulates the translation of locative preposition on. There are six translation variations of the locative preposition on found in the analysis. Locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition di, di depan, di atas, pada, ke, and one datum, datum 69/TT/On/20/122 is not translated.
B. Results and Discussions of the Back Translation Method
prepositions as the result of the back translation method are presented in the tables.
1. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at
In the first subdivision of this section, the results and discussion of back translation applied to data points containing locative preposition at are presented. Five data points with each respondent’s result are collected in the table below.
Table 10. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at
Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 TLT 2
R1 R2 R3 R4
13/ST/At/5/30 at di at at on at
93/ST/At/21/293 at pada on at to to
111/ST/At/22/200 at not translated
- - - -
130/ST/At/25/193 at dari from from from from
133/ST/At/27/293 at ke at at at to
landmark is on the surface of it or the object uses the landmark as “a supporting surface” (2010: 51) and thus R3 translates preposition di into locative preposition on.
Datum 93/ST/At/21/293 which contains preposition at is translated into preposition pada in datum 93/TT/At/21/149. Only one respondent, R2, who translates preposition pada into locative preposition at, the same preposition it has in SLT1. R1 translates preposition pada into another expected preposition on. R3 and R4 translate preposition pada in datum 93/TT/At/21/149 into the same English preposition which is to. Locative preposition at in datum 93/ST/At/21/293, as contained in tossed the match at the bull indicates “the usage of at to indicate that the Landmark is a target (2010: 179), as it goes the same with preposition pada which also has the function to indicate the target destination (1980: 94). R1 translates preposition pada into locative preposition on since locative preposition on shows that the match as the subject makes a physical contact with or touches the bull as the landmark. Showing the subject making any physical contact with the landmark is one of the functions of locative preposition on (2010: 52). R3 and R4 translate preposition pada into locative preposition to for it “marks the Landmark as the recipient” (2010: 179), or it can be said that the bull is the object that receives the match.
Locative preposition at in datum 130/ST/At/25/193 has the Indonesian translation dari in datum 130/TT/At/25/251. Although it is written in the questionnaire that the respondents are required to translate the preposition into one of the locative preposition at, in, and on as best they can, all of the respondents translate preposition dari into English preposition from. All respondents translate preposition dari into preposition from since preposition dari indicates the prior position of the subject (1980: 40) and preposition from ”is used to describe a path in terms of its origin” (2010: 43).
The Indonesian translation of locative preposition at in datum 133/ST/At/27/293 is the Indonesian preposition ke as seen in datum 133/TT/At/27/252. R1, R2, and R3 back translate preposition ke into the same locative preposition it has in SLT1 which is locative preposition at. R4, however, translate preposition ke in datum 133/ST/At/27/293 differently into English preposition to. R4 translates preposition ke which also has the function to show the target direction or place (1980: 74) into preposition to due to the fact that preposition to also indicates a landmark as “the recipient”. The usage of locative preposition at and to is quite interchangeable since both prepositions have the “target-marking” function with the slight difference of preposition to indicates the landmark as a recipient (2010: 179).
respondents back translate the preposition in TLT1 into locative preposition at and one respondent translates the preposition in TLT1 into another English preposition. In one datum (datum 13/TT/At/5/5), the respondent translates the preposition in TLT1 into locative preposition on. In another datum (datum 133/TT/At/27/252), one respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into English preposition to. There is also no datum with two respondents successfully translate the TLT1 preposition into SLT1 preposition and two other respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into other English prepositions. In datum 93/TT/At/21/149, one respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into SLT1 preposition and the other three respondents come up with two different results. One respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition on and two respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into English preposition to. Two data points show that all respondents do not translate the TLT1 preposition into the SLT1 preposition. All respondents do not translate datum 111/TT/At/22/170 which contains no preposition in TLT1 into any English preposition. Four respondents translate the TLT1 preposition in datum 130/TT/At/25/251 into English preposition from.
2. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition in
The second subdivision of this section presents the results and discussion of back translation applied to data points containing locative preposition in. The table below shows nine data points with each respondent’s result.
Table 11. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition in
Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 TLT 2
R1 R2 R3 R4
41/ST/In/20/111 in dalam in in in in
52/ST/In/26/112 in di in to on in
65/ST/In/31/183 in di dalam in in in in
74/ST/In/34/185 in ke dalam in in in into
81/ST/In/36/187 in di dalam in in in in
90/ST/In/44/192 in Not
translated on - - -
98/ST/In/47/193 in pada to at toward to
138/ST/In/61/297 in di on in on in
The translation of locative preposition in in datum 26/ST/In/15/35 is preposition di, as displayed in datum 26/TT/In/15/21. The back translation method results in all respondents successfully back translate preposition di in datum 26/TT/In/15/21 into the same locative preposition in SLT1 which is in.
Datum 41/ST/In/20/111 that contains locative preposition in has the Indonesian preposition dalam as its translation as shown by datum 41/TT/In/20/46. All respondents of back translation method translate preposition dalam into locative preposition in according to its SLT1 preposition.
logically, does not have any boundary and an interior, therefore, R2 translates preposition di into preposition to. R3, however, translates preposition di into locative preposition on which contains the sense of the subject being on top of the landmark, in this case, the meal (breakfast) as the subject is in contact with a landmark that is used as a supporting surface (2010: 51).
Di dalam, which is contained in datum 65/TT/In/31/122, is the translation of locative preposition in in datum 65/ST/In/31/183. With the back translation method, preposition di dalam is back translated into exactly the same English locative preposition in SLT1 (datum 65/ST/In/31/183), which is in, by all respondents.
Back translation method applied to datum 74/TT/In/34/130 that shows locative preposition in in datum 74/ST/In/34/185 is translated into preposition ke dalam results in two different outcomes. R1, R2, and R3 are able to back translate preposition ke dalam into locative preposition in, which is the same locative preposition it has in SLT1, while R4 translates preposition ke dalam into English preposition into. R4 translates preposition ke dalam which marks the target location has boundary (1980: 75) into preposition into that only has focus difference with locative preposition in. locative preposition in focused on the landmark, whereas preposition into focuses on the movement that leads up to the current position of the subject and the landmark (2010: 32).
81/TT/In/36/134. All respondents satisfyingly back translate preposition di dalam into locative preposition in, its SLT1 preposition.
Locative preposition in in datum 90/ST/In/44/192 is not translated into any Indonesian preposition in datum 90/TT/In/44/147. R2, R3, and R4 are not able to back translate datum 90/TT/In/44/147 into any English preposition, whereas, unexpectedly, R1 is able to translate datum 90/TT/In/44/147 one of expected locative preposition, even though it is not the same with the SLT1 preposition in datum 90/ST/In/44/192. R1 translates datum 90/TT/In/44/147 into locative preposition on.
pada. Mengarah contains directive meaning in Indonesian. Hence, R2 and R3 translate preposition pada into prepositions that have directive meaning as well.
Back translation method applied to datum 138/TT/In/61/262 shows two different results. Locative preposition in contained in datum 138/ST/In/ 61/297 is translated into Indonesian preposition di in datum 138/TT/In/61/262. By R1 and R3, preposition di is translated into locative preposition on. R2 and R4, however, successfully translate preposition di into locative preposition in. The landmarks following preposition also affect the choice of preposition used in the sentence. This what happens in datum 138/TT/In/61/262. Locative preposition in can also be used when the landmark is like a line (2010: 73). Locative preposition on is used when the landmark “has only the dimension of length” (2010: 73). As surat kabar, or paper in English, as the landmark which follows preposition di in datum 138/TT/In/61/262, does not have any “volume”, the usage of locative preposition in and on to translate preposition di into English is interchangeable.
respondents. One respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into English preposition to and the other respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition on. However, back translation method applied to datum 138/TT/61/262 shows different result. Both of the respondents who do not translate the TLT1 preposition into SLT1 preposition translate the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition on. No data point results in one respondent is able to translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition and three respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into other English prepositions. There are two data points with no respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition in datum 90/TT/In/44/147 which does not have any TLT1 preposition, three respondents do not translate it into any English preposition. One respondent, however, translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition on. The other datum with no respondent successfully back translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition (datum 98/TT/In/47/151), has three different results of back translation method. Two respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into English preposition to. One respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition at. The other respondent translates the TLT1 preposition into English preposition toward.
3. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition on
Table 12. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition on
Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 TLT 2
R1 R2 R3 R4
31/ST/On/6/36 on di on on in on
69/ST/On/20/183 on Not
translated - on - -
72/ST/On/22/184 on di depan on top of
in front
of -
in front of
87/ST/On/26/192 on di atas on on on on
96/ST/On/29/193 on pada on on on on
134/ST/On/47/293 on di on in on on
137/ST/On/49/295 on ke to to to to
Datum 69/TT/On/20/122 shows that locative preposition on in datum 69/ST/On/20/183 does not have any Indonesian preposition as its translation. As the back translation method conducted, R1, R3, and R4 are not able to translate datum 69/TT/On/20/122 into either any of the expected locative prepositions or the non-expected English prepositions. Surprisingly, R2 is able to back translate datum 69/TT/On/20/122 into the exact SLT1 preposition which is locative preposition on.
Locative preposition on in datum 72/ST/On/22/184 is translated into Indonesian preposition di depan as shown in datum 72/TT/On/22/124. All respondents of back translation method do not translate preposition di depan into any of the expected locative prepositions. R1 translates preposition di depan into English preposition on top of. R2 and R4 come up with the same result. Both of R2 and R4 translate preposition di depan into English preposition in front of. R3, however, does not translate preposition di depan into any English preposition. None of the respondents translate preposition di depan that functions to indicate that the landmark is located behind the subject (1980: 67) in datum 72/ST/On/22/124 back into locative preposition on since locative preposition on does not have the function of showing that the subject is placed before the landmark. Locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition di depan because in the SLT1, locative preposition on is preceded by word forward which has the meaning at the front.
of back translation method for datum 87/TT/On/26/147 is as expected. All respondents well translate preposition di atas into locative preposition on, the exact same preposition it has in the SLT1.
As the translation of locative preposition on in datum 96/ST/On/29/193, the Indonesian preposition pada in datum 96/TT/On/29/149 shows a satisfying result of back translation method. All respondents of back translation method come up with the identical result. All four respondents successfully back translate preposition pada in datum 96/TT/On/29/149 into locative preposition on, its preposition in SLT1.
The Indonesian translation of locative preposition on in datum 137/ST/On/47/293 is Indonesian preposition di in datum 134/TT/On/47/253. Back translation method applied to datum 134/TT/On/47/253 has two different results. Three of the respondents, R1, R3, and R4, translate preposition di into locative preposition on, its preposition in SLT1. On the other hand, R2 translates preposition di differently into locative preposition in. R2 considers locative preposition in as the translation of preposition di in datum 134/TT/On/47/253 in view of the fact that locative preposition in is also can be used when the subject is not geometrically inside the landmark. Moreover, locative preposition in is commonly used when the landmark is hand, as in datum 134/TT/On/47/253 whose landmark is tangannya.
the respondents translates preposition ke into one of the expected locative prepositions. All respondents back translate preposition ke in datum 137/TT/On/49/258 into English preposition to that contains the directive marking as the result of locative preposition on in SLT1 that is translated into preposition ke, which makes the sentence gain directive meaning.
According to the back translation method applied to data which contain locative preposition on, the result can be concluded as follows. Two of the seven data points containing locative preposition on are satisfyingly translated by all four respondents into the SLT1 preposition. Three out of four respondents are able to translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition in two data points (datum 31/TT/On/6/21 and datum 134/TT/On/47/253). One respondent who is not able to translate the TLT1 preposition into its SLT1 preposition translates the TLT1 preposition into locative preposition in in both data points. There is no data point which has the result that two respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into its preposition in SLT1 and two other respondents translate the TLT1 preposition into other English prepositions.
first data point, the on into English preposition on top of, two respo on into English preposition in front of, and on
T1 preposition into any English preposition. In reposition in datum 137/TT/On/49/258, all fo preposition into the English preposition to.
Diagram 2. The
he Percentage of Locative Preposition in Tra Translated Back to the SL
he Percentage of Locative Preposition on Tr Translated Back to the SL
above visualize the results of back translat e means of translation variations seen thro
Evidently, 35% of locative preposition at is tive preposition, 64% for locative preposition
The results of back translation method that show the rest of the data are translated variously into different English prepositions prove the nature of prepositions as stated by Withers and Brockman in The Key to English: Prepositions 1 that prepositions
have some inherent meaning (on the table is quite different from under the table; on usually means resting on the upper surface of” and under usually means “lower than”), but we shall see that we cannot always depend on logic or meaning to tell us which preposition must be used in which expression. For instance, we live at an address, in a house, on a street, and in a city (1980: v).
Thus, the translation variations of prepositions, or in the present research, locative preposition at, in, and on, as the result of back translation method show that it is possible to translate a preposition in a language into several different prepositions in another language.
