THE VALUE OF WOMEN IN MEIJI ERA IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPHERE AS REFLECTED IN JUN’ICHI WATANABE’S BEYOND
THE BLOSSOMING FIELDS
Regi Prasatya1, Galang Kesatria Tama2 English Literature1
English Education2 [email protected]
Abstract
The objective of this research is to elaborate the value of woman in Meiji Era both in Public and Private Sphere as seen in Watanabe’s Beyond the Blossoming Fields. This novel tells about a young girl from a wealthy family. Ginko Ogino seems set for a conventional life in the male- dominated society of nineteenth-century Japan especially in Meiji era. But when she suffers gonorrhea from her husband, she suffers the ignominy of divorce. Forced to bear the humiliation of being treated by male doctors, she resolves to become a doctor herself in order to treat fellow female sufferers and spare them some of the shame she had to endure. Her struggle is not an easy one, her family disowns her, and she has to convince the authorities to take seriously the very idea of a female doctor, and allow her to study alongside male medical students and sit the licensing exam. The value of woman at that time less than man, because Meiji era still influence by Tokugawa era which woman has limited activity in public and private sphere and it can seen inside the novel. Since the analysis is related to the society and events in the past time, the writer uses socio-historical approach to support the analysis. Meanwhile, descriptive qualitative method and library research were used to find the sources and data needed. The writer uses some references as guideline to support the analysis. The data in this analysis are narration and dialogue from novel that reflected the condition of woman value Watanabe’s Beyond the Blossoming Fields. In conclusion the writer could identify the value of woman both in private sphere and public sphere as describes in the novel. The key word becoming the concern in this analysis is the action of woman’s activity in private and public sphere that belongs to some criteria there are independent, wisdom, success, and kindness.
Key words: Beyond The Blossoming Fields, Value, Women
INTRODUCTION
Meiji era in Japan happened around September 1868 until July 1912. It represented the empire of Japan during Japanese society moved from being an isolated feudal society to its modern form and fundamental changes affected its social structure (Anuar et al., 2020), (Schrape, 2018), (Megawati, 2017), (Evayani & Rido, 2019), (Rusliyawati et al., 2020).
The Meiji era spelled the beginning of the end of feudalism1 in Japan, and would lead to the emergence of modern Japanese culture, politic and society (Puspita & Pranoto, 2021), (Thornton & Houser, 2005), (Schrape, 2018), (Tuhuteru & Iriani, 2018). At the beginning of that time, the position of the woman and man became concern because of the Meiji era.
The issue of gender became hot topic because at Meiji era was still influenced by Tokugawa era 2, which at that time only focused on the position of man, while at the time woman showed up their ability and capability in public sphere especially in scope of the culture, politic and society in public sphere Japanese life (Kardiansyah & Salam, 2020), (Oktaviani et al., 2020), (Qodriani & Kardiansyah, 2018), (Ayu, 2020). The existence of
woman in public sphere has a big question by man in Japan, because from the tradition of their ancestor the positions of the man like a king in the family household. It was supported by Friedmen that “once married a Japanese woman finds herself in a role opposite of the perceived sex roles in Japan - the female is dominant in the house”. It means that, woman must know their position based on the gender role, just like staying at home to keep her children, cooking for husband and other household activity that must be done as shufu (housewife). When she is married, woman must be under the husband reign as the heritage of woman before she was born. Woman must be dominant in the house without any chance to explore her ability outside the house (Ruslaini et al., 2021), (Indrayuni, 2019).
Meiji era was an era when the existence of woman still limited in public and private life (Ariyanti & Iswardani, 2020), (Prayoga et al., 2020), (Bwigenge et al., 2020), (Sohrabi et al., 2020). Meiji era was influenced by Tokugawa era where the position of woman was under the man. It was also emphasized by Seth Friedmen in his article Woman in Japanese Society: Their Changing Roles that ; “She [woman] has five blemishes in her nature. She is disobedient, inclined to anger, slanderous, envious, stupid... In everything she must submit to her husband.".
In private life—household life in Meiji Era— woman’s lower position started at home (Amarudin & Riskiono, 2019), (Jupriyadi & Prabowo, 2017), (Napianto et al., 2017).
Based on the quotation above, woman in Meiji Era must be fully under the man position because woman is unable to protest, to be angry, false, envious, and foolish toward her husband even woman has five blemishes in her nature, meanwhile her husband is able to do so. Here, explicitly, woman position is completely under the man. Man is able to control everything in woman life meanwhile woman is unable to explore what she feels because of this streotype among the society at the time. in other words, woman value is being underestimated by man. The concept of the value from man’s paragdigm is narrow.
Man value is at higher position in his tradition (Kementerian Pertanian RI, 2019), (Rianto, 2021). Since the beginning, woman is considered as the lower class by man even before she was born. Based on this narrow paragdigm, the treatment between man and woman are different (Liu et al., 2020). Meanwhile man is able to explore the biggest world outside, woman must enter the smallest world, which means household stuffs (Al Falaq & Puspita, 2021). The difference treatment between man and woman also appear as a belief to describe the issue of gender differences in Beyond the Blossoming Fields by Jun ‘Ichi Watanabe.
The novel tells about life of Japanese woman who suffers venereal disease from her husband (Kardiansyah & Salam, 2020), (Kardiansyah, 2017), (Sohrabi et al., 2020), (Afrianto & Ma’rifah, 2020), (Sasalia & Sari, 2020). She found many discriminations and harassments as a woman that finally made her struggle to prove who actually woman is.
She has desire as a doctor to help other woman who has the same problem. This novel explores how Meiji era took woman left behind in all aspects from man. Rejection, limitation and rebellion appear to describe the condition of woman at the time. Based on this explanation, in this paper the writer wants to analyze about woman value in Meiji era as seen in Watanabe’s novel. The researcher wants to reveal that actually woman in Meji era was drowning in the man’s narrow paradigm about woman life in that era.
LITERATURE REVIEW Gender Differences
In this part of the analysis, the writer wants to explore the value of human in public sphere and private sphere while face obstacles by the rule of the gender in Japan. In this case because of woman is a female category based on gender differences construction. So for that reason, the writer needs to use gender differences theory to explore who are defined as male and female.
Gender refers to the socially determined ideas and practices of what it is to be female or male (Kardiansyah, 2017), (Chavez, 2000), (Sinaga, 2017). Female here refers to somebody who has reflection as mother, wife, and has limitation in doing work, high education while man is creations who are reflected as the strong human, and doing such kind outstanding work especially outside their household. Gender following social determined ideas and practices to be categories as female or male just like the duty of female from their nature as second class after male and specifically according Davis and Greenstein woman has duty as a wife and mother at home, she has a limitation to do work and to get high education, while the man has more opportunity to work and to get high education outside their household. The reason why the researcher uses this concept is because in the story of the novel portrays about the principle of gender in Japan, where in the story it leads to the controversial life of woman who is developed and showed the capability in public sphere. In the novel, describes about the woman demanding the same right and education. Issue of the gender equality becoming concern in the reviling the title of the value of woman in public sphere, gender equality denotes woman having the same opportunities in life as man, including the ability to participate in the public sphere.
Concept of Human Value
Inside human body, human has the quality such as the knowledge, experience and strength to be proven in social life, it is also described in the story of Beyond the Blossoming Fields when Ginko a major character of the novel wants to improve her quality of education as woman that is still underestimated by man in Japan Meiji era. Therefore woman as human in Meiji era that wants to have value for her life and does not want to be underestimated by man she must have specific criteria (Andrian, 2021), (Tuhuteru & Iriani, 2018), (Darwis &
Pamungkas, 2021).
The researcher wants to reveal the proof based on the novel that related to such kind of criteria above. The Novel Beyond the Blossoming Fields when describes about woman life that motivated her life to rise and to prove that woman is not only an object who is bearing fault of man and actually woman also has value, in the other hand it also portrays about the life of woman in Meiji era.
Brief History of Woman Value in Meiji Era
Meiji era was begun around September 1868 until July 1912. The beginning of Japan’s road to modernization, started when the 16 year old emperor Mutsuhito selected the era name Meiji for his reign. In 1871 Meiji established a Ministry of Education to provide education in Japan, but in the beginning of this era the struggle of woman to get approval in quality of the value of their movement in public and private live are still difficult. Meiji era was still influenced by Tokugawa era which placed the value of woman under man, and woman’s space is limited by patriarchal family structure in which man dominated the family.
Woman Value in Public Sphere
Because this paper concern about woman value in patriarchal society especially in Meiji era so, the writer thinks it is important to correlate the woman position among the societies
time by time to convey the development of woman position time by time. It is already stated that in patriarchal world represents the lowest status, a status to which man can fall only under the most exceptional circumstances, if at all. Woman in public sphere in Japan just gave a little educational opportunity for him during the Meiji era. Japanese sociologist Junko Kiguchi has written that the reigning principle of woman's education was that woman should be good wives and mothers. At that time only a few ladies of the upper class could read and write to any appreciable extent. Still, the feeling of the average person was that woman did not really require book learning, and even after the establishment of modern educational facilities for woman, the numbers of girls attending school was disappointingly small.
Woman Value in Private Sphere
We often view the nineteenth century as fundamentally defined by its traditional notion of gender roles, especially as embodied in the duty of domesticity. While the identification of the woman’s sphere within the home had deep roots in Western culture, and such identification was central to dominant thinking about gender for centuries, domestic ideology was a particular historical development that emerged in the early decades of the nineteenth century, and over the time it had ambivalent implications for woman
METHOD
In this analysis, the writer applies library research and descriptive qualitative method.
Library research is the method of making this paper by collecting, reading, and analyzing the data that relates to the research. The writer uses this method to find the data and information from some books that are related to the analysis. This research conducted as library research, since all the data are taken from books, journal and article which are relevant to the topic of discussion of this research.
In this research the writer applied descriptive qualitative method and library research to analyze the depiction of the value of woman in Meiji era in public and private sphere as reflected in Jun’Ichi Watanabe’s Beyond the Blossoming Fields.In this analysis, the writer analyzes primary data and secondary data as the center of the analysis. The primary data source is the novel with the title Beyond the Blossoming Field by Jun’Ichi Watanabe. The Narration and the dialogue existed in that novel is become the primary data of this research.
Secondary data are taken from journal and article to analyze the issue related with value of woman in private and public sphere with the title Pioneers of the Woman's Movement in Japan: Hiratsuka Raicho and Fukuda Hideko Seen Through Their Journal, Seito and Sekai Fujn by Fumiko Horimoto and Japanese Woman’s Rights at the Meiji Era by Junko Kiguchi . The quotations of the narrations and the dialogues in the novel and journal are applicable to be analyzed to get the answer of research problem.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Value of Woman in Meiji Era in Private Sphere as Reflected in Beyond the Blossoming Fields
Every human has value inside his/her life, the value of life is important thing that has to be built by the people, because some of people use the value as the parameter in social order in the society life. The value of woman is the main issue at the Meiji era, where the woman’s space is still limited in many aspects that make woman at that time look as a fixture in the life of man in that time, which she cannot develop her ability and capability
even chance come to them, they must struggle hard to reach their chance to be true, because at that time woman were seen with less value. The woman in Meiji era only had ordinary activity, especially in their private sphere such as become housekeeper, keep her children and clean the house; it is also described in Beyond the Blossoming quotation. In making the writer is easy to identify the value of the woman, in this point the writer uses some of criteria based on Rokeach as follow:
Independence as the Value in Private Sphere
In this case actually the writer here wants to analyze about the value of woman in Meiji era that was happened in the past time and correlate with socio- historical approach that is used by the writer in this research. The value itself has criteria which can be called as valuable.
According to Rokeach value has criteria such as independent, wisdom, success and kindness. In this point, firstly the writer analyzes about independent as one of parameter of the value, especially in private sphere and according to Bob Shinoda “Independent is someone who does not take help from others for their self. The character is seen independent from novel is Ginko, which seen in quotation bellow:
“Just as before, Gin spent most of her time in her room. She cleaned and did her laundry, but otherwise she stayed inside. Gin will refuse though aides want to clean her room” (Watanabe, 2008:53)
The quotation above reflects to the condition of woman in private sphere in Meiji era that refers to the independence character. Based on the quotation above the value that indicated the independence seen in Ginko that did the activities in private sphere especially in her room, when Ginko cleaned and laundry her clothes by herself, even her aides want to help Gin, it means independent is character that do something without any kind help from others in their household. The woman in Meiji era has strength responsibility as the woman to take care toward their family as the main figure in the house hold to maintain every single thing the job at the house hold. She cannot develop her ability and capability in her life, her time just spent to be good wife for their husband. The other quotation that has an indication is showed as woman value in the form of independent character seen toward Ogie friend of Ginko.
Kindness as the Value in Private Sphere
The writer here puts some quotations based on the novel Beyond Blossoming Fields that indicates character kindness as the part of value of woman in private sphere. Kind is someone who generous, helpful, care, and thinking about other people’s feelings. In this quotation will emphasize that woman is valuable in private sphere with her own action, and it describes the kindness of woman. The quotation that describes the kindness is seen when Kayo Ginko’s mother as a good wife and good mother because she always make sure her family healthy life included all of family servants as follow:
Kayo was a small woman with beautiful eyes. She was a good wife and, not unduly influence by her family’s exalted status, she ran the home with a steady hand. At the end of the day when all the work was done, she made sure her husband had the firs bath, followed by her two sons, and then all of the family servants down to the lowliest servant girl. It was only natural that she should oversee every detail in this way. (Watanabe, 2008: 8)
The quotation above takes place in Ginko house, it is about her job of mother as a woman in house hold. Kayo is a Ginko’s mother who has responsibility in every detail activity related to her family. The quotation reflected the job of her mother as woman. As the mother and as a wife Kayo (Ginko’s Mother) should take care and concern on her husband, she has to make sure that every single needs of his husband are fulfill. Kayo also has to give attention with her son, and other member that belong to her family. The condition of Kayo as the wife is reflected as the represent of the kind woman in Meiji era. Kayo’s responsibility toward her family describes her kindness. By having explains from Saylor
“All women in Meiji era should live more retired, reserved lives, devoted to the apparently light labor of taking care of the home for the man who entered into the economic world”.
Wisdom as the Value in Private Sphere
Wisdom is one of value that is prominent in the Meiji era at the time, it was rare found the wife who rebel to the woman. The social order in Meiji era set rules of the woman value in private sphere include how to treat and service the husband, even though it pressures the woman condition, it seen as follow:
Ginko had been resigned to the idea of going to Hokkaido ever since Shikata’s last visit to Tokyo, and the question was only of when. She prepared herself mentally to leave the moment Shikata sent word to join him. (Watanabe, 2008: 279).
The quotation above reveal about Ginko’s condition as a wise wife in her household, she has to choose the bitter choice, which is actually hard to do. Ginko has to leave his job and activity as the famous doctor. She leaves the city when her profession was getting best and needed by the society. Ginko has to follow her husband as the responsibility and devotion of a wife.
The Value of Woman in Meiji Era in Public Sphere as Reflected in Beyond the Blossoming Fields
Value of woman in Meiji era in public sphere refers to the quality of woman in the environment of society. How is the woman is seen prominent not the same as the common woman like mostly. It deals with Williams explanation that stated about the concept of human value “human value refers to the quality of the people in the process of interaction in environment. Human value influences the existence of the people action in society, it deals with the expert explanation who stated that “values represent what is important to human beings”.
In Meiji era also made woman activity outside still limited while for man, he has more chance to do work, develop their education and hang out. For woman at that time to get high education must through a lot of barriers such as social rejected, humiliation, violence, harassment, moral and mental pressure. In Meiji era when man seen woman got high education and developed their activities outside their house, it means the values of man are the same with woman, while in Meiji era actually the values of man is over woman value, so in this case man does not want his position is the same with woman and it emphasizes with Paulson that “Woman could not note vote, nor could they attend political meetings.
Woman did receive education but were separated from males at an early juncture and at secondary level were expected to learn in order to become “good wives and mothers.” If it is happens man feels insulted against woman, and also man afraid it will break the rule of
tradition in Meiji era that actually man was like a king toward woman, it can be seen also in Beyond the Blossoming Fields.
Independent as the Value in Public Sphere
Woman in Meiji era wants to explore her strength in public sphere as human that is valuable with fulfill criteria of value such as independent, wisdom, success and kindness.
The first is about independent in public sphere, so that is way the writer wants to make clear and specific by taking a statement about independent itself, “Independent is someone who does not take help from others for their self”. Even at that time female and male have different duty and activity such as Vassiliou statement “in most societies, man and woman differ in the activities they undertake, in access and control of life, and in participation in taking decision. In most societies, woman as a female in gender have less opportunity than man to take decision,” but woman still tries to show her ability and capability in public sphere with their action as independent woman without man. The character that is described in quotation as follow:
“There are other ways for woman to get through life than getting married and having children. There’s no shame in a woman becoming a scholar and then using her knowledge to make a living.” It was a bold statement, but Ogie brought up the subject of Gin’s future the very first time she came to see Gin. Gin was slightly stunned, but she found herself looking at Ogie with respect. “What good does it to do get married and follow the orders of your mother-in-law and husband, and then be completely tied down by children?” The gleam of passion on Ogie’s eyes as she spoke gave her the look of an animal eyeing its prey. (Watanabe, 2008: 29)
The quotation above tells about Ginko’s friend named Ogie. Ogie is the woman who is so independent. Ogie is not common character as a woman in common. Ogie uphold the education, especially for a woman. In Ogie’s point of view, educated woman is not something that is not belongs to a mistake. Ogie has a good contribution in educating a woman.
CONCLUSION
After finishing the analysis, the writer can draw the conclusion. Beyond the Blossoming Fields is the story about the struggle of woman in private and public sphere; the story also reveals some criteria that help to identify the value of woman both in private sphere and public sphere. The key word becoming the concern in this analysis is the action of woman’s activities in private and public sphere that belong to some criteria there are independent, wisdom, success, and kindness.
In elaborating the analysis about the issue of woman value in the novel Beyond the Blossoming Fields until getting some point based on the criteria, the writer has explained some evidents based on theory that support the analysis. Since, the issue is related to negative judgment of inequality in woman existence so, the writer tries to explain some data that support the value of woman in public and private sphere, most precisely woman in Meiji era.
The researcher divides the analysis into two sequences that supported each other until the writer gets the answer of the problem formulation. The first sequence is about the value of woman in private sphere. Further, in the second sequence is the value of woman in public sphere. In the first and second sequence, they are correlated both of the points emphasize
the existence of woman as human character in Meiji era. At the end, the analysis leads to the conclusion that Beyond the Blossoming Fields reveals woman value in private and public sphere. That is to say, even at that time woman still dominated by man, woman still could fulfill criteria as human that are valuable in private and public sphere.
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