MILITARY INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

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Handbook of

MILITARY

INDUSTRIAL

ENGINEERING

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Industrial Innovation Series

Series Editor

Adedeji B. Badiru

Department of Systems and Engineering Management Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) – Dayton, Ohio

PUBLISHED TITLES

Computational Economic Analysis for Engineering and Industry Adedeji B. Badiru & Olufemi A. Omitaomu

Handbook of Industrial and Systems Engineering Adedeji B. Badiru

Handbook of Military Industrial Engineering Adedeji B.Badiru & Marlin U. Thomas

Industrial Project Management: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques Adedeji B. Badiru, Abidemi Badiru, and Adetokunboh Badiru Knowledge Discovery from Sensor Data

Auroop R. Ganguly, João Gama, Olufemi A. Omitaomu, Mohamed Medhat Gaber, and Ranga Raju Vatsavai

Systems Thinking: Coping with 21st Century Problems John Turner Boardman & Brian J. Sauser

Techonomics: The Theory of Industrial Evolution H. Lee Martin

Triple C Model of Project Management: Communication, Cooperation, Coordination Adedeji B. Badiru

FORTHCOMING TITLES

Beyond Lean: Elements of a Successful Implementation Rupy (Rapinder) Sawhney

Handbook of Industrial Engineerng Calculations and Practice Adedeji B. Badiru & Olufemi A. Omitaomu

Industrial Control Systems: Mathematical and Statistical Models and Techniques Adedeji B. Badiru, Oye Ibidapo-Obe, & Babatunde J. Ayeni

Modern Construction: Productive and Lean Practices Lincoln Harding Forbes

Project Management: Systems, Principles, and Applications Adedeji B. Badiru

Research Project Management Adedeji B. Badiru

Statistical Techniques for Project Control Adedeji B. Badiru

STEP Project Management: Guide for Science, Technology, and Engineering Projects Adedeji B. Badiru

Technology Transfer and Commercialization of Environmental Remediation Technology Mark N. Goltz

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Handbook of

MILITARY INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

EDITED BY

ADEDEJI B. BADIRU MARLIN U. THOMAS

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Boca Raton London New York

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of military industrial engineering / editors, Adedeji B. Badiru, Marlin U. Thomas.

p. cm. -- (Industrial innovation series)

“A CRC title.”

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4200-6628-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)

1. Military engineering--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Industrial engineering--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Badiru, Adedeji Bodunde, 1952- II. Thomas, Marlin U., 1942- III. Title. IV. Series.

UG150.H46 2009

355.4--dc22 2009001090

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

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who stood by us through it all.

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I

PART Executive Summary

1

Executive Summary: Handbook of Military

Industrial Engineering ...1-1 Adedeji B. Badiru

I

PART I Modeling and Optimization

2

Optimizing a Physical Security Configuration Using

a Highly Detailed Simulation Model ...2-1 Tom Marechal, Alice E. Smith, Volkan Ustun,

Jeffrey S. Smith, and Erjen Lefeber

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A Time-Window Constrained Scheduling of Target

Illuminators in Naval Battle-group Antiair Warfare ...3-1 Youngho Lee and Hanif D. Sherali

4

Multiple Criteria Optimization Models for Supplier Selection ...4-1 A. Ravi Ravindran and Vijay Wadhwa

5

Probabilistic Modeling for UAV Path Planning in

the Presence of Threat Zones ...5-1 Barbara Pfeiffer, Rajan Batta, Kathrin Klamroth, and Rakesh Nagi

6

Modeling the End-to-End Military Transportation Problem ...6-1 James T. Moore, J. Wesley Barnes, and Raymond R. Hill

7

New Advances in Solving the Weapon–Target

Assignment Problem ...7-1 Ravindra K. Ahuja, Arvind Kumar, Krishna C. Jha, and James B. Orlin

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viii Contents

8

Optimization Model for Military Budget

Allocation and Capital Rationing ...8-1 Adedeji B. Badiru and Charles H. Aikens

9

An Overview of Meta-Heuristics and Their Use in

Military Modeling ...9-1 Raymond R. Hill and Edward A. Pohl

II

PART I Reliability and Maintenance

10

Recent Advances in Optimal Reliability Allocation ...10-1 Way Kuo and Rui Wan

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Lower Confidence Bounds for System Reliability from

Binary Failure Data Using Bootstrapping ...11-1 Lawrence M. Leemis

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Assessing the Reliability of a Contingency Logistics Network ...12-1 Marlin U. Thomas

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Computing Small-Fleet Aircraft Availabilities Including

Redundancy and Spares ...13-1 Jeffery K. Cochran and Theodore P. Lewis

14

High Velocity Maintenance: The Role of Industrial

Engineering in USAF Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul ...14-1 Doug Keene, Frank Dement, and Gary O’Neill

15

Beyond Authorized versus Assigned: Aircraft

Maintenance Personnel Capacity ...15-1 Jeremy A. Howe, Benjamin A. Thoele, Scotty A. Pendley,

Anthony F. Antoline, and Roger D. Golden

I

PART V Contingency Planning and Logistics

16

Joint and Multinational Campaign Planning:

A Project/Program Management Approach ...16-1 Richard F. Deckro, James T. Moore, Michael L. Fredley,

Jack A. Jackson, Michael J. Artelli, and John C. Van Hove

17

Mobilizing Marine Corps Officers ...17-1 Dan O. Bausch, Gerald G. Brown, Danny R. Hundley, Stephen H. Rapp, and Richard E. Rosenthal

18

The Deployment Scheduling Analysis Tool (DSAT) ...18-1 Thom J. Hodgson, Barbra Melendez, Kristin A. Thoney, and Tim E. Trainor

19

The Deployment Analysis Network Tool Extended (DANTE) ...19-1 Thom J. Hodgson, W. Owen Spivey, Tim E. Trainor, and Michael K. Williams

20

Reserve Manufacturing Capacity for Augmenting Contingency

Logistics Requirements ...20-1 Marlin U. Thomas and Mark A. Lawley

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21

Inventory Models for Contingency Operations ...21-1 Marlin U. Thomas

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Planning the Ground Force for Operations in the Post-Cold War Era:

A Systems Analysis Approach ...22-1 W. Peter Cherry, Reiner K. Huber, and Thom J. Hodgson

V

PART Supply Chain and Decision Making

23

Supply Chain Management ...23-1 Douglas M. Lambert

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Hierarchical Dynamic Decision Making ...24-1 Adedeji B. Badiru

V

PART I Human Factors and Ergonomics

25

Human Factors in Military Systems ...25-1 Misty Blue and Raymond R. Hill

26

Digital Warfighter Modeling for Military Applications ...26-1 Karim Abdel-Malek, Jingzhou (James) Yang, Timothy Marler, and Jasbir Arora

VI

PART I Management and Process Improvement

27

Achieving Strategic Aims: Moving Toward a Process-Based

Government Enterprise ...27-1 George R. Freeman

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The Military Performance Team ...28-1 Jesse W. Brogan

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How to Initiate Performance Management Within the US Army ...29-1 Jesse W. Brogan

30

Critical Resource Diagramming and Work-Rate Analysis ...30-1 Adedeji B. Badiru

31

Innovative Techniques and Practical Software Tools for Addressing

Military Analytical Problems ...31-1 Bobbie L. Foote and Simon R. Goerger

32

Countering Forgetting Through Training and Deployment ...32-1 Mohamad Y. Jaber, Hemant V. Kher, and Darwin J. Davis

33

Half-Life Theory of Learning Curves ...33-1 Adedeji B. Badiru and Anota O. Ijaduola

34

Readiness for Organizational Change: The Systematic

Development of a Scale ...34-1 Daniel T. Holt, Achilles A. Armenakis, Hubert S. Feild, and Stanley G. Harris

Appendix A ... Appendix A-1 Index ...Index-1

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Preface

Recent global events have necessitated the need to look at military operations more critically in terms of process design, planning, management, improvement, and control. Industrial engineering offers one proven approach to achieving that goal. Industrial engineering has been applied to military operations for many decades. Unfortunately, until now, there has not been a focused collection of the applica- tions for ease of reference. The Handbook of Military Industrial Engineering presents a compilation of the fundamental tools of industrial engineering techniques with a focus on military applications.

Examples of the roles that industrial engineering plays in military operations can be seen in many present operational strategies of the military. Industrial engineering is well versed and appropriately positioned to create, adapt, utilize, and disseminate new knowledge and tools for direct application to military operations. The versatility of industrial engineering has been demonstrated again and again over the years. It is through the application of industrial engineering principles, tools, and techniques that many operational improvements have been achieved in many organizations.

The chapters in this handbook are contributed by well-known industrial engineering authors, researchers, educators, and practitioners. The contents of the book will help military organizations to effectively evaluate operational constraints of time, cost, and performance. The techniques and applications contained in the book cut across all military services: Air Force, Navy, Army, Marines corps.

The utility of the handbook is not limited to one national focus. Mutual applications can be found in friendly and cooperating nations. In military organizations, workers need to know which tools and techniques to use for the various operational challenges that they face in day-to-day functional respon- sibilities. In operational crises, industrial engineering techniques can be used to identify sources of problems and to make operational corrections as well as respond to emergencies efficiently and effectively. Industrial engineering research and development can lead to the identification of the most effec- tive ways to use human resources, tools, and work processes. Thus, this handbook has potential utility in nonmilitary applications.

Part I of the handbook presents an Executive Summary of military applications of industrial engineering. Part II consists of chapters on Modeling and Optimization. Part III consists of chapters on Reliability and Maintenance. Part IV consists of chapters on Contingency Planning and Logistics. Part V consists of chapters on Supply Chain and Decision Making. Part VI consists of chapters on Human Factors and Ergonomics. Part VII consists of chapters on Management and Process Improvement. The handbook is expected to be a valuable reference material for students, educators, researchers, policy makers, and practitioners.

Adedeji Badiru Marlin U. Thomas

Air Force Institute of Technology

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Acknowledgments

We thank all our colleagues, friends, and family who supported us and found reasons to bear with us throughout the long journey of putting together this monumental compilation. We appreciate the intellectually rich environment of the Air Force Institute of Technology, which provided the motiva- tion for initiating this handbook project. We also thank Iswat Badiru for her typing and administrative support for the project. She diligently retyped and reformatted many of the initial manuscript submis- sions including several graphics contained in the handbook. Without her dedicated support, this project could not have been completed within the desired schedule, cost, and quality metrics.

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Editors

Adedeji Badiru is a professor and department head at the Department of Systems and Engineering Management at the Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, OH. He was previously professor and department head of Industrial and Information Engineering at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville. Prior to that, he was professor of industrial engineering and Dean of University College at the University of Oklahoma. He is a registered professional engineer, a fellow of the Institute of Industrial Engineers, and a fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Engineering. He holds BS in Industrial Engineering, MS in Mathematics, and MS in Industrial Engineering from Tennessee Technological University, and PhD in Industrial Engineering from the University of Central Florida. His areas of inter- est include mathematical modeling, project modeling and analysis, economic analysis, and productiv- ity analysis and improvement. He is the author of several books and technical journal articles. He is a member of several professional associations including Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), American Society of Engineering Management (ASEM) Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), Institute for Operations Research and Management Science (INFORMS), American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), New York Academy of Science (NYAS), and Project Management Institute (PMI).

He has served as a consultant to several organizations around the world including Russia, Mexico, Taiwan, Nigeria, and Ghana. He has conducted customized training workshops for numerous organizations including Sony, AT&T, Seagate Technology, US Air Force, Oklahoma Gas and Electric, Oklahoma Asphalt Pavement Association, Hitachi, Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation, and ExxonMobil.

He has won several awards for his teaching, research, publications, administration, and professional accomplishments. He holds a leadership certificate from the University Tennessee Leadership Institute.

Professor Badiru has served as a technical project reviewer, curriculum reviewer, and proposal reviewer for several organizations including The Third-World Network of Scientific Organizations, Italy, National Science Foundation, National Research Council, and the American Council on Education. He is on the editorial and review boards of several technical journals and book publishers. Professor Badiru has also served as an Industrial Development Consultant to the United Nations Development Program.

Marlin U. Thomas is dean of the Graduate School of Engineering and Management at the Air Force Institute of Technology. He was previously a professor and past head of the School of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University where he has also served as director of the Institute for Interdisciplinary Engineering Studies. He received his BSE (1967) from the University of Michigan-Dearborn, and MSE (1968) and PhD (1971) from the University of Michigan, all in industrial engineering. He is a registered professional engineer in Michigan, with engineering R&D and product development experience with Owens-Illinois, Inc., and as a manager of vehicle reliability planning and analysis with Chrysler Corporation. He has also served as a program director for the National Science Foundation for operations research and production systems. His teaching and research areas include stochastic modeling, reliability and logistics systems, with an emphasis on contingency operations. He has authored or

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xvi Editors

coauthored over 75 articles and technical papers that have appeared in IIE Transactions, Operations Research, Management Science, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, and others and delivered over 100 presentations and lectures at major conferences and universities.

Professor Thomas has held a number of leadership positions including past-president of the Institute of Industrial Engineers; secretary of the Operations Research Society of America; department edi- tor, IIE Transactions; area editor, Operations Research; and member of the Army Science Board. He has received several awards for his professional accomplishments including the Institute of Industrial Engineering’s highest honor, the Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Award. He is a member of the Military Operations Research Society, American Society for Engineering Education, American Indian Science and Engineering Society; and fellow of the American Society for Quality, the Institute of Industrial Engineers, and the Institute for Operations Research and Management Sciences. He is also a retired captain in Civil Engineer Corps for the US Navy Reserve.

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Karim Abdel-Malek

Departments of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa

Ravindra K. Ahuja

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

Charles H. Aikens

Department of Industrial and Information Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee

Anthony F. Antoline

Maintenance Studies Branch Air Force Logistics Management

Agency

Montgomery, Alabama

Achilles A. Armenakis

Department of Business Management Auburn University Auburn, Alabama

Jasbir Arora

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering/

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa

Michael J. Artelli

Directorate of Analyses and Lessons Learned Air Combat Command Langley Air Force Base Newport News, Virginia

Adedeji B. Badiru

Department of Systems and Engineering Management Air Force Institute of

Technology

Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio

J. Wesley Barnes

Graduate Program in Operations Research and Industrial Engineering

The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas

Rajan Batta

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York

Dan O. Bausch

Operations Research Department Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California

Misty Blue

Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering

Wright State University Dayton, Ohio

Jesse W. Brogan

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

Silver Spring, Maryland

Gerald G. Brown

W. Peter Cherry

SAIC: Future Combat Systems Vienna, Virginia

Jeffery K. Cochran

Department of Operational Sciences

Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio

Darwin J. Davis

Department of Business Administration University of Delaware Newark, Delaware

Richard F. Deckro

Frank Dement

Robins Air Force Base Georgia

Contributors

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xviii Contributors

Hubert S. Feild

Shool of Business Auburn University Auburn, Alabama

Bobbie L. Foote

United States Military Academy West Point, New York

Michael L. Fredley

National Reconnaissance Office Chantilly, Virginia

George R. Freeman

Air Force Center for Systems Engineering

Simon R. Goerger

National War College Fort McNair Washington, DC

Roger D. Golden

Agency

Montgomery, Alabama

Stanley G. Harris

Department of Business Management Auburn University Auburn, Alabama

Raymond R. Hill

Thom J. Hodgson

Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina

Daniel T. Holt

Department of Systems and Engineering Management Air Force Institute of Technology Dayton, Ohio

Jeremy A. Howe

Agency

Montgomery, Alabama

Reiner K. Huber

University of the Federal Armed Forces

Munich, Germany

Danny R. Hundley

Anota O. Ijaduola

Department of Physics Monmouth College Monmouth, Illinois

Mohamad Y. Jaber

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Ryerson University Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Jack A. Jackson

Institute for Defense Analyses Alexandria, Virginia

Krishna C. Jha

Innovative Scheduling, Inc.

Gainesville, Florida

Doug Keene

Hemant V. Kher

Department of Business Administration University of Delaware Newark, Delaware

Kathrin Klamroth

Department of Mathematics University of Wuppertal Wuppertal, Germany

Arvind Kumar

Innovative Scheduling, Inc.

Gainesville, Florida

Way Kuo

College of Engineering City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, People’s Republic of

China

Douglas M. Lambert

Fisher College of Business The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

Mark A. Lawley

Department of Industrial Engineering

Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana

Youngho Lee

Division of Information Management Engineering Korea University

Seoul, Republic of Korea

Erjen Lefeber

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Eindhoven University of Technology

Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Lawrence M. Leemis

Department of Mathematics The College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia

Theodore P. Lewis

Air Force Material Command Headquarters

Tom Marechal

Eindhoven University of Technology

Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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Timothy Marler

Center for Computer Aided Design

The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa

Barbra Melendez

Department of Mathematics United States Military Academy West Point, New York

James T. Moore

Rakesh Nagi

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York

Gary O’Neill

James B. Orlin

Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of

Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Scotty A. Pendley

Agency

Montgomery, Alabama

Barbara Pfeiffer

Department of Mathematics University of Wuppertal Wuppertal, Germany

Edward A. Pohl

Department of Industrial Engineering

University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas

Stephen H. Rapp

A. Ravi Ravindran

Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania

Richard E. Rosenthal

Hanif D. Sherali

Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University Blacksburg, Virginia

Alice E. Smith

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Auburn University Auburn, Alabama

Jeffrey S. Smith

W. Owen Spivey

Combat Development Engineering Field Office Fort Eustis, Virginia

Benjamin A. Thoele

Agency

Montgomery, Alabama

Kristin A. Thoney

College of Textiles

North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina

Marlin U. Thomas

Graduate School of Engineering and Management

Air Force Institute of Technology

Tim E. Trainor

Department of Systems Engineering

United States Military Academy West Point, New York

Volkan Ustun

John C. Van Hove

Studies and Analysis Squadron Air Education and Training

Command

Randolph Air Force Base San Antonio, Texas

Vijay Wadhwa

Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania

Rui Wan

Department of Industrial and Information Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee

Michael K. Williams

Transportation Engineering Agency

JDPAC & SDDCTEA Scott Air Force Base Illinois

Jingzhou (James) Yang

Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas

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1 Executive Summary: Handbook of Military

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Executive Summary

I

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Executive Summary: 1

Handbook of Military Industrial Engineering

Adedeji B. Badiru

Air Force Institute of Technology

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