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Home > Archives > Vol 12, No 7
July 2014
Table of Contents
Improved Information Systems Model for Bangladesh PDF
Jahangir Alam S.M., Hu Guoqing, M. Rabiul Alam, Md. Golam Kibria, Md. Abdul Malek
4893-4899
Design and Implementation of PV Poultry Incubator Using PLC
Nithin T Abraham, Shaema Lizbeth Mathew, C.A Pradeep Kumar 4900-4904
Communication and Calibraton of Sensing Meters
Harrouz Abdelkader, Omar Harrouz, Ali Benatiallah 4905-4914 Sensitivity Factor Based Optimal Location of SVC on Transmission
Network
T. D. Sudhakar 4915-4923
Modeling of Tunnel Junction (GaAs) in the Cascade Solar Cell
Dennai Benmoussa, Benslimane H, Helmaoui A, Hemmani A 4924-4927 Theoretical Study of Multiple Solar Cells System as a Function of PDF
Vol 12, No 7 http://www.iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/TELKOMNIKA/issue/v...
Temperature
Ben Slimane Hassane, Ben Moussa Dennai, Helmaoui Abderrachid 4928-4933
Behavior of DFIG Wind Turbine During Unbalanced Grid Voltage
Omer Elfaki, Wang Zezhong, Liu Qihui 4934-4943 Study on the Acceptance Test Specification of Grid-connected
Micro-grid
Le Jian, Tao Mao, Yang Zhichun, Liu Yang, Liu Kaipei 4944-4953 A Reliability Evaluation of High Speed Railway Traction Substation
Based on the GO-FLOW Methodology
Li Liang, Feng Zhao, Sihua Wang 4954-4962 Research on Zigbee Network Temperature Sensor in Intelligent
High-Voltage Switch Cabinet
Xin-bo Huang, Yang Zhao, Xiao-hui Zhao, Zhi-jun Liao 4963-4972 Short-Term Prediction of Wind Power Based on an Improved PSO
Neural Network
Hong Zhang, Guo Zhao, Lixing Chen, Bailiang Liu 4973-4980 An approach for Assessing Harmonic Emission Level Based on Robust
Partial Least Squares Regression
Xiang Li, Minyou Chen, Yongwei Zheng, Shan Cheng, Feng Li 4981-4987
Electromagnetic-thermal Scale Model of Gas-Insulated Bus Bars
Hongtao Li, Naiqiu Shu, Ling Li, Hui Peng, Zipin Li 4988-4995
A Design of Rapid Pulsed Intelligent Charging Circuit
Zhang Lefang, Li Xiaohong, Ren Zhihong 4996-5002 Three-Dimensional Thermal Analysis of Three-Phase Enclosed GIS
Bus Bars
Hongtao Li, Naiqiu Shu, Ling Li 5003-5010 Analysis of Weak Position in Overhead line under Heavy Icing
Condition by Finite Element Method
Gan Yan, Liu Chao, Ruan Jiangjun, Li Jinliang, Du Zhiye, Hu Yuanchao 5011-5021 A Novel SSR Mitigation Method Based on GCSC in DFIG with Series
Connected Compensator
Zakieldeen Elhassan, Li Yang, Tang Yi 5022-5036
Dynamic characteristics analysis of WEDM based on Ansys and LMS
Jingxing Qi, Changtao Cai, Zhixing Mao, Dongdong Luo 5037-5043
The 3D Modeling of Cutting Force in High-speed Milling for Flat Mill
Yueqi Guan, Hanqing Guan, Gaosheng Wang, Ping Yuan 5044-5051 Multi-Area Automatic Generation Control Scheme including Renewable
Energy Sources
Sandeep Bhongade, Barjeev Tyagi, H.O. Gupta 5052-5070 Effect of Contamination on Electric Field Distribution of DC Voltage
Divider
Caibo Liao, Ruan Jiangjun, Du Zhiye, Liu Chao 5071-5077 A Harmonic Analysis Method Based on Harris Window for Digital
Substation
Luo Hanwu 5078-5085
Determining LBMP through Optimal Power Flow in the Electric Power Business
Hermagasantos Zein, Yusra Sabri, Erwin Dermawan 5086-5095 Transformer State Assessment Method Based on Fuzzy and Evidence
Theories
Xie Jianghong, Wang Haipeng, Nie Dexin, Song You, Cai Wei 5096-5103 Implementation of Smart Metering Systems: Challenges and
Solutions
Induction Motors
Mohammad Jannati, Ali Monadi, Sajad A. Anbaran, Nik Rumzi Nik Idris, Mohd Junaidi Abdul Aziz
5110-5120
Solution Trajectories for a Single-Phase Programmed PWM Inverter
Ayong Hiendro, Syaifurrahman Syaifurrahman, Dedi Triyanto, Junaidi Junaidi 5121-5128 Investigating the Effect of Different PWM Modes on Ripple Reduction
in Five-Phase BLDC Motor with New Method PDF
Seyed Mohsen Mirbagheri, Seyed Sajjad Salehi GHalehsefid, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Mousavi
5129-5136
dsPIC33 Based Control for PV-Grid System with a Buck-Boost MPPT
Slamet Riyadi 5137-5143
Direct Virtual Power Control
Li Xiang, Han Minxiao 5144-5153
Power Loss Research on IGCT-applied NPC Three-level Converter
Dong Xu, MinXiao Han, Lei Wan 5154-5162 Design and Simulation Low Voltage Single-Phase Transformerless
Photovoltaic Inverter
Rajendra R Aparnathi, Ved Vyas Dwivedi 5163-5173
Circuit Design of Digital Closed Loop Control System for FOG
Qiudong Sun, Yufeng Shao, Jiancun Zuo, Liandong Wang, Lin Gui 5174-5184
The Transmission Properties of Coated THz Teflon Tube
Wu Pan, Tian bo Duo, Zichen Liu, Jun Chen 5185-5190
Digital Image Storage System Based on USB and NAND Flash
Yongjun Cui, Wei Liu 5191-5196 Design of 3-Bit ADC in 0.18 µm CMOS Process PDF
Mohammad Marufuzzaman, Syarizal Z. Abidin, Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz, Labonnah Farzana Rahman
5197-5203
An Improved A Low Power CMOS TIQ Comparator Flash ADC
A Al, Mamun B. Ibne Reaz, J. Jalil, Mohd. Alauddin Bin Mohd. Ali 5204-5210 Red (SrCa)AlSiN3:Eu2+ Nitride Phosphor Particle Size of Phosphor
Converted Warm White LEDs
Peng Hui Yuen, Hsien Shiung Hwang, Mutharasu Devarajan 5211-5216 Optimal Feedback Control of Vehicle Vibration with Eight Degrees of
Freedom
Ali Hemati, Mehdi Tajdari, Ahmadreza Khoogar 5217-5224 Simplifications of the Rule base for the stabilization of Inverted
Pendulum System
Tharwat O. S. Hanafy, Mohamed K Metwally 5225-5234
Wavelet Kernel Based on Identification for Nonlinear Hybrid Systems
Hamid Nourisola 5235-5243 Delay Separated Neural Network Inverse Control in Main-Steam
Temperature System
Lingfang Sun, Yihang Li, Dan Li 5244-5250 Adaptive Hybrid Synchronization of Lorenz-84 System with Uncertain
Parameters
Edwin Albert Umoh 5251-5260 Identification of Nonlinear System Based on Fuzzy Model with
Enhanced Gradient Search
Arbab Nighat Khizer, Dai Yaping, Amir Mahmood Soomro, Xu Xiang Yang 5261-5267
A New Anti-Windup PI Controller for Direct Torque Control System
Li Qi Meng, Miao Jing Li 5268-5274
Vol 12, No 7 http://www.iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/TELKOMNIKA/issue/v...
Dynamic Sliding Mode Control of Ship Rudder-fin Joint Nonlinear System
Han Yao zhen 5275-5283 Adaptive Neural Network Approach for a Class of Uncertain Non-affine
Nonlinear Systems
Hui Hu, Yingjun Wang, Xilong qu 5284-5292 SISO P-ILC Algorithm for Output Data Dropouts and Its Application in
Wastewater Biological Treatment Plant
Gu Qun, Hao Xiaohong, Li Zhuoyue, Wang Hua 5293-5297
Wind-Induced Vibration Analysis of Overhead Working Truck
Hongqi Jiang, Shuncai Li, Xianbiao Mao 5298-5304 Anti-interference Tracking Methods of Maneuvering Target for
Structure Random Jump Systems
Jianfeng Wu, Shucai Huang, Xiaoyan Wu, Yu Zhong, Hongxia Kang, Chengjing Li 5305-5315 Algorithm of Multi Sensor Data Fusion based on BP Neural Network
and Multi-scale Model Predictive Control
Guo Wang, Dong Dai 5316-5323
Sensor Fusion via Brain Emotional Learning for Ground Vehicle
Alvaro Vargas-Clara, Sangram Redkar 5324-5330 A Virtual Physics-based Approach to Multiple Odor Sources
Localization
Xiaoping Ma, Yuli Zhang, Yanzi Miao 5331-5341 Dynamic Error Analysis of CMM Based on Variance Analysis and
Improved PLSR
Zhang Mei, Cheng Fang, Li Guihua 5342-5349 Design of Decentralized Controller for Interactive Processes through
Relative Frequency Array
R.Hanuma Naik, D.V. Ashok Kumar, K.S.R. Anjaneyulu 5350-5361 Controlled Synchronization by Limited Capacity Communication
Channel
Ziqi Dong, Yongchun Liu, Da Lin 5362-5367
Characteristics Analysis and Detection Algorithm of Mosquitoes
Jahangir Alam S.M., Hu Guoqing, Cheng Chen 5368-5378 Multi-user Detection Based on Gaussian Sum Particle Filter in
Impulsive Noise
Li Zhihui, xian Jin-Long 5379-5386
Study on Mahalanobis Discriminant Analysis of EEG Data
Yuan Shi, Linlin Yu, Fang Qin 5387-5391 Research on Operating Condition Effect on the Shock Pulse Method PDF
Ruifeng Zhang, Jianshe Kang, Lishan Hao, Xinghui Zhang, Hongzhi Teng, Haiping Li
5392-5398
Research of Blind Forensics Algorithm on Digital Image Tampering
Hongying Jin 5399-5407 A New Digital Image Hiding Algorithm Based on Wavelet Packet
Transform and Singular Value Decomposition
Yueli Cui, Shiqing Zhang, Zhigang Chen, Wei Zheng 5408-5413 The Navel Orange Sugar and Acidity Quantitative Prediction Model
Optimization Research by Second Generation Wavelet Transform
Zhao Ke, Yang Han, Wang Zhong, Wang Qi 5414-5419
Study of Additive Dither on Restraining Signal Truncation Error
Tao Liu, Shulin Tian, Zhigang Wang, Lianping Guo 5420-5429 Stochastic Synchronization of Neutral-Type Chaotic Markovian Neural
Networks with Impulsive Effects
Image segmentation Based on Chaotic Quantum Ant Colony Algorithm
Li Jiying, Dang Jianwu, Wang Yangping, Wang Xiaopeng 5438-5447 QC LDPC Codes for MIMO and Cooperative Networks using Two Way
Normalized Min-Sum Decoding
Waheed Ullah, Yang Fengfan, Abid Yahya 5448-5457 Performance Analysis of A Hybrid Mimo Technique for High Rate
Wireless Communication System
Kehinde Odeyemi, Erastus Ogunti 5458-5468
Rateless Codes Design Scheme Based on Two Stages
Yunji Li, Xiaolong Yang, Keping Long 5469-5475 An ICVBPNN Algorithm for Time-varying Channel Tracking and
Prediction
Sufang Li, Mingyan Jiang, Dongfeng Yuan 5476-5483
A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols Based on PSO in WSN
Enyan Sun 5484-5490
Variable Step Size Blind Equalization based on Sign Gradient Algorithm
Ying Xiao, Fuliang Yin 5491-5498 Spatial Characteristics of Wireless Channel in Tunnel with Imperfect
Walls
Yi Zhang, Zhao Xu, Bo-Ming Song, Yu Huo 5499-5507 Analysis and Design of Complementary Ring Type Metamaterial Filter
in THz Wave Domain
Wu Pan, Jun Chen, Tianbo Duo, Zichen Liu 5508-5513
A Study of Cognitive Technology OFDM System and Frame Structure
Hua Hou, Wei Zhang 5514-5521 Mathematical Programming Model on Joint and Recovery of Paper
Scrap
Zhixia JIANG, Haifeng LUO, Jianjun YANG, Zhengqiang WEN 5522-5528 Sequence Clustering Algorithm Based on Weighed Sequential Pattern
Similarity
Di Wu, Jiadong Ren 5529-5536 Performance Analysis of Pathfinding Algorithms Based On Map
Distribution
Yan Li, Zhenhua Zhou, Wenju Zhao 5537-5545 Fuzzy c-Means and Mean Shift Algorithm for 3DPoint Clouds
Denoising
Tongguang Ni, Xiaoqing Gu, Hongyuan Wang 5546-5551 Measurement Method of the Grain Quantity Based on The Ground
Pressure
Fan Chao, Zhang Dexian, Yang Tiejun, Fu Hongliang 5552-5558 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set Based Task Scheduling with QoS Preference
Awareness
Juan Wang 5559-5566
Reduction on Propositional Logic Set based on Correlation Analysis
Zhi Huilai 5567-5574
Construction of Geological Knowledge-based Systems of Railway Route Selection
Lv Xikui, Zhou Xiaoping, He Bin 5575-5584
Polygraph Survey and Evaluation Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process
Zhixia Jiang, Yibo Liu, Pinchao Meng 5585-5590 Construction Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network based on
Centralized Clustering Routing and Time Division Multiplexing MAC Protocol
Vol 12, No 7 http://www.iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/TELKOMNIKA/issue/v...
Shitao Yan, Mianrong Yang 5591-5598
Key Internet of Things Technology and Application Research
Xu Bing 5599-5602
Implementation of Input-Process-Output Model for Measuring Information System Project Success
A'ang Subiyakto, Abd. Rahman Ahlan 5603-5612 Detecting Rice Growth Using ALOS Multispectral and Synthetic
Aperture Radar
Bambang Hendro Trisasongko, Dyah Retno Panuju, La Ode Syamsul Iman 5613-5620
Object Tracking Based on Multiple Features Adaptive Fusion
Jie Cao, Leilei Guo, Jinhua Wang, Di Wu 5621-5628
A Study of a New Intelligent Key System for Substation
Dan Chen, Yefei Yue, Hongfen Jiang, Xiaorong Zhao, Liyuan Wang 5629-5635 Information Technology Governance Archetype in an Indonesian
University
Riza Afriza Islami, I Made Sukarsa, I Ketut Adi Purnawan 5636-5644 Digital Image Stabilization Based on Improved Scale Invariant
Feature Transform
Xiaoran Guo, Shaohui Cui, Dan Fang 5645-5654
Sketching Expert System for Crime Investigation Purposes
Bagus Yudistira, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra, Anak Agung Kompyang Oka Sudana 5655-5660 Key Technology on Middleware-based Dynamic Traffic Information
Platform
Lei Wu, Tai Yang, Licai Yang 5661-5568 Hypertension Expert System with C5.0 Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic PDF
I Gusti Made Ngurah Ardi Yasa, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra, Ni Md Ika Marini Mandenni
5569-5677
Framework of Software Testing Based on Cloud Computing
Yang Bensehng, Yuan Xiangmeng, Huang Xiaoguang 5678-5684
Application of Boosting Algorithm in Spam Filtration
Wencheng Gu 5685-5692
Partitioning of Oracle Application in Structured Electronic Medical Records
Chaundi Pan, Jiandong Hu, Jian Shi 5693-5698
ISSN: 2087-278X
CONTACT:
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES) email: info@iaesjournal.com, admin@iaesjournal.com.
TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering
Vol.12, No.7, July 2014, pp. 5655 ~ 5660
DOI: 10.11591/telkomnika.v12i7.5726 5655
Received November 21, 2013; Revised February 18, 2014; Accepted March 6, 2014
Sketching Expert System for Crime Investigation
Purposes
Made Bagus Yudistira*1, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra2, Anak Agung Kompyang Oka Sudana3 Department of Information Technology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
Bukit Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia, Telp. 0361-7853533
*Corresponding author, e-mail: bagus_yudistira@yahoo.com1, duglaire@yahoo.com2,
agungokas@hotmail.com3
Abstract
The presence of police sketcher play an important role in making investigation in purpose of making arrestment to fugitive or suspect. The lacking presence of police sketcher is making a lack in investigation process, because lack of information gathered for the further process. This limitation is overcome by developing an expert system using gadget as a helping device to making sketch, with adding sketcher knowledge. Sketching method already been used since long time in process of investigation and effective making the result. The results of expert system on the case have given showing the system to real object which made sketching reach 85% of accuracy level.
Keyword: expert system, desktop based, sketch, crime
Copyright © 2014 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Crime in the 21st century have increased and developed. Criminal rate as time goes by, getting more arises and yet the criminal is still cannot be put in jail. The presence of witnesses around the scene is very helpful in solving criminal cases by providing information regarding the events take place, and the people who were involved around the scene of the crime that would be a contributing factor solves a case.
Further obstacles faced by investigators is to describe the faces of people involved based on a characteristic described by witnesses to media images that can later help the investigation. Lacking of human resources as a police sketcher is also a flaw of the investigation process.
Face recognition one of the primary biometric technologies became more important owing to rapid advances in technologies such as digital cameras, Internet and mobile devices and increased demands on security. Face recognition has several advantages over other biometric technologies, it is natural, non intrusive and easy to use. But face recognition is one of the challenging problems in research, till now there is no unique solution for all face recognition applications [1-2]. The wide range of variations in human face due to view point, pose, illumination and expression deteriorate the recognition performance of the Face recognition systems. But everyone accept that the face recognition system is good, if it has less computational complexity, good recognition performance and occupies less memory.
Biometric recognition system is a system that uses the unique characteristics of each individual. This system is more reliable than the token inclusion and recognition of knowledge. Each individual has a different physiological characteristic and behavioral characteristic. Physiological characteristic is relatively stable physical characteristic like a fingerprint, iris, face, and hand geometry. While behavioral characteristics such as voice and signature are influenced by the psychological condition that easily changed. A lot of developers have developed the recognition system based on physical or physiological characteristics [3-6].
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 12, No. 7, July 2014: 5655 – 5660
the sketcher, which include the expertise of a sketcher, the availability of time, and also the emotional state of the artist. In addition, it is also necessary skills of sketcher to translate the description given by witness to media images [7-8]. The reason above is why the available of police sketcher is important, and by lacking of it, will make investigation process be incomplete.
By applying simulation application as a media to processing face sketch , then the process will be completed faster, so that will help the whole process of investigation. Expert system is one outgrowth of technology developed with the aim to mimic the ability of an expert in a particular field [9].
Researches related to expert systems have been done with several research objects as follows. Max Ischenko develop web based sketching application. By that application user can make faces sketch using templates from the application. The application used to user to able to make face sketch as if been done by police sketcher. The application has been used as entertainment purpose and not been used for investigation [10].
IQ Beometrix develop model of an expert system for making face sketch based on model created by Max Ischenko application. The model is constructed consisted of windowed application with each window consist of templates. The model was tested and now currently used in mostly Law Enforcer in United States, and already making several arrestments [11].
In spring of 2003, the Fresno County Sheriff’s Department faced difficult investigation of rape involving prostitutes until one of the victims agreed to work with the detective. Using a expert system for making sketch, the composite sketch was distributed to Police patrol unit, and within two days a man was apprehended and charged with several counts of kidnap and rape [11]
A 29-year-old suspect was arrested by Broward County, Florida police shortly after America’s Most Wanted TV show aired a face sketch made by expert system. Prior to the Oct. 1998 AMW broadcast, several sketches of the suspect had been hand-drawn, but provided few clues for police. Deputy John McMahon of the Broward County Sheriff’s Office, working closely with young victims, utilized expert system police sketch generator to compose a picture quality composite of the suspect. Soon after the sketch appeared on America’s Most Wanted, a woman contacted police, saying the portrait was that of her son. A suspect was arrested within hours, and charged with sexually assaulting an 11-year-old girl and attempting to abduct 10 other girls in Florida [11].
2. Research Method
System is a implementation of both application that had been created before using buttons, as a parameter for switching object interface, a windowed figure to make the application user friendly, and templates for making the sketch. The data used for making the sketch template are sketch of parts in head gained from knowledge of a sketcher in *.png extension.
2.1. Knowledge Acquisition
The knowledge acquired from the literature and single expert, it is all including hair, head, eyes, nose, mouth, jaw, and other facial figure such as beard, mustache, freckle, and age mark. All of those placed in a windowed form and separated based in category.
2.2. Knowledge Representation
TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 2302-4046
Sketching Expert System for Crime Investigation Purposes (Made Bagus Yudistira) 5657
Figure 1. Window and Templates behind Main Frame
Each of the windowed form will contain a category representing on its figure, and each category will consisting some of sketch representing the sketch that will be drawn in the main canvas. Each of category will be shown as figure below.
Figure 2. Object of each Category
3. Result and Discussion
The purpose of testing these applications is to determine the effectiveness and performance of applications that have been made. This test will be able to provide a conclusion on how effective the method that allows to solve the problems that exist and how well the performance implemented.
3.1. System Platform
Expert system developed desktop based platform using some software such as Adobe Photoshop to build the knowledge base, Java Script, Adobe Flash Professional to build the application and design interface.
3.2. System Structure
3.2.1. Knowledge Acquisition
The acquisition of knowledge is the development environment used by the knowledge engineer to acquire the knowledge of single expert as the source. In this expert system development, knowledge acquisition is done through interviews with police sketcher, and supported by literature studies.
3.2.2. Knowledge Base
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 12, No. 7, July 2014: 5655 – 5660 3.2.3. User Interface
The interface is an environmental consultancy that is intended for users to choose from option available in the expert system which one the most suitable by the reference. The option will be shown in form of window, which each window will be showing figure of each category. In each window will be showing figure that resemblance of sketch which will be chosen by user.
3.2.4. Interface Engine
The inference engine uses windowed figure to create the interface which can be chosen by user, and the result of the chosen option in other window placed side by side each other. Source of that all figure have been established on the basis of knowledge above.
3.2.5. Workplace
Workplace represented in the form of 3 parts, which is buttons, sketch template window, and result window.
3.2.6. Explanation Facility
The explanation facility provided in the windowed form, first, the system will provide all the category in buttons, which each button will showing a window representing a category; second, the window appeared will be containing figures which will chosen by user to show at the result, each figure representing a sketch same to the figure itself; third, all the chosen figure from all category will be shown on a result window, and it can be changed all over. The examples for this facility are shown at Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5
Figure 3. User Interface
TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 2302-4046
Sketching Expert System for Crime Investigation Purposes (Made Bagus Yudistira) 5659
Figure 5. Sketch Result Compared to Real Person
3.2.7. Knowledge Improvement
Improvement of knowledge can be done if there are additions or changes to the new category, the change and addition variation, or change of method and theory to do sketching faces in term of use for police search. Based on any additions or changes, the system will do the creation of new rules of the sketching and that will be generated.
3.3. System Performance
Developed an expert system testing performed by making a sketch using the expert system based on real face, then given to respondent to guest which one of many faces in one picture is the face made by expert system. Table 4 shows that system performance as the result of the comparison.
Figure Amunt of Audience Correct Wrong Accuracy (%)
1 100 87 14 87
2 100 83 17 83
3 100 85 15 85
Average of the difference result 85
4. Conclusion
Expert system for making face sketch in purpose of police investigation has been developed on desktop based platform to receive input in the form of characteristic given by user. The inputs are physical characteristic value based on real physical characteristic from people who will be sketched. The system provides output in a form of sketch based on output given by user the process can be done repeatedly until reaching the output wanted. System testing results show that the system developed has the similarity with the real picture at 85%.
REFERENCES
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[3] Agus Anwar, Darma Putra, Agung Cahyawan. Palmprint Verification Using Time Series Method.
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[6] Darma Putra. Sistem Verifikasi Menggunakan Garis-garis Telapak Tangan. Teknologi elektro. 2007;
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[7] Douglas Harper. Online Etymology Dictionary – Sketch. Access on December 2013
[8] Diana Davies (editor). Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists, Harrap Books Limited. 1990. ISBN 0-245-54692-8
[9] Giarratano Joseph, Riley Gary. Expert Systems Principles and Programming 3rd Edition. United States of America: PWS Publishing Company. 1998.
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