THE INFLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI
AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS
RED
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yuliana Sri Maharani Student Number: 061214126
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
i
THE INFLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI
AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS
RED
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yuliana Sri Maharani Student Number: 061214126
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iii
THE INFLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI
AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS RED
By
Yuliana Sri Maharani Student Number: 061214126
Defended before the Board of Examiners on October 31, 2011
and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chairperson : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.PD. ______________
Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. ______________
Member : Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______________
Member : Dr. Ant. Herujiyanto, M.A. ______________
Member : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.PD. ______________
Yogyakarta, October 31, 2011 Faculty of Teachers Training and Education
Sanata Dharma University Dean,
iv
Never Stop Dreaming,
Never Stop Trying, and
Never Stop Struggling
This thesis is dedicated to:
v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work of parts of the work of other people, except those cited and quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, October 31, 2011 The Writer
vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Yuliana Sri Maharani
Nomor Mahasiswa : 061214126
Demi Pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION
TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI
AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS RED
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikan di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 31 Oktober 2011 Yang menyatakan,
vii
ABSTRACT
Maharani, Yuliana S. 2011. The Influence of Olive’s Personality on His Motivation to Murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi as Seen in Orhan Pamuk’s My Name is Red. Yogyakarta: Department of Language and Arts
Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Some people are brave enough to commit crimes particularly killing other people. This deed is influenced by certain factors and reasons. These factors and reasons can be emerged from ourselves or society. In the novel entitled My Name is Red, Olive, the murder character, has personality traits which influence on his motivation to murder his fellows, Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi.
In this study, there are two research questions analyzed. The first question is how is the personality of Olive, the murderer, described in the novel? The second question is what are Olive‟s motivations to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi?
The method of this study is library research. The primary source is the novel entitled My Name is Red. The secondary sources are taken from books and articles which discuss psychological approach theory, character and characteristics theory, personality theories, and motivation theory.
In this study, there are two results of the analysis. The first result is Olive‟s
personality traits. Olive is described as arrogant, reckless, enthusiastic, determined, self-confident, prejudiced, sensitive, stubborn, and tricky. Malignant
narcissism in Olive‟ arrogance becomes the biggest influence in his motivation to
murder. The second result is Olive‟s motivation to murder Elegant Effendi and
Enishte Effendi. There are four motivations on why Olive commits this deed. The first motivation is approach motivation. Olive is reckless in taking the risk to murder because of his desire to be a free illuminator. The second motivation is achievement motivation. Olive wants to see the final painting in order to make sure that this painting does not block his goal. The third motivation is emotional motivation. Olive is afraid of Elegant‟s reaction who wants to endanger miniaturist and Olive is angry toward Enishte because of his rejection. The forth motivation is social motivation. There are two background motives influence social motivation. They are aggression motive and harmavoidance motive. Olive
is frustrated by Enishte‟s rejection and Olive‟s need to escape from the
punishment by Ezurumis. There are two suggestions provided for the researchers
who want to analyze the same novel. The researchers can analyze Olive‟s
perspective toward the relation between culture and the society of miniaturists in Istanbul. For the researchers who are interested in love story, they can analyze
viii ABSTRAK
Maharani, Yuliana S. 2011. The Influence of Olive’s Personality on His
Motivation to Murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi as Seen in Orhan Pamuk’s My Name is Red. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Beberapa orang berani melakukan kejahatan seperti halnya membunuh orang lain karena didadasarkan oleh faktor dan alasan tertentu. Faktor dan alasan tersebut biasanya berasal dari luar maupun dari dalam diri pribadi seseorang. Di dalam novel My Name is Red, Olive, seorang pembunuh, memiliki kepribadian yang berpengaruh terhadap motivasinya untuk membunuh dua rekan miniaturis yaitu Elegant Effendi dan Enishte Effendi.
Terdapat dua permasalahan yang dianalisa dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana kepribadian Olive digambarkan dalam novel My Name is Red. Masalah yang kedua adalah apa motivasi Olive membunuh Elegant Effendi dan Enishte effendi?
Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah studi pustaka. Sumber utamanya adalah novel My Name is Red. Sumber-sumber pendukung lainnya adalah buku dan artikel tentang teori pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan karateristik, teori kepribadian, dan teori motivasi.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to extend my gratitude to Jesus Christ for his
blessing during my thesis writing process. He gives me strength when I am down, lazy, and confused. He gives me hope and spirit to keep moving on. I realize,
Jesus always on my side in every situation and I believe in Him. Finally, I never
give up finishing it, no matter the obstacle is. By his help, I am able to finish my thesis.
I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Henny Herawati S.Pd., M.Hum., who has given me suggestions and carefully read my
thesis. Consequently, I am more careful to the small things which have big influence in my thesis. I am so grateful for her patience, support, and advice from the beginning until the end of my thesis accomplishment.
My next gratitude goes to my beloved parents, Bapak P. Paryata and Ibu
F. Harmiyati, who never stop giving their big support to me. I am grateful for
their prayers. My parents are my spirits that always remind me to be strong. They always live in my mind and in my heart all the time. I beg forgiveness for making both of you worried about my thesis and for spending long time to finish it. I would like to express my gratitude for my nephew, Bayu, for motivating me to
finish my thesis.
My sincerely gratitude goes to my beloved boyfriend, Posma Japan Arlindungan Siregar, who gives me advice, support, and care. He always
x
writing my thesis. He is willing to give some advice and suggestions to overcome my problems in writing my thesis.
My next gratitude is expressed to my beloved friends, Ratna, Mbak Rini, Donna, Mbak Lia, Adria and Ika, who have given their support. They always
remind me to work on my thesis. They always entertain me when I am sad and a little bit give up facing the obstacles. I am happy and proud of having friends like them. I thank to Sedik and Kisruh who always accompany me during thesis consultation. I also give my deepest gratitude to Veronika Zita Setiani for being
my proofreader. Her help is very helpful. I am able to make up my thesis and decrease grammar mistakes I have made.
The last but not least I would like to extend my gratitude to all lectures of English Language Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University
for teaching and sharing their knowledge. They have given big contribution for me to enrich my knowledge in mastering English.
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE... i
APPROVAL PAGES... ii
PAGE OF DEDICATION... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK‟S ORIGINALITY... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... vi
ABSTRACT... vii
ABSTRAK... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS... xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study... 1
B. Problem Formulation... 2
C. Objectives of the Study... 3
D. Benefits of the Study... 3
E. Definition of Terms... 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories... 6
1. Theory of Critical Approaches... 6
xii
3. Theories of Personality... 9
a. Definition of Personality... 9
1) Psychodynamic Theory... 10
1.1) Freud‟s Psychoanalytic Theory... 10
1.2) Adler‟s Individual Psychology... 14
1.3) Fromm‟s Humanistic Psychoanalysis... 15
1.4) Sullivan‟s Interpersonal Theory... 16
2) Skinner‟s Behavioral Analysis in Learning Theory... 19
4. The Influence of Personality on Motivation... 20
5. Theory of Motivation... 21
a. Definition of Motivation... 21
b. Approach and Avoidant Motivation... 21
c. Human Motives... 22
d. Emotional Motivation... 25
e. Social Motivation... 28
B. Theoretical Framework... 32
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study... 33
B. Approach of the Study... 34
xiii
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
A. The Description of Olive‟s Character... 37
1. Personality Description... 38
a. Arrogant... 38
b. Reckless... 41
c. Enthusiastic... 42
d. Determined... 44
e. Self-confident... 45
f. Prejudiced... 46
g. Sensitive... 47
h. Stubborn... 48
i. Tricky... 50
B. Olive‟s Motivations to Murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi... 52
1. Olive‟s Approach Motivation... 52
2. Olive‟s Achievement Motivation... 54
3. Olive‟s Emotional Motivation... 58
4. Olive‟s Social Motivation... 60
a. Olive‟s Aggression Motivation... 60
b. Olive‟s Harmavoidance Motivation... 62
xiv
B. Suggestions... 65
1. Suggestions for Future Researchers... 65
2. Suggestion for Teaching Implementation... 66
REFERENCES... 68
APPENDICES... 71
A. Summary of My Name is Red... 72
B. Biography of Orhan Pamuk... 75
C. Lesson Plan for Teaching Basic Reading 1... 79
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This study has five parts to be discussed, namely background of the study, problem formulation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. This study elaborates the influence of personality toward motivation to
murder as seen in character of a miniaturist named Olive in Orhan Pamuk‟s My Name Is Red.
The objective of this study is to prove that personality influences behavior which is able to motivate someone to murder. The benefit of the study is to give perspective to the readers. The last part, definition of terms is aimed to portray the terms which are used in this study as the keywords.
A.Background of the Study
As we know, people who are living in this world are different. They have different personality, social background, culture, language, and many others. These differences or diversities make people become unique. In this life, people live with others because they need support, friends or someone to talk. On the contrary, several people decide to live alone because they tend to be individualistic and selfish. This case is closely related to human personality because from their personality we can see the way they act to others.
In 2009, Steven, Susan, and Mark described, “personality is central to
their behavior. Research by Jess and Gregory (2009) revealed that “personality is
a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both
consistency and individual to a person‟s behavior” (p. 4).
Sometimes, personality is complicated. Some people may have two or more personalities. This situation occurs to few people. When people are facing a threatening situation, they are able to show certain personality based on the situation happen in order to defend themselves. This personality influences
people‟s behavior which motivates them to make actions in reality. Behavior and motivation cannot be separated because “motivation theorists start with the
assumption that, for every behavior, there is a cause. In addition, motivation also studies what instigates behavior” (E. Franken, 2002, p. 3).
Human personality can motivate someone to murder because of a particular reason and background. This situation can be seen in a fiction novel written by Ferit Orhan Pamuk entitle My Name Is Red. In this novel, there is a character named Olive. He is a great miniaturist. He is a kind and friendly person but in a threatening and certain situation he can change his attitude to be an evil. Olive is audacious to kill others including his best friend. Based on this situation,
the writer wants to reveal the personality traits of Olive and Olive‟s motivation to
murder.
B.Problem Formulation
This study discusses two questions found in the novel, as follows:
2. What are Olive‟s motivations to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi?
C.Objectives of the Study
The purpose of this study is to answer the questions stated in problem
formulation. The first one is to answer Olive‟s personality described in the novel.
The second one is to answer Olive motivations to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi. Those two questions are closely related to each other. Basically, the first problem formulation helps the writer to find out the answer of the second one.
D.Benefits of the Study
E.Definition of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding, the terms that are important in this study are stated in the following:
The first is personality. There are some definitions of personality from some psychologist. Guilford revealed that personality is “a person‟s unique pattern of traits” (as cited in Mischel, 1981, p. 2). In addition, S. William (1981) revealed that personality is “the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his characteristic behavior and
thought” (p. 3). In this study, personality can portray how Olive‟s behavior and thoughts can influence and encourage him to murder. In the other hand, Worchel (1989) revealed that personality is also a pattern of human‟s behavior that influences the way people adapt to the environment:
Personality is the unique set of behaviors (including thoughts and emotions) and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adjusts to his or her environment. It makes people unique and causes them to act or
see situations differently from anyone else” (p. 461).
Based on the explanation above, the writer concludes that personality is a unique behavior that includes thoughts and emotions which are able to guide people to act based on the situation happened. Olive is a unique person because he is different from others. He has different behavior, thoughts, and emotions. This factors lead him to act based on the situation happened. In the threatening situation, Olive can murder people because of his emotions and thoughts.
The second is motivation. In 2000, Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy stated
this study, the motivation describes and explains Olive‟s need, desire, and interest
to reach his goal and to murder others.
The third is murder. The word murder comes from the Latinate
“murdrum” (Anonymous, 2011). The word murder means “the unlawful and
intentional killing of one human being by another” (“Encyclopedia”). In addition, The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005) revealed Murder, as
a verb, means “kill (somebody) unlawfully and with premeditation” (p. 1116). In
6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of some theories which play role in analyzing this study. The theories in the first part are known as theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization, theories of personality, the influence of personality toward motivation, and theories of motivation which can be seen in review of related theories. The second part discusses theoretical framework.
A.Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Critical Approaches
Critical approaches are necessarily used in helping the writer to analyze a literary work. In 1971, Woods and Rohrberger divided five kinds of approaches. The first is formalist approach.This approach “insists on the total integrity of the literary piece and concentrates almost entirely on esthetic value” (p. 6). It focuses
on the esthetic value which is closely related to the meaning derived from structure and the matter of technique which can determine structure.
The second is Biographical Approach. This approach is employed to emphasize the idea and personality of the author in order to understand the literary object. Literary work is a reflection of a personality of the author. Therefore, the reader tries to learn the author biography to get better understanding his/ her writing (p. 8-9).
environment. Sociocultural-historical approach insists that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produces it (p. 9).
The fourth is Mythopoeic Approach. This approach seeks to discover pattern of human thought which believe as the expression in literary work. Human thought is the basic pattern which is found in ancient myth. Folk Philip
Wheelwright defines myth as “the expression of communication mind which has
enjoyed long natural growth, so that the sense of togetherness becomes patterned and semantically significant” (p. 11).
The fifth is Psychological Approach. This approach is employed to understand human motivation, behavior, and personality in analyzing literary work. Human personality is divided into three parts. They are the ego, the super
ego, and the id. They are stays “within the mind of a man and often in conflict
with one another.” Human personality “develops from infancy through childhood
until adolescence” (p. 14). The writer uses this approach since it is appropriate to the analysis.
2. Theory of Character and Characterization
The character is so prominent in the novel. By giving a character in the story of the novel, the author can convey many things such as messages, moral values, and advice to the readers.
According to Henkle (1972), character is divided into major and minor character. The major character is the person who “often appears in the novel,
whose appearances are frequent, attain the level of preeminence as major
limited human flexibility and range, and they are fixed in one eccentric mold of behavior (p. 99). According to E. M. Forster (1974), character is divided into two types. They are flat and round character (p. 47). In the seventeenth century, flat
characters were called “humours”, types and caricatures. “Flat characters are constructed round a single idea or quality; when there is more than one factor in them, we get the beginning of the curve towards the round” (Forster, 1974, p. 47). Flat character is also known as a stable character from the beginning until the end of the story. The advantages of flat characters are that they are easily recognized
and remembered. Round characters “have already been defined by implication and no more need be said” (Forster, 1974, p. 53). Round characters change their reactions differently based on different situations.
To know further about the characters and their personalities in the novel, the writer chooses a book entitle UNDERSTANDING UNSEEN: An Introduction to English Poetry and The Novel for Overseas Students. In this book, M. J. Murphy (1972), the author, mentions several ways or attempts on how to make characters understandable and vividly for the readers. The first way is personal
description. Through personal description, “the author can describe a person‟s
appearance and clothes” (p. 161). The readers get the information of the characters through physical appearance. The second way is character as seen by another. Murphy stated that “Instead of describing a character directly the author
can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another” (p. 162). The readers
get the information about the character‟s personality through another character‟s
author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says” (p.164). The readers know the characteristic of the character through the way the character having conversation to others and whenever the character speaks.
The fourth way is past life. “By letting the reader learn something about a person‟s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‟s character” (p. 166). The fifth way is conversation of others. “The author can also give us clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of
other people and the thing they say about him” (p. 167). The sixth way is
reactions. “The author can also give us a clue to a person‟s character by letting us
know how that person reacts to various situations and events” (p. 168).
The seventh way is direct comment. “The author can describe or comment
on a person‟s character directly” (p. 170). The eighth way is thoughts. “The author
can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about” (p. 171). The last
way is mannerism. “The author can describe a person‟s mannerism, habits, or
idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character” (p. 173).
3. Theories of Personality
a. Definition of Personality
Walter Mischel (1981), “personality usually refers to the distinctive patterns (including thoughts as well as “affects,” that is, feelings and emotions and actions) that characterize each individual enduringly” (p.4).
In 2009, Jess F. and Gregory J. F. revealed some theories of personalities based on several researchers and their theories as follows:
1)Psychodynamic Theory
a)Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmud Freud has named his theory of personality as psychoanalytic theory. The purpose of this theory is to analyze human nature. Psychoanalytic theory is divided into five. The first is level of mental life. Freud has divided mental life into three levels, unconscious, preconscious and conscious.
Unconscious “contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our
awareness but that nevertheless motivate most our words, feelings, and actions” (
as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 24). It deals with the unknown mental processes in the mind whereas we are conscious of our behavior. Freud also concludes that dream is the source of unconscious material.
Preconscious “contains all those elements that are not conscious but can
become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty” (p. 25). This level comes from both conscious perception and unconscious perception.
Consciousness deals with mental elements, in which, we are aware of it at the point time. Consciousness can be reached from two different directions. First is from perceptual conscious system, Freud describe “perceptual conscious system
external stimuli” (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 26). I conclude that everything that we feel by our sense organs included into consciousness.
The second is Provinces of the mind. It is divided into three. They are the Id, the ego, and the superego. The id deals with unconscious psychical region and
has no contact with reality. The purpose of Id is “to seek pleasure without regard
for what is proper or just” (p. 28). The ego deals with reality because it becomes “the decision-making or executive branch of personality” (p. 29). It also becomes
partly of three levels of mental life. According to Freud, “ego continues to
develop strategies for handling the id‟s unrealistic and unrelenting demands for pleasure” (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 29). The superego reveals “the
moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure principle of the id and the realistic principle of the ego” (p. 30). Superego has two subsystems. They are conscience that teaches us what we should not do and ego-ideal that teaches us what we should do.
The third is dynamics of personality. It is divided into drives including sex and aggression and Anxiety. Drives deals with the stimulus reaction within a person which is aimed to seek pleasure. Drives related sex means stimulus reaction to seek pleasure but not only in genital satisfaction. Sex can take many forms such as narcissism, love, sadism, and masochism. Meanwhile, aggression drive connects to self-destruction. According to Freud, “the aim of destructive
teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and enjoyment of others people‟s
suffering.
Anxiety deals with unpleasant situation. There are three kinds of anxiety. First is neurotic anxiety that occurs because of unknown danger. Second is moral anxiety occurs from the conflict between the ego and the superego. Third is realistic anxiety that occurs because of fear.
The fourth is Defense Mechanisms. It is divided into six. They are repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection, introjection, and sublimation. The writer only uses reaction formation, fixation,
and projection which influence Olive‟s personality.
Repression is the self-defend by repressing drives and expressing in displace and disguise forms to deceive the ego. Reaction Formation is a defense
mechanism “in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is through
adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form” (p. 35). It means that we hide the true anxiety by showing fake feeling to defend ourselves. Displacement is to displace our feeling such as anger, anxiety into other objects or
persons. In displacement “people can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed”
(p. 36).
Fixation is a defense that is influenced by the process of psychologically
stage” (p. 36). Regression occurs when “libido has passed a developmental stage,
it may, during time of stress and anxiety, revert back to that earlier stage” (p. 36). It means that although we have grown up and become adult, we can act as a child like we do previously to defend ourselves.
Projection can be defined “as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one‟s own unconscious” (p. 37). It means that we usually blame unacceptable feeling to other people whereas this unacceptable feeling comes from our unconsciousness. The extreme type of projection is paranoia. Interjection is “a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego” (p. 37). This defense mechanism shows the way people defend their self by imitating or adopting other
people‟s act, style, etc. Sublimation is “the repression of the genital aim of Eros
by substituting a cultural or social aim” (p. 38). The sublimation aim is shown in creative cultural accomplishment such as art, music, literature, human relationship, and other social activities.
The fifth is stages of development. It is divided into four periods. The first is infantile Period. This period posses a sexual life in human through pregenital sexual development and occurs when they are 4 or 5 years after birth. There are three phases in infantile stage such as oral phase, anal phase, and phallic phase.
The second is latency period. This period portray that children‟s sexual activity
balancing “among the structures of the mind, with their ego controlling their id
and superego but at the same time allowing for reasonable desire and demands”
(p. 46).
b)Adler’s Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler is one of the researchers who contribute his theories of personality. Adler revealed that individual psychology presents “an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with all humankind” (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p 65). There are seven level of individual psychology. The first theory is striving for success or superiority. This theory is divided into four namely the final goal, the striving force as compensation, striving for personal superiority, and striving for success. The writer uses two theories, namely final goal and striving for personal superiority since those theories has big influence toward Olive‟s personality.
According to Adler, the final goal has great significance because it unifies personality and renders all behavior comprehensible. Adler agrees that people struggle to get their own final goal in their life. He also conveys that final goal is fictional and has no objective. That is why the final goal is called as a product of
creative power, that is, “people ability to freely shape their behavior and create
their own personality” (p. 70).
personal inferiority and are motivated by the overcompensation for covering their personal inferiority. Striving for success deals with the success of people is psychologically healthy because they look for and struggle for the success for human being not only for individual superiority.
The second is subjective perceptions which are divided into two namely fictionalism and physical inferiorities. The third is unity and self-consistency of personality. There are two ways people operate with unity and self-consistency. They are organ dialect and conscious and unconscious. The fourth is social interest. The fifth is style of life.
The six is creative power. Alder believes that “each person is empowered with the freedom to create her or his own style of life and they are responsible for who they are and how they behave” (p.79). It means that human are freely to be whatever they want. Human creative power leads and controls their life, determine the way they behave to gain their goal, and give responsible for their final goal. The last is abnormal development. The writer also uses this theory to analyze
Olive‟s personality.
c) Fromm’s Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Erich Fromm contributes the theory of humanistic psychology. Fromm assumed that “humanity‟s separation from the natural world has produced feelings
of loneliness and isolation, a condition called basic anxiety (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 187). There are four aspects which relate well to Fromm‟s
of orientation. The second is the burden of freedom. Fromm divides it into two namely mechanism of escape and positive freedom. The third is character orientations which are also divided into namely nonproductive orientations and the productive orientations.
The fourth is personality disorders. Unhealthy personalities are caused by problems or people who are incapable of love and have failed to establish union with others. Fromm discusses three rigorous personalities. They are necrophilia, malignant narcissism, and incestuous symbiosis. Necrophilia means love of death. It deals with people who love someone who already die. For example, a person does sexual contact with a corpse. Malignant narcissism assumes that everything belonging to narcissistic person is highly valued and everything belonging to another is devalued (p. 201). In Fromm‟s malignant form, narcissistic individuals
are not only concern with admiring themselves and their health but they also concern with their moral virtues and self-mage. In this type of narcissistic people, when their efforts are criticized by others, they react with anger and rage to fight their critics even tries to destroy them. If they cannot overcome, the result is depression (p. 201). The last is incestuous symbiosis. It is an extreme dependence on the mother. Based on those theories, the writer only use theory of personal disorder which is called malignant narcissism because this theory has big influence toward his personality and motivation.
d)Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory
through a social context. Without other people, humans have no personality (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 213). Sullivan discusses six aspects deals with interpersonal theory. They are tension, dynamisms, personifications, level of cognition, stage of development, and psychological disorder. In this study, the writer only discusses tension, dynamisms, and personifications since these three aspects are related to the analysis.
The first is tension. Tension is an energy which exist potentiality for action. There are two types of tensions namely needs and anxiety. In this study, I use these two tensions since it is related to the analysis. Needs are “tensions brought by biological imbalance between a person and the physiochemical environment, both inside and outside the organism.” (p. 217). Although needs have a biological component, many of them stem from the interpersonal situation called tenderness (p. 217). Tenderness is “a general need” and it entails at least
two people to do actions. For example, a person‟s need to receive tenderness can be expressed as cry, smile and a person‟s need to give tenderness can be expressed
as touch. Anxiety is “a tension in opposition to the tensions of needs and to action
appropriate to their relief” (p. 219). According to Sullivan (2009), anxiety
produces behaviors “that prevent people from learning from their mistake, keep
people pursuing a childish wish for security, and ensure that people will not learn from their experience” (p. 218). Sullivan (2009) defined anxiety in three:
“The first, anxiety usually stems from complex interpersonal situation and is only vaguely represented in awareness. The second, anxiety has no positive value and it is painful. The third, anxiety blocks the satisfaction of
needs” (p. 219).
characterize a person throughout a lifetime. It is divided into four namely malevolence, intimacy, lust, and self-system. Malevolence is “the disjunctive
dynamism of evil and hatred, characterized by feeling of living among one‟s
enemies” (p. 219). For example, a person tries to control his friend‟s behavior by physical pain or scolding, his friend will learn how to protect himself by adopting the malevolence attitude. Malevolence actions often take the form of timidity, mischievousness, cruelty, social or antisocial behavior (p. 219-120). Intimacy is close relationship between two people which show loving reactions to each other. Lust is isolating tendency which requires no other person for its satisfaction.
Self-system is the pattern of behaviors which maintain people‟s interpersonal security
by protecting them from anxiety. In this study, only malevolence is appropriate to the analysis.
The third is personifications. According to Sullivan, personifications are
certain images of self which are needed from infancy and during people‟s
developmental stages. He describes three basic personifications that develop during infancy such as bad-mother, good-mother, me personifications, and eidetic personifications. First, bad-mother, good-mother deals with infant‟s bad or god
his hair lovingly. He will think that he is good. Not-me personification deals with anxiety and the experiences which are denied.
Eidetic personifications deal with imaginary or unreal friends which are considered as playmates. In this study, me personification especially good-me personification is appropriate.
2)Skinner’s Behavioral Analysis in Learning Theory
Burrhus Frederic Skinner is one of the researchers who contribute his theories of behavioral analysis. Skinner noted that behavioral analysis studies human personality through external events and private behavior such as thinking, remembering, and anticipating (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 441). Skinner defines and analyses human behaviors through several ways such as scientific behaviorism, conditioning, the human organism, and the unhealthy personality. In this study, I only discuss conditioning since it is strongly appropriate for the analysis of the study.
Skinner divided conditioning into two types namely classical conditioning and operant conditioning. First, classical conditioning is elicited behavior which comes from the organism and shows elicited responses which are drawn from the organism like reflexive behavior. Second, operant conditioning emitted behavior.
It appears because “the organism operates on the environment to produce a
generalized reinforces, and schedule of reinforcement. However, the writer only discusses shaping since it is the most appropriate theory toward the study.
Shaping is “a procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations and finally the desire behavior itself” (p. 450). For example, a child learns how to wear t-shirt, the parents give reward like a candy. When he is successfully finished, he feels happy and does the same thing afterwards. In this example, three
conditions are present: the antecedent, the behavior, and the consequence. “The
antecedent refers to the environment or setting in which the behavior takes place. The behavior refers to the child‟s behavior of dressing himself. The consequence
refers to the reward” (p. 450-451).
4. The Influence of Personality Toward Motivation
Beebe et al. (2009) revealed that the word “Personality” comes partly from
“what people do and say at various times, but it is also partly a matter of how people do what they do (the style that brings a unique and personal touch to their
actions)” (p. 41).
By knowing the statement above, the writer can conclude that personality is the base of people behavior. Behavior influences people on the way they do or act. In behavior, the writer finds out that motivation plays a role in it especially direct behavior toward a goal. “Human behavior involves some purpose or goal. It
5. Theory of Motivation
a. Definition of Motivation
Motivation is a central to the study of psychology. Motives arouse and
direct the individual‟s behavior toward some goal (Sternberg, 1988, p. 201). According to Helbert L. Petri (1979), motivation is a concept which is used when describes the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior (p. 3). Its concept is also used to explain differences in the intensity of behavior. Robert C. Beck (1978) stated that motivation is concerned with three contemporary determinants:
“Motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior. When two or more behaviors are equally possible, one is chosen and the organism persists in this behavior with more or less vigor until some anticipated goal is either achieved or some other goal becomes more dominant” (p. 24).
1)Approach and Avoidant Motivation
they attempt to deal with it by finding a safe place. For example, a person who experiences anxiety at the party, without knowing its reason, might decide to leave from that place.
LeDoux suggested that “humans and animals are designed (or have evolved) to err on the side of being cautious because it is better to treat something as a threat and survive than to take the risk that it is not and die” (as cited in Franken, 2000, p. 4).
Watson and Clark stated that “not all people are equally anxious; some are more anxious from birth” (as cited in Franken, 2000, p.4). Consequently, they are more likely to engage in avoidant behavior. Even thinking of certain activity is adequate to make them anxious. For example, a person might avoid trying new food for fear of getting sick; a person might not meet new person for avoiding to have conflicts. On the contrary, Zukerman revealed that “in extraverts and sensation seekers waste more time in approach behavior.” For example, a person
might go to a new restaurant to taste new foods or even take risks such as travelling, climbing and so on (as cited in Franken, 2000, p. 4).
It can be summed up that approach motivation is people‟s motivation to do something they want, desire, and need. In approach motivation, they tend to reach
their specific goal objects. In contrast, avoidant motivation is people‟s motivation
to do things in order to avoid something. They have power to safe themselves and keep away from dangerous or harmful situation.
2)Human motives
They are achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive, and avoidance motive. However, I only discuss achievement since it is appropriate and deals with the analysis in the study.
According to Murray‟s needs, achievement is to accomplish something difficult such as to manipulate or organize physical objects, human beings or ideas, to overcome obstacles, and to increase self-regard (as cited in McClelland, 1985.p. 46). In addition, Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000) revealed that
achievement motivation is “the need for success, for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks” (p. 399). Murray defined “need for achievement as a desire and tendency to overcome obstacle, to exercise power, to strive to do something difficult as well and as quickly as possible” (as cited in Beck, 1972, p. 317).
In 1978, John Jung stated that “achievement comes from social factor such as prestige, and the recognition and admiration of other people” (p. 135). In addition, John Jung also stated that “we are not content merely to perform tasks,
but rather we strive for certain standards of mastery, accomplishment, and
achievement of doing them.” For example, a craftsman practices to carve the
statue in order to attain level of perfection (p. 135)
According to Jung, attaining the goal is considered to two factors that have effect on achievement motive. They are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act for its own sake. While, extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act because of external reward or avoidance of punishment (as cited in Huffman et al., 2000, p. 377).
Deci revealed that behavior that is undertaken because of some external reward is considered to be extrinsically motivated, and behavior that is undertaken because of long-term goals or an individual‟s established preferences is
considered to be intrinsically motivated (as cited in Bodzin et al., 1983, p. 383). Bodzin et al. (1983) stated that the difference of extrinsically and intrinsically motivated:
Behavior that is extrinsically motivated depends upon the external conditions that support it: it persists only as long as external rewards and punishments continue, and it varies with their magnitude. Intrinsic behavior persists despite setbacks and frustrations. Most of our daily behavior is a mixture of both kinds of motivation (p. 383).
According to Deci and Ryan (2000), intrinsic motivation remains an important construct which reflects the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. Nevertheless, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and can reflect external control or true self-regulation (p. 1).
It can be summed up that achievement motive is motivation to accomplish something difficult and challenging. Achievement motivation is also need to be successful, to be the best than the other people such as mastering the difficult task and finishing the obstacle. There are two factors that have effect on achievement motive. The first is intrinsic motivation in which people desire to do things for pleasure and satisfaction. The second is extrinsic motivation in which people desire to do things to get reward or avoid punishment.
3)Emotional Motivation
Young noted the word “emotion” comes from the Latin stem “emovere”
(to move) (as cited in Jung, 1978, p 314). Emotions are affective feelings accompanied by psychological changes that often influence behavior. (Worchel & Shebilske, 1989, p. 417). Furthermore, Izard and Tomkins revealed that emotion has relation to motivation:
Motivation is used by many people as being equivalent to determination.
Meanwhile, “emotions—like habits and expectations—can be shown to
determine or influence behavior.” Consequently, emotions can accompany
motives and amplify their effect on behavior (as cited in McClellan, 1985, p. 128).
internal adjustment, emotion elicits behaviors, expressive, goal-directed, and adaptive (as cited in Franken, 2002, p. 239).
Frijda noted that emotion relates to motivation and motivation relates to emotion. It means emotion and motivation are connected to one each other (as cited in Franken, 2002, p. 238). Moreover, Edward J. Murray (1964) stated that emotions are physiological and psychological responses that influence perception, learning, performance and powerful reactions that have motivating effects on behavior (p. 49).
On the other hand, James Lange stated that “emotion” describes our
visceral or “gut” reactions to the things around us. He also believes that emotions
are the perception of certain internal bodily changes (as cited in Kasschau, 1995, p. 147):
My theory…is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion. Commonsense says, we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, are angry
and strike….The more rational statement is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble….Without the bodily states following on the perception, the latter would be…pale,
colorless, destitute of emotional warmth (p. 147).
Young stated that emotion can be aroused by negative feelings and positive feelings (as cited in Jung, 1978, p. 291):
The study of emotions has focused on strong emotion such as fear or anger, which also involves negative feeling states, whereas less attention has been directed toward positive feeling states such as joy, happiness, or love. Furthermore, earlier interpretations of the role of emotion emphasized the disruptive and disorganizing consequences of emotion (p. 291).
which anger can lead us to be aggressive or fear can produce impaired coordination (Jung, 1978, p. 314). Leper revealed that “emotion and motive are
quite similar and emotion might be regarded as a type of motive” (as cited in Jung, 1978, p. 314). In this study, I only discuss negative feeling of emotion such as fear and anger which are appropriate with the analysis.
Fear is an aversive state of organism aroused by stimuli that signal a future aversive event (Beck, 1978, p. 184). Emotional of fear can be produce by nearly sudden and intense stimulus (Murray, 1964, p. 51). Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, and
O‟Connor stated that “fear is the emotional state that results when we interpret events as potentially harmful or threatening to the self; it most commonly involves the anticipation of physical harm, loss, or failure” (as cited in Worchel & Shebilske, 1989, p. 436).
Fear is also an emotional reaction to a situation and a causal factor which influences other behavior (Jung, 1978, p. 330). In addition, Izard and Tomkins suggested that fear can be conceptualized as an emotional system that is sensitive to cues, unlearned or learned, that signal physical punishment (pain) (as cited in Franken, 2002, p.272). Hebb stated that fear is product of learning:
Fears can be viewed as unlearned or innate as well as product of learning. Many situations involving surprise, unexpected or uncertain events, and novelty are capable of producing fearful behavior such as frenzy, immobility, or agitation. For example, a monkey that is shown artificial head of monkey which is attached to the end of sticks becomes fearful (as cited in Jung, 1978, p.320).
lead to dangerous consequences (p. 52). Saberi roy (2009) explained that anger is a feeling of displeasure and pain which have negative social consequences:
Anger, best defined as a feeling of displeasure, irritation or hostility can have different dimensions with mild to violent responses. Anger management is an important issue as stress, anxiety, irritation are persistent in modern life. Anger being primarily manifested negatively and being directed against someone, it is a social response and have social consequences. Psychological theories consider anger as a response to pain. Thus when we feel a sort of pain or irritation or go through unpleasant feelings along with a realization of a potential threat, we tend to get angry. Feeling of pain or displeasure can be followed by a feeling of threat. For example, when a partner says or does something unpleasant, we get angry because we feel pain and we also feel that the situation might threaten or jeopardize the partnership (n.p.).
Goodenough noted that the typical cause of anger is frustration—anything that interferes with some goal-directed activity (as cited in Aiken, 1969, p.141).
It can be summed up that emotions can determine or influence behavior. Emotions are also the perception of certain internal bodily changes. Emotion can turn as motives which are aroused from negative feelings such as fear and anger.
4)Social Motivation
Social motives are learned from the interaction toward other people. In
addition, Lahey (2009) stated that “social motive is the most important motive in
social psychology which studies individuals as they interact with others” (p. 540). In 328 B.C., Aristotle wrote “Man is by nature a social animal…..” (as cited in
The first is abasement which is aimed to submit passively to external force such as injury, blame, and punishment. The second is achievement. It is aimed to accomplish something difficult such as to manipulate or organize physical objects, human beings or ideas, to overcome obstacles, and to increase self-regard. In other
words, achievement motivation is “the need for success, for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks” (Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, 2000, p. 399). The third is affiliation. It deals with desire to positive simulation, affection from others, and social comparison.
The forth is aggression. It is the willingness to engage in physical and psychological acts of harm to control the actions of other people (Franken, 2002, p. 213). It deals with emotion and desire to fight or injury another even kill other people and to revenge and injury. Baron and Richards explained that aggressive motive is the result of overt forms of aggression, or behavior toward the goal of injuring another living being who wishes to avoid such treatment. It means that aggression motive occur in order to feel secure by hurting others (as cited in Baron, 1995, p.391).
Robert C. Beck (1978) stated that aggression behaviors are those that are intended to do physical or psychological damage to someone (p. 292). Moyer identified eight kinds of aggression. They are predatory aggression, intermale aggression, fear-induced aggression, territorial aggression, maternal aggression, irritable aggression, sex-related aggression, instrumental aggression (as cited in Franken, 2002, p.209).
destructive behavior because of frustration, pain, deprivation, or any other stressor” (Franken, 2002, p. 209). In the other hand, Miller noted that frustration sometimes leads to aggression and is just one of the causes of aggression (as cited in Beck, 1978, p.293). In 1978, Beck revealed that frustration refers to the blocking of a goal directed activity and some behavioral events. It means there is feeling within an individual of being blocked in attempting to satisfy needs. Frustration usually gives bad affect (p. 195).
Berkowitz suggested that frustration generates aggressive inclinations to the degree that it arouses negative affect (as cited in Franken, 2002, p.219):
Situation in which people do not act aggressively when frustrated fail to arouse negative affect. Whether situation arouses negative affect depends partially on our cognitive processes—for example, on whether we perceive that we have been block deliberately or accidentally. If we perceive that someone else deliberately blocked us from reaching our goal, we are more likely to react with aggression (p. 219).
The fifth is autonomy. It deals with independence or freedom to act according to impulse. According to Pontifex (1960), freedom means “the absence of constraint or hindrance; it implies that some force or tendency is seeking to exert itself, and that nothing is preventing it from doing so” (p. 9). On the contrary, Skinner (1971) stated that freedom is a “possession.” A person escapes
from or destroys the power of a controller in order to feel free, when he feels free, he can do what he desires (p. 32).
action within a social context and defines freedom as a series of individual rights as cited in Clark, 1973, p.137). The right considers as the right to life and considers to be directed toward self-realization:
A “right” is a moral principle defining and sanctioning a man‟s freedom of
action in a social context. There is only one fundamental right: a man‟s
right to his own life. life is a process of self-sustaining and self-generated action; the right to life means the right to engage in self-sustaining and self-generated action—which means: the freedom to take all the actions required by the nature of a rational being for the support, the furtherance, the fulfillment and the enjoyment of his own life (Clark, 1973, p. 139-140).
The sixth is counteraction. It is a need to make up failure, to overcome weaknesses, and to maintain self-respect and pride on high level. The seventh is defendance. This need is like a self-defense. It is used to defend the self against assault, criticism, and blame. The eight is deference. This is a need to praise, adore or admire something which is honorable and worth. The nine is dominance. It is a need to lead and influence others by commanding, giving suggestion, and persuading. The en is exhibition. It is a need to make any impression, amuse, and to show off to others.
The eleventh is harmavoidance. It is a need to escape from fear. Fear of
sickness, pain, death, and other dangerous situations. Fear is “an aversive state of
organism aroused by stimuli that signal a future aversive event” (Beck, 1978, p. 184). Pain means the awareness of some desire or tendency which is frustrated (Pontifex, 1960, p. 93).
thing in order. Everything should be organized based on the standard or the way it be. The fifteenth is play. It is a need to have fun by doing some enjoyable activities. The sixteenth is rejection. It deals with the need to reject something we do not like. The seventeenth is sentience. It is a need “to seek and enjoy sensuous
impression”. The eighteenth is sex. It is a need to have intimacy or sexual intercourse. The nineteenth is succorance. It is a need to get affection from others.
The last need is understanding. It is a need “to ask or answer general question, to be interested in theory, to speculate, formulate, analyze, and generalize”.
B.Theoretical Framework
This study provides some theories from many experts and other resources which are employed to answer the research questions that are stated in the first chapter. These theories are relevant to this study. Critical approach, theory of character and characterization, theories of personality, and theories of motivation are applied as a source and guidance to answer the problem formulation. Critical approach is used to find an appropriate approach to help the writer in analyzing the novel. The writer has applied theory of character and characterization to
analyze how Olive‟s character is described in the novel. The writer has also
applied theories of personality in order to answer the first research question. These
theories help the writer in revealing Olive‟s personality that is described in the
novel. The writer also uses theories of motivation to answer the second research question. These theories help the writer in searching for the kinds of Olive‟s
33
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part is the object of the study or subject matter which describes the novel and the background of the novel. The second part is approach which mentions approach and approaches which are used in the study. The third part is the procedure which explains the steps in analyzing the novel.
A. Object of the Study
This novel entitled My Name Is Red was written by a Turkish novelist, whose name is Ferit Orhan Pamuk. He wrote a novel about culture in Istanbul, love, murder, and art. This novel is generally published in 1998 and published in England in 2001. It consists of 417 pages. The author won international literature's most lucrative prize, the IMPAC Dublin Award in 2003 and Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006 for his novel My Name Is Red. The original title is Benim Adim Kiirmizi. This novel was translated by Erdag M. Goknar, New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 2001.
My Name Is Red is a novel which tells about miniaturist in Ottoman dynasty. Sultan asked Enishte Effendi to illustrate the sacred book. Enisthe Effendi chose four people to help him; they are Elegant Effendi, Butterfly, Stork, and Olive. One of these miniaturists is the murderer. The murderer is Olive. He has killed his best friend, Elegant Effendi, because Elegant Effendi has found the
especially the priest because he doesn‟t want to get punishment. Olive also killed
Enishte Effendi, a senior miniaturist, at the end because he faces the same problem as he has with Elegant Effendi and he is full of fear to face the reality.
Actually, Olive is a kind and talented person. Most of miniaturists know that Olive has good personality. Unfortunately, his good personality only appears on the surface. He has bad personality inside himself and nobody knows it. In a threatening situation, he is not longer to be a good person, he changes to be an evil that force him to do that unmercifully action. He gathers his bravery to murder others.
B. Approach of the Study
This study used psychological approach. This study decided to use psychological approach since it deals with human personality and motivation. By using this approach, the writer can portray the character of the story especially the character of Olive, both in his personality and his motivation to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, has an idea that psychological approach can look for hidden feeling and thought on someone.
This hidden feeling and thought hid inside someone‟s personality. As the result,
C. Method of the Study
In the process of analyzing the novel, the writer has decided several steps in answering research questions stated above. There are five steps taken during analyzing the novel as the primary data.
The first step was the writer chose and read the book which was going to be discussed. The title was My Name Is Red by Orhan Pamuk. The second time, the writer read again the novel to get better understanding and underline several important parts to get evidences in answering research questions.
The second step was collecting and compiling many sources to get much information. This information could be found in books, internet, articles, and journals.
The third step was reviewing the important parts or theories from many sources such as books and internet to answer research questions which were stated above. This reviewing information could be the evidences to support the answer of research questions. Those sources also became important reference for this study.
The fourth step was analyzing the novel using the chosen and exact approach. The writer totally focused on the research questions.
37
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The purpose of this chapter is to answer two research questions stated in Chapter 1. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part discusses Character of Olive. The second part discusses and focuses on the analysis of
Olive‟s motivation to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi.
A.The Description of Olive’s Character
Olive becomes the major character in Orhan Pamuk‟s novel entitle My Name Is Red because he plays important role in this story. He is the murderer of Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi. According to E. M. Forster (1974), character is divided into two. They are flat and round character (p. 47). Olive is considered as a round character because he usually changes his reaction based on the situation happen and the character is not easily recognized. In this discussion, the writer limits the character of Olive which only deals with his motivation to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi.
1. Personality description
a. Arrogant
Murphy‟s theory of characterization (1972) explained that person‟s
characteristic can be seen through what person is thinking about (p. 171). From
Olive‟s thought, he is considered as an arrogant person. Olive realizes that he is a talented illuminator. Therefore, his arrogance appears in his personality. He underestimates other miniaturists and thinks that he is the best of all.
Not one of them could surpass me in mixing color, in creating and embellishing borders, composing pages, select object, drawing faces, arranging bustling war and hunting scenes and depicting beast, sultans, ships, horses, warriors, and lovers. Not one could approach my mastery in imbuing illustrations with the poetry of the soul, not even in gilding. (16-17)
Olive is proud of his talent and his mastery in making art as a miniaturist. He believes that no one can beat down his ability in painting.
Another proof of Olive‟s arrogance which is seen through his thought
occurs when he thinks that, Butterfly, Stork, and Black are jealous of him. He is totally sure that he is the best miniaturist.
I was able to work through the following logic: If I held my peace nothing would happen! This gave me strength. They could no longer hide the fact
that since the days of our apprenticeships they‟d been jealous of me; I,
who quite evidently applied paint in the best manner, drew the steadiest line and made the best illuminations. (388)
