A STUDY OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES
IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
IGNATIUS SIGIT WIDYA PURNA NUGRAHA
Student Number: 014214071
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
A STUDY OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES
IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
IGNATIUS SIGIT WIDYA PURNA NUGRAHA
Student Number: 014214071
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2007
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-Sigit Widya-
v
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated
to
- My beloved Mom and Dad
Thanks for your support, care, and endless
love…
-
My brothers and sisters
First and primary, I would like to give all my Gratitude to God Almighty who
create earth and heaven. You are never asleep. Thanks for being my faithful listener.
My special thanks go to my beloved Mom and Dad, Th. Sumarini and R.
Soedjarno, who give me all their love since I was nothing until now. My deepest thanks
go to all my wonderful brothers and sisters who make my life become colorful.
My deepest gratitude and respect are due to my thesis advisor, Adventina
Putranti, S. S., M. Hum., for her time and patience to me in finishing this undergraduate
thesis. My deepest thanks go to my co-advisor, Dra. B. Ria Lestari, M. S., for her
patience and guidance. Thanks also to Ms. Tata, and Ms. Dewi, for their advices during
my study.
Thanks for all my friends in English letters of Sanata Dharma University, Vava,
Prima, Aryo, Iksan, Bima, Endra, Fangkie, Freddy, Obed, Ian, Sinda, MBDS, Erna,
Ayu, Wawan, Imbik, Fariz, Yosep, Garry, Sandy, Wisnu, Jupix, Kuncup, Memey,
Jane, Marto, Perix, ”The Sigits “ and all friends that I cannot mention one by one.
My enormous thanks go to Ngreny who has given everything from June 3rd, 2006
until August 29th, 2007. Thanks for letting me borrow your Toshiba Portege during
finishing my thesis. I will always remember your kindness.
Last but not least, I also thank all English letters lecturers and staff who gave their
support during my study in Sanata Dharma University. God bless them all.
Ignatius Sigit Widya Purna Nugraha
APPROVAL PAGE……….………... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE……….…………. iii
MOTTO PAGE……….…………. iv
DEDICATION PAGE………... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….……….. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS……….……….. vii
ABSTRACT……….……….. viii
ABSTRAK……….……… ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……….…………. 1
A. Background of the Study……….…... 1
B. Problem Formulation………... 3
C. Objectives of the Study……….…. 4
D. Definition of Terms………. 4
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW………... 6
A. Review on Related Theories………... 6
1. Theories of the English Participial Adjectives ………... 6
a. Types of Participial Adjectives...………... 7
i. The Present (-ing) Participial Adjective………. 8
ii. The Past (-ed) Participial Adjective………... 9
b. Patterns of Participial Adjectives……… 11
i. The Present (–ing) Participle……….. 11
1. The Present -ing (active) Participial Adjectives………. 11
2. The Present -ing (in progress) Participial Adjectives… .11 ii. The past (–ed) Participle………. 12
1. The Past -ed (passive) Participial Adjectives…………. 12
2. The -ed (completed/ intransitive) Participial Adjectives 12 c. Functions of Participial Adjectives…... 14
i. Attributive Position……….14
ii. Predicative Position……… 15
B. Theoretical Framework………..… 16
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY……….. 17
A. Object of the Study……….. 17
B. Method of the Study………... 18
1. Data Collection……….. 18
2. Data Analysis………. 19
a. Identifying the Types of Participial Adjectives………... 19
i. Analyzing the Patterns……… 19
b. The Functions of the Use the English Participial
Adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess…20
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS………... 21
A. The Types of Participial Adjectives Found in A Little Princess……... 21
1. The Present (-ing) Participial Adjectives………... 22
a. The Present -ing (active) Participial Adjectives………. 23
b. The present -ing (in progress) participial adjectives……….. 25
2. The Past (-ed) Participial Adjectives………... 31
a. The Past -ed (passive) Participial Adjectives………. 31
b. The Past -ed (completed) Participial Adjectives……… 34
B. The Functions of Participial Adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess………...……….. 42
1. Showing a Permanent Habit or Characteristic……… 44
2. Describing a Judgment or an Opinion (How Situation Appears to Someone)……… ……... 45
3. Expressing the State or Condition of the Noun……….. 47
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION………. 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY……… 52
APPENDIX……….. 53
ABSTRACT
IGNATIUS SIGIT WIDYA PURNA NUGRAHA. A Study of English Participial Adjectives In Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2007.
Some adjectives can be identified by their endings. Another major subclass of adjectives can also be formally distinguished by endings, this time by -ed or -ing endings or often called as the English participial adjectives. The addition of the –ing and –ed at the end of a word will make a new word and the addition changes the grammatical function of the base word. The participle ending in –ing, known as present participial adjective and participle ends in –ed, known as past participial adjective (Hughes, 1996).
This thesis discusses two problems. Firstly the writer analyzes the types of the English participial adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess. Secondly the writer analyzes the functions of the English participial adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess.
The data collections are analyzed, in which the writer knows which types of the English participial adjectives used. Next, the writer analyzed the data to identify the types of the English participial adjectives by using the patterns of the English participial adjective according to the theory stated by Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215). After that, the writer classified the English participial adjectives based on their types. From the data collection and data analysis, the writer found the types and functions of the English participial adjectives in the novel.
The results are there are four types and three functions of the English participial adjectives that are found in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess. The types are the present (active) participial adjective, the present (in progress) participial adjective, the past (passive) participial adjective, and the past (completed) participial adjective. The functions of the English participial adjective in the novel are showing a permanent habit or characteristic of the noun, describing a judgment or an opinion (how situation appears to someone), and expressing the state or condition of the noun.
ABSTRAK
IGNATIUS SIGIT WIDYA PURNA NUGRAHA. A Study of English Participial Adjectives In Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007.
Banyak kata sifat yang dapat diidentifikasi dari akhirannya. Salah satu bagian dari kata sifat yang dapat diidentifikasi adalah kata sifat yang mendapatkan akhiran –ing atau –ed atau yang biasa disebut dengan the English participial adjectives. Penambahan akhiran –ing dan –ed pada sebuah kata akan menghasilkan sebuah kata baru dan penambahan tersebut mengubah fungsi tatanan kata dasarnya. Participle yang mendapatkan akhiran –ing dikenal dengan nama present (-ing) participial adjective, dan participle yang mendapatkan akhiran –ed dikenal dengan nama past (-ed) participial adjective (Hughes, 1996).
Skripsi ini mendiskusikan dua masalah. Pertama, penulis menganalisis jenis-jenis English participial adjectives yang terdapat dalam novel karangan Frances Hodgson Burnett yang berjudul A Little Princess. Kedua, penulis menganalisis fungsi dari English participial adjectives dalam novel tersebut.
Di dalam menganalisis, penulis melakukan pengumpulan data untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis English participial adjectives yang digunakan di dalam novel tersebut. Selanjutnya penulis menganalisa data untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis English participial adjectives tersebut dengan menggunakan pola
English participial adjectives menurut teori yang dinyatakan oleh Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215). Setelah itu penulis mengklasifikasikan English participial adjectives berdasarkan jenis-jenisnya. Dari pengumpulan data dan penganalisisan data tersebut penulis menemukan jenis-jenis dan fungsi dari
English participial adjectives dalam novel tersebut.
Hasilnya ditemukan bahwa terdapat empat jenis dan tiga fungsi English participial adjectives dalam novel karangan Frances Hodgson Burnett yang berjudul A Little Princess tersebut. Jenis-jenisnya adalah present (active) participial adjective, present (in progress) participial adjective, past (passive) participial adjective, dan past (completed) participial adjective. Sedangkan fungsi-fungsi dari English participial adjectives dalam novel tersebut adalah menunjukkan kebiasaan mutlak atau karakter dari kata benda, mendeskripsikan suatu penilaian atau opini (situasi yang nampak pada seseorang), dan mengekspresikan pernyataan atau kondisi dari kata benda.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
A language is an element of communication system. People have to know the
rules applied in language in order to use a language correctly. To recognize a language,
people must be familiar with its grammar. Fromkin and Rodman (1988:13) state that:
The grammar, then, is what we know. It represents our linguistic competence. To understand the nature of this internalized unconscious set of rules, which is part of every grammar of every language, every human being who speaks a language knows its grammar.
The quotation above states that when people communicate their ideas, opinions and
intentions, they actually apply their knowledge of grammar or set of rules unconsciously.
Moreover, they have to learn and recognize the rules of a language.
Relating to the learning of a language, Widdoson (1979:2-3) says that:
The learning a language, then, involves acquiring the ability to compose correct sentences. That is one aspect of the matter. But, it also involves acquiring an understanding of which sentences or part of sentences are appropriate in a particular context. The first kind of ability depends upon knowledge of the grammatical rules of the language being learned.
In relation to the quotation above, it can be said that in making sentences, which
correspond to ideas and intentions properly, correct grammar is required.
The grammar of a language is a part of language components, which is
important, especially in producing sentences correctly. Language consists of spoken and
written language. Written language always consists of paragraphs which are built by
sentences. Sentences consist of words or phrases. One example of the type of phrases is
In English, descriptive adjectives usually indicate an inherent quality (examples:
beautiful, clever), or a physical state such as age, size, color. According to Marcella Frank (1972), the adjective is a modifier that has the grammatical property of
comparison. It is often identified by special derivational endings or by special adverbial
modifiers that precede it. Its most usual position is before the noun it modifies but it fills
other positions as well. The functions of adjectives are:
a. to modify a noun, examples:
(1) The small boy. (2) A fair result.
In these phrases the adjectives are put before the nouns they describe.
b. to modify a pronoun, example:
(3) The plate is expensive. (4) The price seemed high. (5) I am ill.
(6) Something special.
In these phrases the adjectives are put after linking verbs.
An English participial adjective is a participle which is added by the suffix –ing
and/or -ed that function as adjective and it describes the noun it modifies. It modifies or gives description or information about the noun it follows. We often call these types of
endings as inflectional endings or inflectional suffixes.
The English participial adjectives support to construct a sentence in a text. The
In relation to the functions above, a participial adjective can be used to build a
sentence in a children’s novel. One of the most famous authors that wrote children’s
novel is Frances Hodgson Burnett.
This thesis relates to the study of language, that is, the English participial
adjectives. The discussion of this study focuses on the English participial adjectives
which occur in sentences of a novel. The English participial adjectives in this study are
taken from Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess.
This thesis is going to analyze the use of English participial adjective in A Little Princess written by Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849-1924). A Little Princess was published by Wordsworth Editions Limited Cumberland House, Crib Street, Ware,
Hertfordshire in 1994. It is interesting to study Burnett’s grammar in writing A Little Princess. In writing A Little Princess, Burnett uses almost all characteristics of English participial adjective. This topic is chosen to find out the sentence structure that is used
by Frances Hodgson Burnett in building A Little Princess by viewing from the use of participial adjective.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the topic chosen, the problem formulation is divided into two
questions:
C. Objectives of the study
There are two objectives of the study in this thesis. The first objective is to find
out what types of the English participial adjectives that are used in A Little Princess. The second is to find out the functions of the English participial adjectives in the novel
entitled A Little Princess.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, it is necessary to give
definitions of terms so that the readers comprehend what the writer wants to say in this
study.
The first is ‘Participle’. House (1950) says that a participle is a non-finite verb (a
verb not limited by person, number or mode). In Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (1989), the word ‘participle’ (French ‘participle’, from Latin ‘participium’, participating sharing) suggests the two chief functions of the
participle: (1) It participates, assists in the formation of periphrastic (compound) tenses;
and (2) It participates, shares its verb function with the adjective.
The second is ‘Adjective’. According to Webster Dictionary, an adjective is a word used with a noun to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed
to it, or to limit or to define it, or to specify or describe a thing as distinct from
something else. (p. 24)
The last is ‘The English Participial Adjectives’. The English Participial Adjective
Meanwhile, Lester says that adjectives refer to ‘qualities’ of something. They
modify the nouns qualitatively (Lester, 1990:95). In addition to the definition of
adjectives, Quirk describes it as a word that is used with a noun or pronoun to describe
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REWIEW
This chapter presents two parts, Review of Related Theories and Theoretical Framework. The review of related theories consists of some theories that are applied to support the topic. These theories are provided for the analysis. These theories concern with the types of the English participial adjectives as well as the patterns of English participial adjectives. Subsequently, the theoretical framework consists of the importance review of related theories in answering the problem formulations. This thesis discusses the study of the English participial adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s novel.
A. Review of Related Theories
The theories of the English participial adjectives will be presented in the following section.
1. Theories of the English Participial Adjectives
ing and –ed endings are the examples that are used to form the participial adjectives. We often called these types of word elements as inflectional endings. Sometimes, inflectional endings are called inflectional suffixes.
The addition of the –ing and –ed at the end of a word will make a new word and the addition changes the grammatical function of the base. The participial adjective ending in –ing is known as present participial adjectives and the participial adjective ends in –ed is known as past participial adjectives (Frank, 1972).
Some present participial adjectives (-ing forms) and past participial adjectives
(-ed forms) of verbs can be used as adjectives (Hewings, 1999). Most of these participial adjectives can be used before the noun they describe or the following linking verbs. The uses of participial adjectives are to modify nouns and pronouns. The –ing form often represents the original subject of a simple sentence; the –ed form, the original object.
(1). The game excited the audience.
Participle used with the subject game. (1a) The exciting game ( = the game was exciting) Participle used with the object audience. (1b) The excited audience
( = the audience was excited) (Hewings, 1999)
a. Types of Participial Adjectives
i. The Present (-ing) Participial Adjective
The –ing participial adjective is usually known as a present participial adjective. According to Swan in Practical English Usage (1995:404-405), present participles ( -ing) are used to describe the people or things that cause the feelings. The -ing participle refers to the actor (the one/thing causing the emotion). When -ing forms are used like adjectives or adverbs, they have similar meanings to active verbs: falling leaves (= leaves that fall), a meat-eating animal (= an animal that eats meat).
According to Sadler (1981:12), present participial adjective is one of non-finite part of English, which has no tense, and it is not affected by the person and the number of subjects.
Typically, there are only several verbs that can be changed into adjectives by adding suffix –ing, and they are commonly called emotive verbs. The term emotive is used to indicate that the verbs influence people, or caused someone to become (Celce-Murcia, 1983). For example: amuse, bore, interest, tire, admire, amaze, annoy, surprise, etc.
A very simple way to prove whether the –ing is an adjective or not is by putting an intensifier before the form. It is no doubt that the intensifiers can only be placed in adjectives and adverbs because the function of the intensifiers is to show the intensification of the modifiers of the noun (Celce-Murcia, 1983).
Below are the explanations of the present (-ing) participial adjective:
1. The –ing participial adjective in the noun phrases can reach full adjective status when it is compounded with another adjective, put in front of noun compound, as in the moving traffic compounded with fast become the fast-moving traffic;
2. The –ing participial adjectives usually refer to a characteristic feature of the thing referred to by the noun and not any specific act (Quirk, 1985:246).
3. The present participles describe the cause of feeling (Azar, 1992: 298). The present participle conveys an active meaning. The noun it modifies does something (Azar, 1989: 144).
4. The –ing participial adjectives can also describe the general use of the noun or what the noun is intended for, such as: a washing machine means a machine which washes and a dining table means table for dining (Hughes, 1996).
ii. The Past (-ed) Participial Adjective
The past participle describes how people feels (Azar, 1992: 298). The past participle conveys a passive meaning (Azar, 1989: 144).
According to Swan in Practical English Usage (1995:404-405), Past participial adjectives (-ed) are used to say how people feel. The -ed participle refers to the experiencer (the one feeling the emotion). Most past participles have passive meanings when they are used like adjectives or adverbs: a broken heart (= a heart that has been broken).
The past (–ed)participial adjectives may have the same function as the present ( -ing) participial adjectives since the participial adjectives in common which more or less can be generalized based on the functions as follows (Compbell, 1951):
1. They modify nouns.
2. They can be used either attributively or predicatively.
3. They might be descriptive that is, they modify nouns by naming the quality or condition of the objects named, or classifying that is, they restrict the referee of the object named.
Etherton (1968) divides the –ed participial adjective into two groups according to the kinds of verbs from which they derive and it can be summarized as follows:
1. The –ed participial adjectives of transitive verbs. 2. The –ed participial adjectives of intransitive verbs.
The most common participial adjectives are those which derive from transitive verbs. They may stand in attributive or predicative position. At large, most adjectives that are formed by transitive past participle have passive meaning and descriptive stress. According to Lado (1975:65), the participial adjectives have descriptive stress; it means that they indicate the condition or state of the person or thing denoted by the noun which they modify.
thing denoted by the noun has performed the action expressed by the particles (Quirk, 1985:246).
A few intransitive verbs have past participles that can be used as adjectives with active meanings, especially before nouns: a fallen leaf (=a leaf that has fallen), advanced
students (=students who have advanced to a high level). Some more past participles can only be used in this way in phrases with adverbs: a well-read person (a person who read well), a much-traveled man (a man who traveled a lot) Swan (1995:404-405).
b. Patterns of Participial Adjectives
According to Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215), the patterns of English participial adjectives can be divided as follows.
i. The present (–ing) participial adjectives 1. The present -ing (active) participial adjectives (It/they V someone/thing)
PA <--- Agent
The rule above states that the –ing participial adjectives show an active relationship with the noun they modify. For examples: Frightening animals (animals which frighten someone/thing), a paying customer (a customer who pays someone/thing). The –ing participial adjectives show that the agent causes the feelings expressed by the participle.
2. The present -ing (in progress) participial adjectives He (it) is __ing
The rule above states that the –ing participial adjectives show what the noun is actively doing (in progress). For examples: An escaping prisoner (a prisoner who is escaping now), a growing boy (a boy who is still growing).
ii. The past (–ed) participial adjectives 1. The past -ed (passive) participial adjectives (Someone/thing V it/them)
PA ---> Object
The rule above states that the –ed participial adjectives show a passive relationship with the noun they modify. For examples: Frightened animals (someone/thing frightened them/animals), a paid employee (someone paid the employee). The –ed participial adjectives show that the noun is the receiver of feeling, or become the object which receives an action expressed by the participle.
2. The -ed (completed/ intransitive) participial adjectives He (it) has ___ed
PA <--- Active
but they show an active meaning. For examples: An escaped prisoner (a prisoner who has escaped), a grown up boy (a boy who has grown up).
According to Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215) the English participial adjectives can also include a lot of things that go with verbs (in addition to active/passive and perfect/progressive distinctions):
i. Agent
The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it becomes an agent. For example: A German-made car. (the Germans built it).
ii. Object:
The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it becomes an object. For examples: A man-eating tiger (it eats men), a self-fulfilling
prophesy (it fulfills itself). iii. Negation:
The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it makes a negation. For example: Uninterrupted sleep (no one interrupts it).
iv. Adverbs:
The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it becomes an adverb. For examples: Never-ending battles (they never end), home-made
bread (someone made it at home), long-lasting friendships (they last long). v. Particles:
The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it becomes a particle. For examples: The up-coming election (it's coming up), a built-in
c. Functions of Participial Adjectives
According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk; G. Leech and J. Svartvik in A Student’s Grammar of the English Language (1990:133), there are two functions of the English participial adjectives; those are attributive and predicative. According to Hewings (1999), regarding the positions, participial adjectives can be put in phrases as follows:
i. Attributive Position
Attributively, the –ed participial adjective shows a permanent habit and thus drop their usual passive meaning (Quirk, 1985; Naesfield, 1957). Richard Hughes & Carmel Heal (1993:71) state that attributively, -ing participial adjective describes a judgment or an opinion (how situation appears to someone). Whereas, the –ed participial adjective describes how the subject has been affected or influenced by something.
According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk; G. Leech and J. Svartvik in A Student’s Grammar of the English Language (1990:133), attributive participial adjectives include forms in –ed that have no corresponding verbs:
13. The unexpected results (*to unexpect) 14. Her downhearted children (*to downheart) 15. His talented friends (*to talent)
16. His diseased lung (*to disease)
(Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk; G. Leech and J. Svartvik, 1990:133)
downheart, *to talent, *to disease. When there is a corresponding verb, attributively used in –ed forms usually have a passive meaning, e.g.:
17. Lost property (property that has been lost)
(Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk; G. Leech and J. Svartvik in, 1990:133)
ii. Predicative Position
A predicative participial adjective comes after a copula verb (linking verb) and not before a noun. In predicative usage, both the –ing and the –ed participial adjective may express the state or condition of the noun which are shown by their verb base (Kilby, 1985:57).
Like other adjectives, participial adjectives can usually be modified by very, extremely, or less, such as very determined, extremely self-centered, less frightening, etc. They can also take more and most to form comparatives and superlatives: annoying, more annoying, the most annoying.
Generally, -ed participle forms accepting very can retain very when they cooccur with a by-phrase containing a non-personal noun phrase that expresses the notion of cause of reason: I’m very disturbed by your attitude, we were very pleased by his behaviour.
The participle sometimes reaches full adjective status when it is compounded with another element: It is breaking my heart → It is (very) heart-breaking
B. Theoretical Framework
This research aims at answering the problems that have been stated previously. In this part, this application of theories on the research will be explained. Theories of English participial adjectives are to answer the first question and to understand the basic usage of participial adjectives. This theory discusses the participial adjectives which are divided into attributive and predicative based on their function as modifiers. They also divide the participial adjectives into two types; the present (-ing) participial adjective and secondly, the past (-ed)participial adjective (Hughes, 1996). In addition, the theories about the patterns of participial adjectives also give contributions to the classification of the participial adjectives after being divided according to their types.
The second question is dealt with Frances Hodgson Burnett’s structure in writing. The occurrences of attributive and predicative participial adjectives can be used to find the structure that Frances Hodgson Burnett uses in creating A Little Princess. In this section, the theories about the functions of participial adjectives will be used. The first function is showing a permanent habit or characteristics of the noun they modify. The theory stated by Quirk (1985) & Naesfield (1957) tells that attributively, the –ed
participial adjective shows a permanent habit and thus drop their usual passive meaning. The next theories are also stated by Quirk (1985) & Naesfield (1957). With the help of the second theory, we find out that attributively, -ing participial adjective describes a judgment or an opinion (how situation appears to someone). The third theory is stated by (Kilby, 1985:57). The theory tells that in predicative usage, both the –ing and the –ed
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
Since the object of the study in this thesis is the English participial adjectives in
Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess, the data that is needed is the novel itself. The writer uses a novel written by Frances Hodgson Burnett entitled A Little Princess. It is published by Wordsworth Editions Limited Cumberland House, Crib Street, Ware, Hertfordshire in 1994. The novel which contains nineteen chapters written
by Frances Hodgson Burnett has 185 pages.
Since the English participial adjectives in the novel that are going to be analyzed
has already represented in five chapters, the writer takes the occurrences of participial
adjectives only in the first five chapters.
Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess tells the troubles of a wealthy young girl, Sara Crewe, who is sent to an oppressive London boarding school during her
father’s campaign in India. In appreciation to Capt. Crewe’s money, Sara is treated as a
little princess until, one day, word comes of her father’s tragic death. Miss Minchin, the
school’s greedy headmistress, wastes no time in putting the now-penniless Sara to work
for her room and board. It is only through the friendship of two other girls, her own
resolute nature, and some astonishing luck that Sara eventually finds her way back to
happiness. The young protagonist of Frances Burnett’s A Little Princess, Sara Crewe, overcomes hardship as a young intellect in the Victorian era trapped under the
novel using a Feminist perspective enlightens several startling ideas that the text
suggests are imperative to surviving as a woman in Victorian society.
B. Method of the Study
In this study, the writer will present the methods of the research that included
data collection and data analysis. These methods are presented to arrange a
chronological and understandable analysis.
1 Data Collection
As the object of the study in this thesis was the English participial adjectives
which were applied in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess, the object of the study was the novel itself.
To collect the data, firstly, the writer read the novel in order to have better
understanding in the story and to find out the English participial adjectives in the novel.
The analysis aimed at knowing which types of the English participial adjectives that
were used; whether they were the present –ing (which commonly active) or the past –ed
(which is commonly passive) participial adjectives or whether their functions were
attributive (before the noun) or predicative (after the noun). There are 160 participial
predicative participial adjectives has the less occurrences in the novel, but they were still
included in order to make the analysis about the English participial adjectives clearer.
After collecting the –ing and –ed participial adjectives, the writer identified them and made a list of the Englishparticipial adjectives.
2. Data Analysis
After reading A Little Princess, the writer did some steps that were useful for the analysis.
a. Identifying the Types of Participial Adjectives
The first step was to identify the type of participial adjective. It was necessary to
answer the first problem. Knowing that there were two types of participial adjectives, the
further step was to identify the participial adjectives used in A Little Princess based on the theory of participial adjectives.
There were some steps that the writer did to analyze the participial adjectives
based on their types. Followings were the steps to identify and analyze the participial
adjectives found in the novel.
(i) Analyzing the Patterns
In this section, the pattern of the participial adjectives was analyzed in order to
have clear understanding about the participial adjective itself. In this part, the writer
identified the patterns of participial adjective according to the theory stated by Geoffrey
Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215). In this part, the structural rules of the data were
(ii) Classifying the Participial Adjectives Based on Their Types
Knowing that the type of participial adjectives was divided into two: Present ( -ing) and Past (-ed), the further step was to classify the participial adjective based on the problems that had been formulated. There were by the use of the participial adjectives,
whether it was the present (–ing) (which commonly active) or the past (–ed) (which is commonly passive) participial adjectives; and identifying whether it was transitive or
intransitive (a few intransitive verbs have past participles that can be used as adjectives
with active meanings, especially before nouns).
b. The Functions of the Use of the English Participial Adjectives in Frances
Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess
From the syntactic functions of participial adjectives, that are, attributive and
predicative, we can draw three functions of participial adjectives relating to the sentence
structure of Frances Hodgson Burnett.
1. Showing a permanent habit. It is related to the function of the –ed participial adjective as attributive.
2. Describing a judgment or an opinion (how situation appears to someone). It is
related to the function of the –ing participial adjective as predicative.
3. Expressing the state or condition of the noun which is shown by their verb
This paper studies the types of the participial adjectives that are found in
Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess, and identifies the functions of the use of the participial adjectives in the novel. The first section answers the problem number
one, that is, about the types of participial adjectives found in A Little Princess, and the second section discusses about the functions of the use of participial adjectives that
influences Frances Hodgson Burnett’s structure in writing A Little Princess.
A. The Types of Participial Adjectives Found in A Little Princess
After reading the novel, the writer can find two types of participial adjective,
that is, present (the –ing) and past (the –ed) participial adjectives. Based on the findings of the participial adjectives that were found in five chapters of Frances
Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess, there were 160 participial adjectives. The following table will show the proportion of the participial adjectives found in Frances
Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess.
Table 1. Proportion of Participial Adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess
No Participial Adjectives Number of
Occurrences
Percentage
1. The –ing attributive participial adjectives
3. The –ing predicative participial adjectives
12 7, 5%
4. The –ed predicative participial adjectives
35 21, 87%
The most frequent type of participial adjectives that occurs in the novel is the
past (the –ed) participial adjective. The number of past (the –ed) attributive participial adjective is 57 or 35, 62%. The past (the –ed) predicative participial adjective is 35 or 21, 87%. The present (the –ing) attributive participial adjectives is 56 or 35%. The present (the –ing) predicative participial adjectives occur in quite small number, that is, only 12 or 7, 5%. The percentage of participial adjectives here can be used to
reveal the number of occurrences of participial adjectives that Frances Hodgson
Burnett uses in creating A Little Princess. In the analysis, the writer analyzed the –ing
and -ed participial adjectives based on their patterns.
1. The Present (-ing) Participial Adjectives
The followings are the analysis of the present (-ing) participial adjectives found in A Little Princess based on the patterns of participial adjectives stated by Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215).
a. The present -ing (active) participial adjectives
According to Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215), the –ing participial adjectives show an active relationship with the noun they modify as shown the
patterns below:
(It/they V someone/thing) PA <--- Agent
Reading A Little Princess, the writer found 52 present (-ing) participial adjectives which show an active relationship with the noun they modify.
Below are the examples and analysis of the present (-ing) participial adjectives which show an active relationship with the noun they modify taken from Frances
Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess.
1. Miss Minchin was a very severe and imposing person, and she seemed so absolutely sure that Sara knew nothing whatever of French that she felt as if it would be almost rude to correct her (p.21).
2. Her pronunciation made even Monsieur Dufarge smile in spite of himself, and Lavinia and Jessie and the more fortunate girls either giggled or looked at her in wondering disdain (p.25).
3. At such times stories were told by installments, things of a satisfying nature
were either produced and eaten or hastily tucked into pockets to be disposed of at night, when Becky went upstairs to her attic to bed (p.52).
adjectives a very severe and imposing person has the same meaning as a person who imposes someone. Similarly, the present (-ing) participial adjective wondering disdain
has the same meaning as disdain which wonders someone. Subsequently, the present
(-ing) participial adjective a satisfying nature has the same meaning as a nature which satisfies someone.
Below are the additional examples of the present (-ing) participial adjectives which show an active relationship with the noun they modify found in A Little Princess in order to make the analyses become clearer:
4. Sara was a very fine little person, and had a gentle, appreciative way of saying, "If you please, Mariette," "Thank you, Mariette," which was very charming (p.37).
5. "There are fields and fields of flowers," she said, forgetting herself, as usual, when she began, and talking rather as if she were in a dream, "fields and fields of lilies--and when the soft wind blows over them it wafts the scent of them into the air--and everybody always breathes it, because the soft wind is always blowing.
The present (-ing) participial adjective: a gentle appreciative way of saying which was very charming has the same meaning as it (a gentle appreciative way of saying) charmed someone. Similarly, the present (-ing) participial adjective the soft wind is always blowing has the same meaning as it (the soft wind) always blows someone/thing.
Looking at the construction where the present (-ing) participial adjectives are used, it is clear that we can find so many similar forms in English. The present (-ing) participial adjective the soft wind is always blowing is similar to the present (-ing) participial adjectives a gentle appreciative way of saying which was very charming,
ing) participial adjectives: the soft wind is always blowing, a gentle appreciative way of sayingwhichwas verycharming, and a very severe and imposing person are added by intensifier very and/or always, because one of the characteristics of participial adjective is that it can be premodified by intensifier (Celce-Murcia, 1983).
The verbs of the present (-ing) participial adjectives above describe the cause of feeling (Betty Schrampfer, 1992: 298). In (1), the cause of the imposing is the
person. In (2), the cause of the wonder is the disdain. In (3), the cause of the
satisfaction is the nature. In (4), the cause of the charm is a gentle appreciative way of
saying. Similarly, in (5) the cause of the blow is the soft wind.
The verbs from the examples, such as: impose, wonder, satisfy, starve, and
charm; are verbs that can be changed into adjectives by adding suffix –ing, and they are commonly called emotive verbs. The term emotive is used to indicate that the verbs influence people, or caused someone to become (Celce-Murcia, 1983):
imposing person has the same meaning as the person caused someone to become imposed, wondering disdain has the same meaning as the disdain caused someone to become wondered, a satisfying nature has the same meaning as the nature caused someone to become satisfied, the soft wind is always blowing has the same meaning as the soft wind caused someone/thing blown.
b.The present -ing (in progress) participial adjectives
According to Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215), the –ing participial adjectives that show what the noun is actively doing something (in progress) is shown
Reading A Little Princess, the writer found 16 present (-ing) participial adjectives which show what the noun is actively doing (in progress).
Below are the examples and analyses of the –ing participial adjectives that show what the noun is actively doing (in progress) taken from Frances Hodgson
Burnett’s A Little Princess.
6. She sat with her feet tucked under her, and leaned against her father, who held her in his arm, as she stared out the window at the passing people
with a queer old-fashioned thoughtfulness in her eyes (p.9).
7. She forgot that she was talking to listening children; she saw and lived with the fairy folk, or the kings and queens and beautiful ladies, whose adventures she was narrating (p.38).
8. Principally, she was thinking of what a queer thing it was that at one time one was in India in the blazing sun, and then in the middle of the ocean, and then driving in a strange vehicle through strange streets where the day was as dark as the night (p.9).
The present (–ing) participial adjective the passing people shows that the agent (people) is actively doing an action expressed by the participle: passing. Therefore,
present (–ing) participial adjective the passing people has the same meaning as they (the people) are passing. Likewise, the present (–ing) participial adjective: listening children has the same meaning as they (children) are listening. The third present (– ing) participial adjective: the blazing sun has the same meaning as it (the sun) is blazing.
The examples below will make the analyses about present (-ing) participial adjectives which the noun is actively doing (in progress) become clearer:
9. Sara stood by the howling furious child for a few moments, and looked down at her without saying anything (35).
meaning as he/she (the child) is howling furiously. The present (–ing) participial adjective a crying child has the same meaning as he/she (the child) is crying. Similarly, the present (–ing) participial adjective the streets are shining has the same meaning as they (the streets) are shining.
Consequently, the verbs such as: pass, listen, howl, and cry are verbs whose
noun it modifies does something (Betty Schrampfer, 1989: 144): The –ing participial adjective in (6), the noun people do something: passing. The –ing participial adjective in (7), the noun children do something: listening. The –ing participial adjective in (9), the noun child does something: howling (crying). The –ing participial adjective in (10), the noun child does something: crying.
However, the –ing participial adjectives usually refer to a characteristic feature of the thing referred to by the noun and not any specific act (Quirk, 1985:246).
Therefore, the –ing participial adjective in (8) the blazing sun and in (11) the streets are shining refer to a characteristic feature of the thing referred to by the noun and not any specific act. The –ing participial adjective blazing refers to the characteristic feature the sun. Similarly, the –ing participial adjective shining refers to the characteristic feature the streets.
Moreover, According to Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215) the
English participial adjectives also work like adjectives, but they can also include a lot
of things that go with verbs in forms of agent, object, negation, adverb, and particles.
whose verb is combined with another word, then it becomes an agent.
12.But there were pictures and books in it, and curious things from India; there was a sofa and the low, soft chair; Emily sat in a chair of her own, with the air of a Greece-presiding goddess, and there was always a glowing fire and a polished grate (p.42).
The example above shows that Greece goes with the verb presiding. For that reason, Greece becomes the agent in a Greece -presiding goddess. The present (-ing) participial adjective which is combined with something that goes with verb in a Greece-presiding goddess has the same meaning as Greece people presides/controls her (goddess/female supernatural being).
ii. Object
Below is the example and analysis of the present (-ing) participial adjective whose verb is combined with another word, then it becomes an object.
13.Once on a dark winter’s day, when the yellow fog hung so thick and heavy in the streets of London that the lamps were lighted and the shop windows blazed with gas as they do at night, an odd-looking little girl sat in a cab with her father, and was driven rather slowly through the big thoroughfares.
The example above is the present (-ing) participial adjective whose verb is combined with another word, then it becomes an object. The use of the word odd in
an odd-looking little girl can occur as an object. Richard Hughes & Carmel Heal (1993:71) state that attributively, -ing participial adjective describes a judgment or an opinion (how situation appears to someone). The present (-ing) participial adjective
an odd-looking little girl describes the judgment or opinion of odd-looking appears to
prefix un- and dis-, then, the meaning will be negative (in the form of negation). Following are the examples and the analysis of the present (-ing) participial adjective can be added by prefix un- and dis-, then, the meaning will be negative (in the form of negation).
14.The search for and discovery of dissatisfying things to eat which could be packed into small compass, added a new interest to Sara's existence (p.53). 15.‘It will be a great privilege to have charge of such unpromising child,
Captain Crewe,’ she said, taking Sara’s hand and stroking it (p.12).
The examples above are the examples of negation in present (-ing) participial adjective. The use of prefix dis- makes a negative meaning in the present (-ing) participial adjective: dissatisfying things. The prefix dis- in present (-ing) participial adjective dissatisfying describes the noun things. The negation in the present (-ing) participial adjective dissatisfying things can be analyzed into: no one satisfies on it (the things). Similarly, the use of prefix un- makes a negative meaning in the present (-ing) participial adjective: unpromising child. The prefix un- in present (-ing) participial adjective unpromising describes the noun child. Thus, unpromising child
means no one promises him/her.
iv. Adverb
The present (-ing) participial adjective can include another word that go with verb, then, it becomes an adverb. Below are the examples and analysis of present
(-ing) participial adjectives which are combined with an adverb.
16. It was a wonderful story about a princess who was loved by a Prince Merman, and went to live with him in under the sea-shining caves (p.40). 17. The voice of the storyteller went on and drew her with it into under the
sea. The present (-ing) participial adjectives under the sea-shining caves means they (caves) shine under the sea. Similarly, the present (-ing) participial adjectives under the sea-winding grottos means they (grottos) wind under the sea.
v. Particle
The present (-ing) participial adjectives can include a particle that go with verb. The example below shows the occurrences of the present (-ing) participial adjectives which can include a particle that go with verb in A Little Princess.
18. Sara would have much preferred to enter in the usual way, but Miss Minchin had sent for her, and, an up-coming interview in her private sitting room, had expressed her wishes (p.56).
The present (-ing) participial adjective an up-coming interview is combined with a particle up, so that the present (-ing) participial adjective an up-coming interview means it (an interview) is coming up.
Furthermore, the present (–ing) participial adjective in the noun phrases can reach full adjective status when it is compounded with another adjective, put in front
of noun compound (Quirk, 1985:245). Below is the example of present (–ing) participial adjective which is compounded with another adjective:
19. Once on a dark winter’s day, when the yellow fog hung so thick and heavy in the streets of London that the lamps were lighted and the shop windows blazed with gas as they do at night, an odd-looking little girl sat in a cab with her father, and was driven rather slowly through the big thoroughfares (p.9).
The present (–ing) participial adjective an odd-looking little girl is compounded with adjective odd in front of the present (–ing) participial adjective
with gerund. Below is the example of present (–ing) participial adjective which describe the general use of the noun or what the noun is intended for.:
20. The drawing-room into which they were ushered was covered by a carpet with a square pattern upon it, the chairs were square, and a heavy marble timepiece stood upon the heavy marble mantel (p.12).
21. She was to have a pretty bedroom andsitting-room of her own; she was to have a pony and a carriage, and a maid to take the place of the ayah who had been her nurse in India (p.13).
The –ing participial adjective the drawing-room means the room for drawing. Similarly, The –ing participial adjective a pretty bedroom and sitting-room means a pretty bedroom and room for sitting.
2. Past (-ed) Participial Adjectives
In A Little Princess, there are 92 past (-ed) participial adjectives. They are divided into 57 past (-ed) attributive participial adjectives, and 35 past (-ed) predicative participial adjectives. According to Swan in Practical English Usage
(1995:404-405), past participles (-ed) are used to say how people feel. The -ed
participle refers to the experiencer (the one feeling the emotion). Most past participles
have passive meanings when they are used like adjectives or adverbs.
The followings are the analysis of the past (–ed) participial adjectives based on the patterns of participial adjectives stated by Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994:
participial adjectives that show a passive relationship with the noun they modify is
shown as the patterns below:
(Someone/thing V it/them) PA ---> Object
Reading A Little Princess, the writer found 78 past (-ed) participial adjectives which show a passive relationship with the noun they modify.
Below are the examples and analysis of the past (–ed) participial adjectives which show a passive relationship with the noun they modify taken from Frances
Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess.
22. Indeed, she was very much pleased with her new little mistress and liked her place greatly (p.20).
23. She knew it would be rude to smile, and she was very determined not to be rude (p.21).
24. This was a new state of affairs for little Miss Legh, who was accustomed,
when she screamed, to hear other people protest and implore and command and coax by turns (p.35).
25. But Sara saw in two minutes that she was deeply interested in what was going on, and that she was doing her work slowly in the hope of catching a word here and there (p.39).
Above are the examples of the past (-ed) participial adjectives which show a passive relationship with the noun they modify. The –ed participial adjectives in those examples above show that the noun is a receiver of feeling, or become the object
feels the custom. Similarly, the past (-ed) participial adjective in (25) interested means someone/thing interested her, or it has the same meaning as the girl feels interest in
someone/thing.
Below are other examples of the past (-ed) participial adjectives found in A Little Princess in order to make the analysis clearer:
26. She caught at the coal box and simply scuttled out of the room like a
frightened rabbit. (p.40).
27. Ordinary pupils were expected to be satisfied with mere necessaries(p.42). 28. Never did she find anything so difficult as to keep herself from losing her
temper when she was suddenly disturbed while absorbed in a book(p.49). 29. It must be remembered that she had been very deeply absorbed in the book
about the Bastille, and she had had to recall several things rapidly when she realized that she must go and take care of her adopted child (p.50).
The past (-ed) participial adjective in (26) a frightened rabbit means: someone/thing frightened it (rabbit), or it has the same meaning as the rabbit feels the
fright. The past (-ed) participial adjective in (27) Ordinary pupils were expected to be
satisfied with mere necessaries means mere necessaries satisfied them (ordinary pupils), or it has the same meaning as the ordinary pupils feel the satisfaction. The
past (-ed) participial adjective in (28) she was suddenly disturbed while absorbed in a book means absorbed in a bookdisturbed her, or it has the same meaning as the girl
feels the disturbance. Similarly, the past (-ed) participial adjective in (29) she had been very deeply absorbed in the book about the Bastille means the book about the Bastille absorbed her, or it has the same meaning as the girl feels the enjoyment.
adjectives which carry the meaning of completedness (means that a change is
complete, rather than passive) is shown as follow:
He (it) has ___ed
PA <--- A
Reading A Little Princess, the writer found 14 past (-ed) participial adjectives which carry the meaning of completedness.
Below are the examples and analysis of the past (–ed) participial adjectives which carry the meaning of completedness taken from Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess.
30. The fact was, however, that she was always dreaming and thinking odd things and could not herself remember any time when she had not been thinking things about grown-up people and the world they belonged to (p.9).
31. She is always starving for new books to gobble, and she wants grown-up books--great, big, fat ones--French and German as well as English--history and biography and poets, and all sorts of things (p.14).
32. She had a fine, hot little temper of her own, and it made her feel rather savage when she heard the titters and saw the poor, stupid, distressed child’s face (p.25).
33. If she had been a self-opinionated, domineering child, she might have become disagreeable enough to be unbearable through being so much indulged and flattered (p.30).
The past (-ed) participial adjectives formed from some verbs for which a passive meaning is impossible (intransitive verbs) or insignificant (change of state
verbs) usually have active meaning and perfective aspect, that is, the person or thing
denoted by the noun has performed the action expressed by the particles (Quirk,
for people who have grown up. The past (–ed) participial adjective distressed child’s face has the same meaning as it (child’s face) has distressed. Similarly, the past (–ed) participial adjective a self-opinionated, domineering child has the same meaning as she (the domineering child) has opinionated herself.
Table 2. Proportion of the Types of Participial Adjectives in Frances Hodgson
Burnett’s A Little Princess 1. The present -ing (active)
participial adjectives
52 76, 47%
2. The present -ing (in progress)
participial adjectives
16 23, 53%
3. The past -ed (passive)
participial adjectives
78 84, 78%
4. The past -ed (completed)
participial adjectives
14 15, 22%
Based on the present (-ing) participial adjectives found in the novel, there were 52 or 76, 47% present ing (active) participial adjectives, and 16 or 23, 53% present
-ing (in progress) participial adjectives. Based on the past (-ed) participial adjectives found in the novel, there were 78 or 84, 78% past -ed (passive) participial adjectives,
and 14 or 15, 22% past -ed (completed) participial adjectives. Afterward, the writer
in forms of agent, object, negation, adverb, and particles.
i. Agent
The past (-ed) participial adjectives can include another word that go with verb, then, it becomes an agent. Below are the examples and analysis of past (-ed) participial adjective which are combined with an agent.
34. She was really the local-natured person, but she never disobeyed Miss Minchin (p.17).
35. "I am afraid," said Miss Minchin, with a slightly sour smile, "that you have been a very England-spoiled little girl and always imagine that things are done because you like them (p.21).
The past (-ed) participial adjective the local-natured person shows that local
goes with the verb natured. For that reason, local become the agent in the past (-ed) participial adjectives the local-natured person. The past (-ed) participial adjectives which is combined with something that go with verb in the local-natured person has the meaning as local people natured her (the girl). Similarly, England goes with the verb spoiled. As a result, England become the agent in the past (-ed) participial adjectives a very England-spoiled little girl. The past (-ed) participial adjectives a very England-spoiled little girl has the meaning as English people spoiled her (little girl).
ii. Object
37. Accordingly, Sara was praised for her quickness at her lessons, for her good manners, for her amiability to her fellow pupils, for her generosity if she gave sixpence to a beggar out of her full little purse; the simplest thing she did was treated as if it were a virtue, and if she had not had a disposition and a clever little brain, she might have been a very self-satisfied young person (p.31)
38. She was rather pretty, and had been the queen-dressed pupil in the procession when the Select Seminary walked out two by two, until Sara's velvet coats and sable muffs appeared, combined with drooping ostrich feathers, and were led by Miss Minchin at the head of the line (p.31).
The examples above are the past (-ed) participial adjectives whose verbs are combined with another, then it becomes an object. The use of the word self in a self-opinionated child and a very self-satisfied young person can occur as an object. Similarly, the use the queen in the queen-dressed pupil can also occur as an object Richard Hughes & Carmel Heal (1993:71) state that attributively, the –ed participial adjective describes how the subject has been affected or influenced by something. The
past (-ed) participial adjective a self-opinionated child describes the judgment or opinion: self-opinionated appears to a child. Thus, the meaning is: she (the child) opinionated herself. Similarly, a very self-satisfied young person put the judgment or opinion self-satisfied appears to a young person. As a result, the meaning is: she (the young person) very satisfied herself. Subsequently, the queen-dressed pupil put the judgment or opinion queen-dressed appears to pupil. Hence, the meaning is: she (the pupil) dressed like a queen.
iii. Negation
The past (-ed) participial adjectives can be can be added by prefix un- and dis-, then, the meaning will be negative (in the form of negation). Below are the examples
39. But there were pictures and books in it, and curious things from India; there was a sofa and the low, soft chair; Emily sat in a chair of her own, with the air of a presiding goddess, and there was always a glowing fire and an unpolished grate (p.42).
40. When the disused heroine of her story wakened, she could talk to her (p.43).
41. She had only sat down for one moment and felt the beautiful glow--and here she found herself staring in wild alarm at the wonderful pupil, who sat perched quite near her, like a rose-colored fairy, with uninterested eyes
(p.44).
The examples above are the negation in the past (-ed) participial adjectives. The use of prefix un- and dis--in the past (-ed) participial adjectives show the negation in the past (-ed) participial adjectives. The prefix un- in the past (-ed) participial adjective unpolished describes the noun grate. The negation in the past (-ed) participial adjective an unpolished grate has the same meaning as no one polished it (the grate). The second example: the disused heroine uses prefix dis- in the past (-ed) participial adjectives disused to describe the noun heroine. The negation in the past ( -ed) participial adjective the disused heroine has the same meaning as no one used it (heroine). Thirdly, uninterested eyes uses the prefix un- in the past (-ed) participial adjectives uninterested to describe the noun eyes. The meaning of the past (-ed) participial adjectives uninterested eyes is: no one interested on it.
iv. Adverbs
43. Sometimes Becky did not dare to spend more than a few minutes in the bright, warm room, and when this was the case perhaps only a few words could be exchanged, and a small purchase slipped into the old-fashioned pocket Becky carried under her dress skirt, tied round her waist with a band of tape (p.52).
The past (-ed) participial adjectives above use adverbs of time: middle, and
old. The past (-ed) participial adjectives middle-aged Frenchman means he (Frenchman) aged in the middle (not getting any younger). Similarly, The past (-ed) participial adjectives the old-fashioned pocket means it (pocket) fashioned previously (old).
v. Particles
The past (-ed) participial adjectives can include a particle that go with verb. The example below shows the occurrences of the past (-ed) participial adjectives which can include a participle that go with verb found in A Little Princess.
44.The fact was, however, that she was always dreaming and thinking
