ABSTRACT
Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University
Translating a literary work is a challenging job. There may be several problems that occur during the translation. One of them is cultural differences between the source language (SL) and target language (TL), especially the idiomatic meaning which is brought by the SL idiom. This problem might be encountered by the translators in translating the literary work such as subtitle. In this case, the subtitle is subtitle in Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. Because the focus of the study is about idioms translation, the researcher used this movie as the subject.
This research was conducted to find out the categories of the idioms in the subtitle and how the translator translated the idioms without reducing the idiomatic meaning from source language. The problem formulations for this research were formulated as: 1) Which categories of idiom are used in Ice Age Continental Drift? and 2) How does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?
To answer the research problems, the researcher conducted a qualitative research by using document analysis. The data for this research were taken from the Indonesian and English subtitle script of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. In answering the first question, the researcher categorized the idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. Meanwhile, in answering the second question, the researcher identified the translation strategy of the idioms.
The researcher found 140 idioms in the subtitle. There were 81 categorized in pure idiom, 15 idioms categorized in semi idiom, and 44 categorized in literal idiom. However, there were only 137 idiom translated by means of Baker’s (1992) theory, 11 idioms used ‘similar meaning and form’, one idiom used ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, three idioms used ‘omission’, and 121 idioms used ‘paraphrase’. The other three idioms were translated using literal translation, which includes other finding of the research.
ABSTRAK
Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma
University
Menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra merupakan pekerjaan yang menantang. Terdapat berbagai masalah yang mungkin dihadapi saat menerjemahakan. Salah satunya adalah perbedaan budaya antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target, terutama makna idiomatik yang dibawa oleh sebuah idiom bahasa sumber. Masalah ini mungkin akan dihadapi oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra seperti subtitle. Subtitle yang dimaksud dalam hal ini adalah subtitle dalam film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Karena penerjemahan idiom menjadi fokus utama dalam penelitian ini, maka dari itu peneliti menggunakan film ini sebagai subjek penelitian.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kategori-kategori dari idiom dalam subtitle dan bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom tanpa mengurangi makna idiomatik dari bahasa sumber. Rumusan-rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini diformulasikan sebagai berikut: 1) Apa saja kategori idiom yang digunakan dalam Ice Age Continental Drift? dan 2) Bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom-idiom dalam Ice Age Continental Drift?
Untuk menjawab rumusan-rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti melakukan sebuah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan dokumen analisis. Data untuk penelitian ini didapatkan dari naskah subtitle Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris dari film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Untuk menjawab rumusan pertama, peneliti mengategorikan idiom kedalam pure idiom, semi idiom dan literal idiom. Sementara itu, untuk menjawab rumusan yang kedua, peneliti mengidentifikasi strategi-strategi penerjemahan idiom.
Peneliti menemukan 140 idiom dalam subtitle. Terdapat 81 idiom dikategorikan dalam ‘pure idiom’, 15 idiom dalam ‘semi idiom’, dan 44 idiom dalam ‘literal idiom’. Namun, dari keseluruhan hanya terdapat 137 idiom yang diterjemahkan menggunakan teori dari Baker (1992). Diketahui, terdapat 11 idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning and form’, satu idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, tiga idiom menggunakan ‘omission’, dan 121 idiom menggunakan ‘paraphrase’. Sementara, ketiga sisanya diterjemahkan menggunakan ‘literal translation’, yang termasuk kedalam penemuan lain dalam penelitian.
AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF
ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT
MOVIE SUBTITLE
A SARJANAPENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Theodorus Adhicahya Student Number: 111214039
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF
ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT
MOVIE SUBTITLE
A SARJANAPENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Theodorus Adhicahya Student Number: 111214039
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2015
A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF
ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT
MOVIE SUBTITLE
By
Theodorus Adhicahya Student Number: 111214039
Approved by
Advisor
A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesison
AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF
ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT
MOVIE SUBTITLE
By
THEODORUS ADHICAHYA Student Number: 111214039
Defended before the Board of Examiners on 11 December 2015
and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chairperson :Paulus Kuswandono, Ph.D. ________________
Secretary :Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. ________________ Member : Fidelis Chosa Kastuhandani, S.Pd., M.Hum. _____________
Member : Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. _____________
Member : Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum _____________
Yogyakarta, 11 December 2015
Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University
Dean
I dedicated this
thesis to:
My beloved parents,
All my family and friends
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 11 December 2015 The Writer
Theodorus Adhicahya 111214039
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Theodorus Adhicahya
Nomor Mahasiswa : 111214039
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
AN ANALYSIS OF IDIOM TRANSLATION OF
ICE AGE: CONTINENTAL DRIFT MOVIE SUBTITLE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk meyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk perangkat data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian Pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 11 December 2015
Yang menyatakan
(Theodorus Adhicahya)
ABSTRACT
Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University
Translating a literary work is a challenging job. There may be several problems that occur during the translation. One of them is cultural differences between the source language (SL) and target language (TL), especially the idiomatic meaning which is brought by the SL idiom. This problem might be encountered by the translators in translating the literary work such as subtitle. In this case, the subtitle is subtitle in Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. Because the focus of the study is about idioms translation, the researcher used this movie as the subject.
This research was conducted to find out the categories of the idioms in the subtitle and how the translator translated the idioms without reducing the idiomatic meaning from source language. The problem formulations for this research were formulated as: 1) Which categories of idiom are used in Ice Age Continental Drift? and 2) How does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?
To answer the research problems, the researcher conducted a qualitative research by using document analysis. The data for this research were taken from the Indonesian and English subtitle script of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie. In answering the first question, the researcher categorized the idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. Meanwhile, in answering the second question, the researcher identified the translation strategy of the idioms.
The researcher found 140 idioms in the subtitle. There were 81 categorized in pure idiom, 15 idioms categorized in semi idiom, and 44 categorized in literal idiom. However, there were only 137 idiom translated by means of Baker’s (1992) theory, 11 idioms used ‘similar meaning and form’, one idiom used ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, three idioms used ‘omission’, and 121 idioms used ‘paraphrase’. The other three idioms were translated using literal translation, which includes other finding of the research.
Keywords: Idiom, translation, subtitle, Ice Age: Continental Drift
ABSTRAK
Adhicahya, Theodorus. 2015. An analysis of idiom translation of Ice Age: Continental Drift movie subtitle. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University
Menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra merupakan pekerjaan yang menantang. Terdapat berbagai masalah yang mungkin dihadapi saat menerjemahakan. Salah satunya adalah perbedaan budaya antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target, terutama makna idiomatik yang dibawa oleh sebuah idiom bahasa sumber. Masalah ini mungkin akan dihadapi oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan sebuah karya sastra seperti subtitle. Subtitle yang dimaksud dalam hal ini adalah subtitle dalam film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Karena penerjemahan idiom menjadi fokus utama dalam penelitian ini, maka dari itu peneliti menggunakan film ini sebagai subjek penelitian.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kategori-kategori dari idiom dalam subtitle dan bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom tanpa mengurangi makna idiomatik dari bahasa sumber. Rumusan-rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini diformulasikan sebagai berikut: 1) Apa saja kategori idiom yang digunakan dalam Ice Age Continental Drift? dan 2) Bagaimana penerjemah menerjemahkan idiom-idiom dalam Ice Age Continental Drift?
Untuk menjawab rumusan-rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti melakukan sebuah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan dokumen analisis. Data untuk penelitian ini didapatkan dari naskah subtitle Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris dari film Ice Age: Continental Drift. Untuk menjawab rumusan pertama, peneliti mengategorikan idiom kedalam pure idiom, semi idiom dan literal idiom. Sementara itu, untuk menjawab rumusan yang kedua, peneliti mengidentifikasi strategi-strategi penerjemahan idiom.
Peneliti menemukan 140 idiom dalam subtitle. Terdapat 81 idiom dikategorikan dalam ‘pure idiom’, 15 idiom dalam ‘semi idiom’, dan 44 idiom dalam ‘literal idiom’. Namun, dari keseluruhan hanya terdapat 137 idiom yang diterjemahkan menggunakan teori dari Baker (1992). Diketahui, terdapat 11 idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning and form’, satu idiom menggunakan ‘similar meaning, but dissimilar form’, tiga idiom menggunakan ‘omission’, dan 121 idiom menggunakan ‘paraphrase’. Sementara, ketiga sisanya diterjemahkan menggunakan ‘literal translation’, yang termasuk kedalam penemuan lain dalam penelitian.
Kata kunci: Idiom, translation, subtitle, Ice Age: Continental Drift
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My gratitude goes to those who have given their time, advice, support, and prayer to help me accomplishing this thesis. First of all, I would like to express my deepest and greatest gratitude to The Almighty God and Lord Jesus Crist,
who always give me strength and blessing during my study.
I would express my other gratitude to my thesis advisor, Fidelis Chosa Kastuhandani, S.Pd, M.Hum, for his time, patience, support, guidance, and feedback during the process of finishing the thesis. I also would like to thank him for not giving up on me so that I am able to finish this thesis.
My special thanks go to my academic advisor, Ch. Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M., for guiding me since my first year in ELESP and also for being a very great mother for us. My gratitude also goes to all of the staffs and lecturers of the ELESP for their guidance and the knowledge that they have shared during my study in ELESP Sanata Dharma University.
I would like to give my other special gratitude and thanks to my parents, Agus Aris Munandar and Veronica Tuwanti, for their love, patience, supports, and prayer. I would like to thank my sister, Rosalia Retno Widayati, my brother, Agustinus Cahyo Ristiawan, for their support and prayer. I also thank my relatives, and all of KETIB members for their support and prayer.
I express my thanks to all of my friends who have given their support and prayer, especially, Ginong, Yanu, Albert, Agung, Dony, Malik, Gerrard,
Surya, Hanung, Indri, Raras, Fanny, Tata, Ovi, Ervin, Tutik, Erlin, Yulius Dony, Fian, Heni, Selma, Nini, Icho, Adi, Devina, and Puput. I would like to thank them for reminding me to do my thesis and also their support and prayer. Last but not least, my gratitude goes for those whose name I cannot mention one by one. I am really grateful to have all those people in my life. There is no words can describe my gratitude and thanks.
Sincerely,
Theodorus Adhicahya
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
DEDICATION PAGE ... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v
PERNYATAANPERSETUJUANPUBLIKASI ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xiv
LIST OF FIGURES ... xv
LIST OF DATA ... xvi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Research Background ... 1
B. Research Problems ... 4
C. Problem Limitation ... 4
D. Research Objectives ... 4
E. Research Benefits ... 5
F. Definition of Terms ... 5
1. Idiom ... 5
2. Subtitling ... 6
3. Ice Age: Continental Drift... 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 7
A. Review on Related Study ... 7
B. Theoretical Description ... 9
1. Definition and Process of Translation ... 9
2. Type of Translation ... 11
3. Good Translation ... 14
4. Idiom ... 15
C. Theoretical Framework ... 26
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 29
A. Research Method ... 29
B. Research Setting ... 30
C. Data Sources ... 30
D. Instruments and Data Gathering ... 30
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 31
F. Research Procedure ... 33
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 35
A. Categories of Idioms... 35
1. Pure Idiom ... 36
2. Semi Idiom ... 37
3. Literal Idiom ... 39
B. Translation Strategies of Idioms ... 40
1. Similar Meaning and Form ... 42
2. Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form ... 43
3. Paraphrase ... 44
4. Omission ... 46
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 51
A. Conclusions ... 51
B. Recommendations ... 52
REFERENCES ... 54
APPENDIX ... 57
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Example of Word-for-word, Literal and Free Translation... 13 Table 2.2Structures of Phrasal Verb ... 19 Table 3.1The Applied Categories and Strategies for Idioms in the Subtitle of Ice
Age: Continental Drift ... 32 Table 4.1Frequencies of idioms Categorization ... 35 Table 4.2 Frequencies of Translation Strategies ... 41
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Larson’s Translation Process ... 10 Figure 2.2 Baker’s Idiom Translation Strategies ... 25
LIST OF DATA
Data 1. Pure Idiom Excerpt 1 ... 36
Data 2. Pure Idiom Excerpt 2 ... 37
Data 3. Literal Idiom Excerpt 1 ... 39
Data 4. Paraphrase Strategy Excerpt 1 ... 41
Data 5. Paraphrase Strategy Excerpt 2 ... 46
Data 6. Omission Strategy Excerpt 1 ... 46
Data 7. Omission Strategy Excerpt 1 ... 47
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the introduction of the study. It consists of six parts. They are research background, research problems, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
Language is a means of communication. It has both, literal and figurative meanings. Literal meaning is the direct reference of words or sentences. Meanwhile, the figurative meaning creates an image of the words or sentences which cannot be easily understood. Besides, figurative meanings are often culturally determined (Lazar, 2006). It makes figurative languages from one culture cannot be understood by people from other cultures. Figurative languages also take many forms, such as metaphors, similes, personifications, hyperboles, alliterations, cliché, and idioms. For example, the word “buaya” in Bahasa Indonesia has both literal and figurative meaning. Its literal meaning is a crocodile as an animal, while its figurative meaning is playboy or womanizer.
Those figurative languages, especially idioms are usually taught to the English learners. By using those figurative languages, they are not only learning the language but also the culture of the language itself since it stems from the underlying values and assumptions of culture or society (Lazar, 2006). Hence,
2 learning idiom or figurative language for English learners is important. Thus, teachers use many methods in teaching the idiom to the students, starting from the traditional one to the modern one. Besides, they are also able to use media such as magazines, newspapers, movies, or songs to teach the idioms.
Nowadays, movie has become something that cannot be separated from human life. Many movies with various genres have been released each year, starting from drama, comedy, action or animation. People are interested in it, because it is entertaining. It can be put into consideration for the teacher to use movie in teaching the students. It is because by watching movie, they are able to see the context where the idiom is used. According to Bello (1999), movie is a form of communication, which enables the students to see body and speech rhythm in second language discourses through observing the use of authentic language and intonation in various situations. In addition, a translated subtitle is also provided in the movie which helps the students to understand the meaning of the idioms.
consider the language before translating the subtitle, since the language is seen as a medium for expressing universals and personally as well (Newmark, 1988). Nida as quoted by Hatim and Mason (1990) also states four basic requirements of translation, they are (1) making sense, (2) convey spirit manner of the original, (3) having natural and easy form of expression, and (4) reproducing a similar response.
4 B. Research Problems
In order to achieve the objectives, there are two questions which are formulated in this study related to the topic, which is an analysis of idioms translation in the subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift.
1. Which categories of the idiom are used in Ice Age Continental Drift? 2. How does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?
C. Problem Limitation
This research is limited to the idioms of the movie. The limitation is conducted since the concern of the study is to analyze its idioms, especially the categories of idioms and the idioms translation strategies which are used in the movie. The categories of idioms used in this research are pure idiom, semi idiom, and literal idiom. Those categories were proposed by Fernando (1996). The idioms translation strategies are using four strategies proposed by Baker (1992) which are: (1) using idiom of similar meaning and form, (2) using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form, (3) translation by paraphrase, (4) translation by omission. The researcher decides to limit into those strategies since those are mostly used in translating idiom.
D. Research Objectives
find out and describe the idiom translation strategies which were applied by the translator.
E. Research Benefits
The result of this research will give the benefits for the following group of language users. They are English learner and future researcher. For English learner, the research findings would give more knowledge to the English learners about the categories of idiom. In addition, it also gives them knowledge about the idiomatic translation strategy. Thus, it enables them to make a better translation of idiom.
For future researcher, the research findings can be used as the reference for other researchers in the future who are going to conduct the same research or study about the translation and idiom.
F. Definition of Terms
In this section, definition for some terms is given in order to give the similar understanding between the researcher and the reader of this study.
1. Idiom
6 2. Subtitling
Subtitling is one of types in screen translation. It is a text which is usually found in the bottom of the movie, television or DVD. According to Gottlieb (2004), it is a diasemiotic translation in polysemiotic media, including films, TV and DVD in a form of one or more lines of written text presented on the screen in sync with the original dialogue. Similar to Gottlieb, O’Connell (2007) also defines subtitling as supplementing the original voice soundtrack by adding written text on screen.
3. Ice Age: Continental Drift
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents some theories which are going to be used to achieve the objectives. It consists of three parts. They are review on related study, theoretical description, and theoretical framework.
A. Review on Related Study
In this part, the researcher discusses the related study to the research which was conducted by the researcher. It is done in order to show the position of the researcher’s research. The researcher includes the related study so that the readers are able to know the focus of this study compared to other studies which used Ice Age movies series. There are two related studies which used the serial of Ice Age movieas the subject of the research.
The first is an undergraduate thesis which was written by Kurniadi (2012) entitled The Equivalence and the Acceptability of irritation expression translation in the subtitle of the film Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. In her thesis, Kurniadi focused on the equivalence and acceptability of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur, especially the irritation expressions in the movie. In her research, she had three objectives. First objective was to examine the equivalence of TL subtitle to the SL text. Second, she analyzed the acceptability of the translation of the irritation expression in the subtitle. Third, she analyzed the relation between equivalence and the acceptability of the translation. This study used empirical research
8 method. This method is done by collecting the data and giving some questionnaires to some respondents.
Compared to the study conducted by Kurniadi (2012), this research has some similarities related to Kurniadi’s research. Both researches are dealing with the translation and its equivalence between the SL text and the TL text. However, the focus of this research is from Kurniadi’s. In Kurniadi’s (2012), the focus of the study is one the translation of irritation expressions. Meanwhile, this research is more focus on the idioms translation in the movie. Furthermore, the researcher used the fourth sequel of Ice Age series, which is Ice Age: Continental Drift.
The second related study is an undergraduate thesis which was written by Baskara (2013) entitled An Analysis on the Verbal Humor and the Consistency of the Indonesian Subtitle in Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs. In his thesis, Baskara analyzed the translation of the verbal humor and the consistency of the TL subtitle. He had two objectives in his research. The first one was to find out the types of verbal humor the subtitle of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur and second was to determine whether the verbal humor is consistently translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Baskara used qualitative research method in a form of content analysis to do his research.
Finally, in this part, the researcher showed that there is no other studies which conduct the research on idiom translation in the subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift.
B. Theoretical Description
In this part, the researcher discusses the theories which are going to be used in the research. Generally, there are two theories that would be discussed in this chapter. Those theories are theory of translation and theory of idiom. Theory of translation consists of the definition of translation and type of translation. Meanwhile the theory of idiom consists of the definitions, types and categories, and the translation strategies of idioms.
1. Definition and Process of Translation
10 meaning. It shows the stages which have to be done. Thus, it is necessary to maintain the meaning from the source language in the target language.
Duff (1981) proposes the principles of translation. Those principles are the basic principles which are relevant to the translation. They are meaning, form, register, source language influence, style and clarity, and idioms. First, the translation should reflect on the meaning of the original text accurately. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though some part of the meaning can be ‘transpose’. Second, the ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match to the original as closely as possible. However, the difference in language structure often requires changes in the form and the order of words. Third, languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context. Translator should distinguish between formal or fixed expression and personal expression, in which the writer or speaker sets the tone. In this case translator might consider the
SOURCE RECEPTOR
Discover the meaning Text to be translated
Meaning
Re-express the meaning Translation
intension of the writer or speaker and whether the expressions are formal/informal, cold/warm, or personal/impersonal.
Fourth, many translations do not sound natural in the target language. It is because the translator’s thought and choice of words are influenced by the source language. A good way to overcome this problem is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences from memory to get the natural pattern of thought in the first language. Fifth, the translator should not change the style of original text, except the text is sloppy written or full of tedious repetitions. The last principle is about idiom. Duff (1981) also states that the idiom such as similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings, jargon, slangs, colloquialisms and phrasal verbs cannot be translated directly.
2. Type of Translation
12 The second type is classified based on the level of the source language text. He devides it into total and restricted translation. This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation. Total translation may be defined as the replacement of the SL grammar and lexis by the equivalent TL grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of the SL phonology/graphology by the non-equivalent TL phonology/graphology. In restricted translation, the SL text material is replaced by the equivalent TL text material, at only one level. It means that the translation happens only at the phonological or at the graphological, or only at one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
The last distinction in translation related to the rank in a grammatical or phonological hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established. In the normal total translation, the translation equivalence may be set up at any rank and it constantly changes; at one point, it is sentence-to-sentence, at another, group-to-group, at another, can be word-to-word. However, it is still possible for the equivalence to happen in only one rank which is called by rank-bound translation.
lexical words are again translated one by one, out of context. In order to make a clear understanding about the distinction between word-for-word translation, literal translation, and free translation an example from Catford (1965, p. 26) is provided in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Example of Word-for-word, Literal and Free Translation (Catford, 1965 p. 26)
SL text TL text
Tuhan bersama mereka
God with them! (Word-for-word)
God is with them! (Literal)
Never mind about them! (Free)
From Table 2.1 can be seen that word-for-word translation performed only in the word rank. Literal translation performed a higher level from word-for-word translation and more grammatical. Then, free translation performed interchangeable with the SL text in situation where the addressee is being advised to dismiss or disregard a triviality.
14 3. Good Translation
According to Newmark (1988), there is no such a thing like perfect, ideal or correct in translation, but a satisfactory translation is always possible. Larson (1984) argues that an ideal translation is also possible to be achieved. He states that a translation is considered as ideal translation if it is accurate to both the meaning and naturalness to language form used. Therefore, a translator is concerned that his work should be a good quality translation. In order to achieve a good or acceptable translation, Larson (1984) proposed three characteristics of it.
4. Idiom
This part discusses several theories related to idiom. It includes the definitions, types, categories and the translation strategies of idioms. The discussions are as follows.
a. Definition of idiom
According to Saussure (1989), an idiom is a reflection of the individual characteristics of a community. It means that idiom is also related to the culture of the community. It is because every language has different characteristic of idioms, since it is bounded to each culture.
16 literal and figurative meaning. Those types and categories will be discussed in the following section.
b. Type of Idiom
Based on Hockett (1958) as cited in Strassler (1982), idiom consists of six classifications or types. They are substitute, proper name, abbreviation/clipping, English phrasal compound, figure of speech and slang. Those types are presented as follows.
1) Substitute
Hockett (1958), states that a substitute includes personal pronouns and numbers. In this type, the word “I”, “you”, and “he/she” can happen to be the same idiom if they denote the same person. For example, if a speaker says he is almost there without any context, other speakers will not know what the word he refers to. The word he is commonly known as a specific male human or perhaps pet. Hence, the other speakers will not know it until the further notice.
2) Proper Name
A proper name is a symbol which designs an entity of which there is only one (Hockett, 1958). The use of proper name in one language can be different from others because it does not have a similar connotation to the proper name meaning in another language. In all human communities, there are certain recurrent idiom-creating events called naming. Naming is not only for human, but also places, animals, spirits or vehicle. This phenomenon sometimes can lead to misunderstanding. For example, I have Sally to accompany me. The word Sally is usually used as a name of a female person. However, it can probably be used as a name of a doll or an animal.
The grammatical properties of proper name might also deviate from those of the most similar ‘ordinary’ words. For a language which has noun as one of the part of speeches, then names are almost invariably nouns. However, it does not apply to the name of place. It is because sometimes the name of place appears to be locative particle. In English, the name of cities, rivers, and lakes are never preceded by an article, such as New York, or Lake Michigan. However, some might have article the preceding the name permanently, such as in The Mississippi, which is the name of a river.
3) Abbreviation/Clipping
18 by its first or stressed, syllable, whether or not that syllable has previously been a morpheme. The example of this type is ‘plane’ for ‘airplane’ or ‘aeroplane’, ‘cam’ for ‘camera’ or ‘gents’ for ‘gentleman’or ‘gentlemen’.
Another abbreviation can also be formed from the initial of the full name. This kind of abbreviation is usually used for organizational name. It happens because the organization has long name. For example, ‘UNESCO’ stands for ‘United Nation Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization’, or in Indonesia there is DPRD, which stands for ‘DewanPerwakilanRakyatDaerah’. 4) English Phrasal Compound
According to Dobrovolsky and O’Grady (1997), English phrasal compound is a way to form new words by combining two existing words. Katamba (1993) states that based on its components, English phrasal compound consists of compound noun, compound adjective, and compound verb.
First is compound noun. Compound noun is a phrase which contains a combination of lexical categories which make a noun as the head of the phrase. Katamba, (1993) states that it may contain a noun followed by another noun as in ‘daylight’, an adjective followed by a noun as in ‘hothead’ or a preposition followed by a noun as in ‘afterword’. Besides, Dobrovolsky and O’Grady (1997) add another compound noun which consists of a verb followed by a noun as in ‘crybaby’.
an adjective as in ‘daylong’, or a preposition followed by an adjective as in ‘overripe’.
Third is compound verb. Compound verbs in English are usually known as phrasal verbs. According to McCarthy and O’Dell (2010), there are four structures of phrasal verbs. Those structures are shown in a Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Structures of Phrasal Verb
No Structures Example
1. Verb + Preposition Come across
2. Verb + Adverb particle Give up
3. Verb + Object + Adverb particle
or
Verb + Adverb particle + Object
Pick him up or
Pick up it
4. Verb + Adverb particle + Preposition Run out of time
5) Figure of Speech
According to Bain (1967), figures of speech all conduce to the greater effectiveness of style; they either present a thought more vividly to the intellect, or operate more powerfully upon feelings. Wren and Martin (1981) state that figure of speech is a departure from the ordinary form of expression in order to produce a greater effect. That definition also shares the same idea as Perrine (1992), who states that figure of speech is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way. The language that uses figure of speech is called a figurative language. Little (1985) classifies the figures of speech into three classifications. He divides those classifications based on comparison, association, and other figures of speech. a) Comparison
20 definition which is comparison between two things (Wren & Martin, 1981). They also add, what makes simile different from metaphor is that simile is usually indicated by the existence of comparative conjunction such as “like” or “as” to compare two things, while metaphor is not. For example, ‘He is like a pig’ is comparing two things, which is “he”, whose characteristic is like a “pig”. That example is simile because it has a comparative conjunction, which is “like”. It would be different if the sentence is ‘he is a pig’. That sentence is still comparing two things but does not use any of the comparative conjunction. Thus, that is called metaphor.
The next type is personification. According to Gill (1985), personification is used to express the abstract idea of inanimate objects, or aspect of nature which is described as it is human. The example of this figure of speech is “the flame of the candle dance in the dark”. Analogy is a bit different from metaphor which compares two different things. It is a comparison between things which have similar features, and often used to help explain a principle or idea. Last one is Hyperbole. Based on Bain (1967), hyperbole consists of magnifying objects beyond the natural bounds. It is created by exaggerating the form of statement, the thing is represented as either greater or smaller, better or worse than it really is. b) Association
thing or concept. The example is BMW, which is a name of a car. In this case BMW is considered as metonymy because it is associated to the rich people.
Symbolism is usually existed in a literary work. It uses an object which represents or symbolizes ideas or meaning other than its literal meaning. For example is the word rose. In literary work, if a character gives rose to another character, it may function or symbolize love.
c) Other Figures of Speech
Little (1985) mentions some other figures of speech which are not included in the previous classification. Those figures of speech are apostrophe, irony, paradox, synecdoche, allegory, euphemism, and exclamation. Apostrophe is a figure of speech which is used when a person who did not exist is spoken. The example of this figure of speech is “Oh God, please bless us”. The next figure of speech is irony. Based on Tarigan (1985), it is used to mention the opposite meaning of a word. People who are sarcastic are accustomed to use this figure of speech. For example, He is genius, that he cannot recognize his own motorcycle.
22 Allegory, based on Tarigan (1985), is an improved metaphor. It is usually in a form of story which has value. For example is Cerita si Kancil. Next is euphemism. Euphemism, according to McCarthy and O’Dell (2010), is a figure of speech that avoids the use of words which may offend or be considered unpleasant. For example, the phrase pass away is more polite than died to express sympathy to the death of someone who is respected. The last is exclamation. It is a figure of speech which is used exclamatory form to draw greater attention to a point.
6) Slang
Another type of idioms is slang words. According to Dumas (1978), slang words can be associated with a language, which uses the non-standard vocabulary. Eble (1996) adds that slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that the speakers used to establish and reinforce the social identity or cohesiveness within a group in the society. Another definition is also given by Kernerman (2006), who states that slangs are words and phrases (is often used temporarily), which are used very informally. Because of its informality, slang words only restricted to a certain group of people. Leech and Svartvik (1981) state that slang is a language which is very familiar in style, and is usually restricted to the members of a particular social group, such as teenage slang, army slang or theatre slang. The example of slang is “wanna” which means “want to” or “gonna” which means “going to”.
Based on its closeness in structuring the meaning, Chaer (1986) divides idioms into two categories. First is pure idiom (idiom penuh) and second is semi idiom (idiom sebagian). Different from Chaer, Fernando (1996) categorizes idioms into three. The two of the categories are similar to Chaer’s, namely, pure idiom and semi idiom. However, in his theory, he adds one more category, which is literal idiom.
Pure idioms are a sort of idioms in which the elements constructing the idioms have lost their lexical meaning or become non-literal (Chaer, 1986). This definition is agreed by Fernando (1996), who defines that pure idioms are always non-literal, however, they may either invariable or may have little variation. It can be said that each of the word in it is become one entity. Thus, the meaning of the idioms cannot be translated literally. For example, “gulung tikar” means “bankrupt”. From the example can be seen that the words gulung and tikar cannot be translated into “roll” and “mat”. However, they are translated as an entity, which means “bankrupt”.
24 which is “saying something which is not true to deceive someone”. However, the word “white” has lost its lexical meaning, which is “a color like that of snow”.
The third category is literal idiom. Fernando (1996) states that it allows little variation. Thus, it can be considered to be transparent. Zarei and Nahid (2012) also state that the transparent idioms are those idioms which are easy to comprehend and translate. In addition, their meaning can be derived from the meaning of their constituent parts, e.g. of course, for once, all right.
d. Strategies of Idioms Translation
Translating idioms might become a problem for a translator. It is because the difficulty in interpreting the meaning of it in the source language. The misunderstanding of the translator interpretation might emerge the ambiguous meaning of it. That might be the major problem for the translator to face. As Baker (1992) believes that the ability to recognize and interpret an idiom correctly and difficulties in rendering various aspects of meaning into the target language become the main problems that idiomatic and fixed expressions pose. Furthermore, he also mentions some other problems which a translator may face. First, some idioms may have no equivalence in the TL. Second, some idioms may have a similar counterpart in the TL, but its context use may be different. Third, sometimes an idiom in the SL refers to both literal and idiomatic sense. Fourth, in a written discourse, the contexts in which idioms can be used and their frequency of use may be different in the SL and TL.
However, Baker (1992) had defined four strategies in translating idioms as shown in Figure 2.2:
The first strategy uses the idiom in target language which conveys the same meaning as the idiom in source language and consists of equivalent lexical item. Thus, the translation should be translated as equivalent as possible to the source idiom. The idiom half-hearted is one of the examples which is able to use this strategy. This idiom means to do something lack efforts and enthusiasm. In Bahasa Indonesia, this idiom can be translated into setengah hati. It has the similar meaning as half-harted and it also has the similar form as half-harted.
The second strategy is to translate the source idiom by using idiom which has the same meaning but uses different form or lexical items. It is used if the translator cannot find the similar meaning and form in the target language. It is often possible for translator to use the idiom with the similar meaning but dissimilar form. For example is the English idiom even maestros make mistake, which means nobody is perfect. This idiom is equivalent to Indonesian idiom sepandai-pandainya tupai melompat pasti akan jatuh juga. Those idioms share
Idiom Translation Strategies
Similar meaning and
form
Similar meaning, but dissimilar form
Paraphrase Omission
26 the similarities in words maestro and tupai. Both of them are used to describe the something which seems to be perfect in its field. Maestro is person who is skillful in playing or conducting music, while tupai is an animal which is skillful in jumping from one tree to another.
The next strategy is to use paraphrase to translate the idioms. This strategy is used if the translator cannot find the idioms in the target language which conveys the same meaning. In this situation, paraphrasing or writing the meaning of idiom is the way to translate the source idiom. For example, Indonesian expression tikus kantor which means a corruptor. Translators should not translate it into office rat because it will have different meaning. Therefore, the word corruptor is better to translate the source idiom.
The last strategy is omission. It is the last strategy that a translator can do in translating the idiom. For some reasons, a translator may omit the idiom in the target text. It is because it has no similar or close meaning in the target text, its meaning is difficult to be paraphrased, or for stylistic reasons.
C. Theoretical Framework
In order to solve those problems, the first thing to do is to have the knowledge about the translation and idiom itself. The researcher cited some definitions and more explanation from Newmark (1988) and Catford (1965) about the definition of translation and the literal translation. The researcher also cited a theory about the classification of a good translation from Larson (1984). Those theories helped the researcher to have the necessary knowledge of translation which was needed in the research. In addition, those theories kept the analysis of the study staying on the track. Besides, the researcher also used Duff’s (1981) theory about the principles of translation. This theory was used to help the researcher to see the basic requirements of translation. The researcher also provided the criteria for a good translation from Larson (1984). Those theories were used to analyze the translation result in this research. It was used in order to analyze whether the translation result is acceptable or not.
28 To answer the first problem, the researcher used Fernando’s (1996) and Chaer’s (1986) theories about categories of idiom. Fernando (1996) defines that there are three categories of idiom, namely, pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. Different from Fernando, Chaer (1986) only categorizes idom into two categories, namely, pure idiom and semi idiom. The also He categorizes idioms into two categories based on the closeness of their elements in structuring the meaning. Those categories are pure idiom and semi idiom. Besides, the researcher also included Fernando’s (1996) theory about the categories of idiom to complete Chaer’s theory. In his theory, Fernando adds one more category which is literal idiom. Thus, the researcher used the combination of both theories in order to get the better analysis in categorizing the data.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology used to answer the research problems. There are six parts in this chapter. They are research method, research setting, data sources, instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis technique and research procedure.
A. Research Method
This research used qualitative research. It was chosen because the research was going to deal with documents and description analysis, which did not need any statistic formula. As Huda (1999) proposes, those which do not utilize statistical analysis and are confirmed to description of concepts or phenomenon categories are termed qualitative. Thus, this method was considered as suitable for this study.
The researcher also used document analysis which also belongs to qualitative research. It was supported by Ary, Jacobs and Sorensen (2002), who stated that “it is a research method applied to written or visual material for the purpose of identifying specific characteristic of the materials”. It was also added that the materials could be textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of the host of other type of documents. Related to the theory, the researcher’s documents were English and
30 Indonesian subtitle of the Ice Age: Continental Drift. The method was conducted because the researcher wanted to analyze the idiom in the movie.
B. Research Setting
This research was conducted from August to November 2015. The researcher collected the data from the English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. There was no specific place in conducting the research. It is because the subjects of this research were the English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift.
C. Data Sources
The data sources of this research were English and Indonesian subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. It is a 2012 animation movie directed by Steve Martino and Mike Thurmeire and also written by Michael Berg, Jason Fuchs, and Lori Forte. This movie is the forth sequel of Ice Age movies. Ice Age (2002), Ice Age: Meltdown (2006) and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) were the other three movies before it was released.
D. Instruments and Data Gathering
documents including letters, printed documents, printings, photographs, charts, maps, newspaper, video television programs and films. The Indonesian subtitle was retrieved in August, 3 2015, from http:/subscene.com/u/596363 and it was translated by Pein Akatsuki, the member of IDFL.us sub crew.
The main instruments for this research were Ice Age: Continental Drift subtitle scripts and Ice Age: Continental Drift movie which was released in 2012. In gathering the data, the researcher watched the movie and read the subtitle of the movie. While doing them, the researcher listed down the idiom found in the English subtitle. The next thing to do was, the researcher found the translation of the idiom in the Indonesian subtitle and put them into the table. Afterward, the researcher classified the idiom and analyzed the translation strategy.
The researcher also used some online dictionaries as the references. Those dictionaries are used to help the researcher find the literal meaning or the meaning of the idiomatic words and phrases. Thus, both, the main instrument and dictionaries helped the researcher in finding and analyzing the data.
E. Data Analysis Technique
Since the research method was qualitative research, there were three general steps in analyzing the data. Creswell (2007) proposes that those three general steps are preparing and organizing the data, reducing the data through process coding, and representing the data.
32 researcher listed the idioms found in it and searched the translation on the Indonesian subtitle.
The second step was reducing the data through process coding. In this part, the researcher categorized the English idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom, and literal idiom as proposed by Fernando (1996). Then, the researcher also analyzed the translation strategy of those idioms using Baker translation strategy. The final step was presenting the data. The data were presented through table.
Table 3.1 The Applied Categories and Strategies for Idioms in the Subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift
No English Version Indonesian Version Categories Strategies
… … … … …
70 00:38:57--> 00:39:00
They think we're
Dan tak bisa melakukan hal yang benar.
Literal idiom Paraphrase
… … … … …
Table 3.1 was used to present the data of this research. In this table, the researcher put the idioms and the categorization of which the idiom belongs. Through this table, the researcher analyzed the idioms and categorized them into pure idiom, semi idiom or literal idiom. In addition, the researcher also put the English and Indonesian idioms in this table, which later, those were compared and analyzed which strategy that was used to translate the idiom. Through this table the researcher was helped to make the data easier to be presented.
F. Research Procedure
This part explains the research procedures which were done by the researcher in conducting the research. Those procedures were collecting the data, categorizing the idioms, analyzing the translation strategy, and drawing conclusion. Those procedures were presented as follows.
The first step which was done by the researcher was collecting the data. In collecting data, the researcher searched the idioms in the English subtitle script. The researcher also watched the movie in order to see the context of the idioms. Afterward, the researcher listed all of the idioms that were found in the English subtitle of Ice Age: Continental Drift. In addition, the researcher listed the translation of the idioms found. It was done in order to make the analysis easier. Furthermore, the researcher used the reference from dictionaries to make sure the idioms.
The second step, the researcher categorized the English idioms into pure idiom, semi idiom, and literal idiom. The researcher used the idiom dictionary to find the meaning of those idioms. It was done to make sure that the researcher categorized them correctly. This process became the answer of the first problem formulation.
34 translation strategies which were proposed by Baker (1992). This process was done in order to answer the second research problem.
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the findings of the research. There will be three parts in this chapter, namely categories of idioms, translation strategies of idioms and other findings. In the first part, the researcher presents the answer for the first problem formulation, which is ‘What are the categories of idiom used in Ice Age Continental Drift?’. In the second part, the researcher presents the strategies in translating the idioms in the subtitle of the movie. It is also used to answer the second problem formulation, which is ‘how does the translator translate the idioms in Ice Age Continental Drift?’.
A. Categories of Idioms
This part presented the categorization of the idioms based on the combination between Chaer’s (1986) and Fernando’s (1996) theory. Accordingly, the idioms were categorized based on the closeness of their elements in structuring the meaning, namely, pure idiom, semi idiom and literal idiom. The researcher found 140 idioms in the movie. They consisted of 81 pure idioms, 15 semi idioms and 44 literal idioms.
Table 4.1 Frequencies of idioms Categorization
No. Categories Frequency Percentage
1. Pure Idiom 81 57.9%
2. Semi Idiom 15 10.7%
3. Literal Idiom 44 31.4%
Total 140 100%
36
1. Pure Idiom
Referring to Chaer’s (1986) and Fernando’s (1996) theory, pure idioms are a sort of idioms in which the elements constructing the idioms has lost their lexical meaning or become non literal. Thus, the meaning cannot be predicted from each of the word or cannot be translated literally. In the findings, most of the idioms belonged to pure idiom, which were 81 idioms. It can be said that this category dominated the categorization of the data found in the subtitle.
Excerpt from 00:58:35 --> 00:58:44
Sid : Oh, yeah! Love.
Diego : You mean with the pirate? No.
Sid : Shira's gotten under your skin. Come on, admit it.
Data 1. Pure Idiom Found in Excerpt 1
because each element of this idiom has lost its lexical meaning. Thus, the researcher categorized it into pure idiom.
The second example is also found in the phrase have each other’s back. This phrase literally means to get the back part of someone’s body. In contrary, this idiom means to protect each other so that there is no one who will attack. In other word, this phrase can be interpreted as to help each other. From Data 2 it is shown that the phrasehave each other’s back is a pure idiom since it has lost its lexical meaning. Therefore, this idiom was categorized into pure idiom.
The researcher categorized these idioms into pure idiom because both of them had lost their lexical meaning. The meaning which was brought by those idioms did not have any connection to the each element constructing them. In addition, although some of them were translated literally, they are still considered as a symbol and bring their idiomatic sense with them. Other pure idioms which are not mentioned in this part also still have their idiomatic sense with them. Therefore, they are still in the line with the definition of pure idiom mentioned previously.
2. Semi Idiom
Semi idioms are sort of idioms in which there is still the lexical meaning in a part of the elements constructing idioms (Chaer, 1986). In other word, semi
Excerpt from 00:45:09 00:45:12
Shira : A herd. What's the difference?
Diego: We have each other's backs.
38 idioms are constructed from one or more literal constituents and one non literal sub sense (Fernando, 1996). In the findings, the researcher found 15 idioms which included in this category. This category was the least idiom category which was found in the subtitle.
The first example of this idiom is piracy doesn’t pay. Actually, this idiom is adopted from crime doesn’t pay. It was done because in the movie, the one who did a crime was a pirate. In addition, there is a similarity between crime and piracy, which is both of them are doing an illegal activities. Meanwhile, the word pay literally means ‘to give money to someone for something you want to buy or for services provided’. The meaning of piracy doesn’t pay is not ‘an illegal action which does not give money for something or services provided’. However, it means ‘every illegal or bad action should be caught or punished’. In the TL subtitle, it was translated into perompak tak tau aturan. This translation is considered less accurate because the idiomatic meaning of the idiom was not represented in TL subtitle. The target reader will not get the same understanding or interpretation as the source language speakers. This idiom categorized in semi idiom because one of the parts in this idiom still maintained its lexical meaning, which is piracy.
plastic, metal or ceramic container which is filled with water’. However, it means ‘to help someone to get the bath ready’. Because it is a comedy movie, the bath which was meant was not a usual bath, but it was an ocean. Even though it was an ocean, grandma thought that it was a bath filled with water. In TL subtitle, instead of translating into mengisi bak mandiku, the translator paraphrases it into membuatku mandi, which was more natural for the TL speaker. Nevertheless, this idiom was still considered as semi idiom. It was because one of the elements in this idiom had lost its lexical meaning. That also happened to the rest of the semi idioms which had been analyzed in this study. They are still fit to the definition of semi idioms.
3. Literal Idiom
Based on Fernando (1996), it is said that literal idioms can be considered to be transparent. Hence, their meaning can be derived from the meaning of their constituent parts. In addition, he also mentions that literal idioms are easy to comprehend and translate. Based on the result findings, there were 44 idioms, which were categorized into literal idiom. Most of the literal idioms found in this research were also in a form of English phrasal compound. According to Dobrovolsky and O’Grady (1997), it is a way to form new words by combining two existing words.
Excerpt from 00:05:45 00:05:58
Uncle Fungus : Hey, paws up, everybody!
Marshall : Paws down, Uncle, please! That is nasty.
40 The first example is paws up in Data 3. It was included in English phrasal verb. ‘Paws up’ is adopted from idiom hands up. Actually, this idiom can be categorized into either pure or literal idiom. It depends on the context where this idiom is used. If it was considered as pure idiom, the meaning of this idiom is ‘to surrender’. However, in this case, the idiom paws up is considered as literal idiom. It is because they can be translated from its constituent parts. Thus, this idiom is considered as literal idiom.
Another example of English phrasal compound is all right. It is a compound adjective and also considered as literal idiom. It consists of words all and right. All means ‘the whole’, while right means ‘correct’. However, those words created a new meaning because it was one unity. ‘All right’ means ‘to shows satisfactory, good, agreed, certainly, safe or harmless, and pleasant feeling’. The idiom which was used in the sentence ‘Peaches, are you all right?’ meant ‘well or harmless’. In the TL subtitle, this idiom is translated into ‘Peaches kau baik saja?’. It seems that the translator had correctly transferred the meaning of the idiom. However, it was rare to hear the TL speaker to say kau baik saja, rather, it would be better if it becomes ‘Kau baik-baik saja’. Moreover by using the repetition of word baik into baik-baik, it would be more natural for the target language speakers.
B. Translation Strategies of Idioms
from the subtitle was analyzed by using Baker’s theory (1992) about idiom translation strategies. Those strategies are: (1) Translating idioms using similar meaning and form, (2) Translating idioms using similar meaning but dissimilar form, (3) Translating idioms by paraphrasing, and (4) Translating idioms by omission. However, some of the idioms found in the subtitle of the movie were translated using another strategy of translation, which is literal translation. Table 4.2 shows the findings of idioms translation strategies used in the Ice Age: Continental Drift movie.
Table 4.2 Frequencies of Translation Strategies
No Strategies Frequencies Percentage
1 Similar Meaning and Form 11 7.9%
2 Similar Meaning Dissimilar Form 1 0.7%
3 Paraphrase 122 87.2%
4 Omission 3 2.1%
5 Literal Translation 3 2.1%
Total 140 100%
42 This strategy was rarely used in translating the idioms in the subtitle. There was only one idiom or 0.7% using this strategy.
1. Similar Meaning and Form
Based on Baker (1992), this strategy uses idiom in target language which conveys the same meaning and as the idiom in source language and consists of equivalent lexical item. In other words, the source language idiom is translated using target language idiom which has the similar meaning and form. Thus, it is possible produce an equivalent idiom translation in target language.
From the data analysis, the researcher found 11 idioms which were translated using this strategy. Those which were considered to use this strategy used TL idiom which conveys the similar meaning to the source language idiom. Therefore, the researcher provided some of the idioms which were translated using this strategy. Those idioms will be explained as follows.
characteristic of an ideal translation which are proposed by Larson (1984). First, it does not add or omit any information from the SL idiom. As a result, the meaning from SL idiom is transferred accurately. Second, the meaning from ‘bukanlah akhir dunia’ is also easy to understand by the TL speaker as same as the SL speaker. Third, the translation sounds natural for the TL speaker because the TL idiom exists in the TL. Thus, the TL speaker will consider it as their own language.
Another example which was found in this research was ‘before you know it’. It was translated into ‘sebelum kau menyadarinya’. Both idioms have similar meaning which is ‘very quick or very soon’. In addition, they also have similar lexical items. The words ‘before’ and ‘sebelum’, ‘you’ and ‘kau’, and ‘know it’ and ‘menyadarinya’, all of them are equal to each other and carrying the similar idiomatic meaning. Hence, this idiom translation was considered as acceptable and appropriate for the target language speaker. This conclusion was drawn from Larson’s theory. Just like the previous idiom, this idiom also has those three characteristics. The translation is accurate, clear and natural for the TL speaker.
2. Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form
44 idiom which used this strategy, which is ‘take up much space’. It was the least strategy which was used to translate the idiom. This idiom used different lexical items from the SL idiom, yet, it carries similar meaning to the SL idiom.
The only idiom which was translated using this strategy is ‘take up much space’. The meaning of this idiom is ‘to fill or occupy space’. In Bahasa Indonesia, ‘take up’ literally means ‘menggunakan’ and ‘space’ literally means ‘ruang atau tempat’. Thus, if it was translated using the first strategy it would become ‘menggunakan terlalu banyak tempat’. This translation was less appropriate to be used because it had lost its idiomatic sense. However, in this case, the translator translated the SL idiom using TL idiom which has dissimilar form or lexical items, which is ‘memakan tempat’. The meaning of ‘memakan tempat’ is similar to ‘take up much space’. Hence, this translation is more appropriate. It is because the translation still brings the idiomatic meaning of the SL idiom even though it has dissimilar form from the SL idiom. In further analysis, this translation was considered as an acceptable translation. The accuracy, clarity, and the naturalness of the translation had been fulfilled.
3. Paraphrase
