Damage Assessment and Reconstruction Process of Schools After 2009 September Earthquake - Politeknik Negeri Padang

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Damage Assessment and Reconstruction Process of Schools

After 2009 September Earthquake

Etri Suhelmidawati

1

, Fauna Adibroto

2

, Syofiardi

3

1_{Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic State of Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia,} email: [email protected]

2Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic State of Padang, West Sumatera, email:[email protected] 3_{Technician, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic State of Padang, West Sumatera,}

email: [email protected]

Abstract - As one of earthquake prone countries, Indonesia, especially West Sumatera was struck by earthquakes frequently in the past. Large earthquake that occurred on 30 September 2009 with Magnitude 7.6, has resulted in damage to buildings were slightly damaged, moderately damaged, or destroyed. The earthquake has also caused a number of fatalities to 1,100 people died and 3,000 were wounded. In this paper, an assessment to damage structures especially to the schools (elementary schools and junior 12/15/2017schools) and the process of reconstruction are investigated. The damage situation of each elementary and junior high school is confirmed. These data are collected by conducting an interview and investigate the process for facilities that have problems in the reconstruction process and grasp the issues. Based on these data, it is hope that the damage assessment and the reconstruction process are not only about the damage investigation and rebuild the structures, but also to comprehend the situation during the process of reconstruction, including the problems happened during the reconstruction, in regard of seismic resistance of the structures, for a better disaster mitigation in the future.

Keywords: earthquake, damage, schools, assessment, reconstruction

I. INTRODUCTION

The location of the Sumatra Island, West Sumatra in particular is flanked by two large plates of the world, namely the upper Eurasian plate and Indo-Australia plate bottom, and the fault Semangko Mentawai (near the confluence of two plates) makes the region vulnerable to the occurrence of West Sumatra earthquakes, both earthquakes and volcanic tectonic earthquake. Large earthquake that occurred on 30 September 2009 with Magnitude 7.6, has resulted in damage to both buildings were slightly damaged, moderately damaged, or severely damaged. The earthquake has also caused a number of fatalities to 1,100 people died and 3,000 were wounded (SNS, 2010). The number of homes that were damaged severely damaged category reached 114 797, 67 198

were damaged, and 67 839 with minor damage (Andalas University Centre for Disaster Studies, 2010). The majority of the damaged houses are houses without retrofitting of masonry (brick masonry unconfined) or with a reinforced concrete frame (confined brick masonry) (SNS, 2010).

II. BUILDING STRUCTURE ANALYSIS IN POST-EARTHQUAKE PADANG 30 SEPTEMBER 2009

Survey conducted a few days after the earthquake 30 September 2009 shows a variety of conditions the collapse of several masonry houses located in Padang city, as shown below:

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Generally, the damage condition occurs in non-engineered buildings, but no less severe failure occur in engineered buildings, caused by an incorrect construction practices or building code (Steffie, 2010). An earthquake occurs in West Sumatra in September 2007 has provided an early warning that the possibility of a larger earthquake could occur and would cause

severe damage if construction does not pay attention to the correct building code in construction practices. In fact many people do not learn from the experience and only a moment's attention to profits. Based on a field survey to several buildings and masonry houses in Padang, various damages were obtained (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

Figure 2. Mitsubishi Motors Building and Education Affairs Building

Types of collapse that occurred in these buildings due to earthquake 30 September 2009 include:

1. Beam-column joint failure 2. Soft story effect

3. Short column effect 4. Joint failure 5. Overturning

III. METHODOLOGY

The results in this paper are obtained based on survey data, site visit, literature study, discussion, and then analysing. Survey is done by asking and interviewing the selected schools from questionnaires given, and taking the pictures of recent buildings.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

There are twenty schools (sixteen elementary schools and four junior high schools) investigated, as can be seen in Table 1. Eight schools are located in safe area of tsunami risk, while twelve schools are located in unsafe area of tsunami risk (location of schools attached in this report). Type of fund are categorized in four; repair (slightly damage), new classes room (moderate damage), new school without shelter (severely damage), and shelter school, new school with shelter (severely damage). Donors are classified in three; Local/National (ACT or Aksi Cepat Tanggap, PT. Pertamina, TV One Audiences, Indosiar TV, PT.Telkom, People of Sulawesi Tenggara), International (KBRI Singapura or Indonesian Embassy of Singapore, AUSAID, JJC

Jepang, or Indonesian Embassy of Japan, JICA), and Government (Ditjen Dikdasmen or Direktur Jendral Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Direktorat TK and SD).

During the recovery process or reconstruction process after 30 September 2009, usually it took one or two years, most of schools were not involved in the reconstruction process of their schools. If the donors are from international side such as JICA, JJC, AUSAID, etc., usually there was a direct appointment of contractor or consultant who will supervise and build the school. Therefore, the reconstruction process of damaged schools was in control and following the proper building codes or standard. The selected consultants or contractors were also come from the reputed companies and have good record in construction. The donors were also involved in supervision process, not only in budgeting and planning. The newly schools after reconstruction were also used as shelter, named shelter school, such as SMP 7 and SMP 25, the donors were JICA. JICA was responsible to appoint the reputable consultant and contractor. JICA was involved from budgeting, planning, construction, and supervision process. Hence, the reconstruction process of the damaged schools was running successfully.

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process of the damaged schools was not in good control, using bad material, and not following the building codes or standard. The donors were involved just in budgeting. They were not involved in planning or supervision. Accordingly, the quality of construction could not be

controlled well. For example, after some month reconstruction, where the small earthquake came, the cracks appeared easily at the corner side or the wall side, due to this condition.

Table 1 List of School for Interview

After the earthquake, many funds come to rebuild or do reconstruction to damage or collaped schools, included from public sectors or private sectors, and others countries such as Japan, US, Europe, etc. Some schools rebuilt follow the proper building codes, but some are not. We can see visually by investigating directly to the schools, where the constructions of the schools do not follow the proper building codes, and or there is no good

supervision during the reconstruction process. Therefore, the school buildings are vulnerable for the upcoming earthquake in the future. Based on the interview, it is also obtained that after one year, when there was a small earthquake come, some cracks appeared to the wall and near to the joint as can be seen in the pictures below. 1 SD 30 CENGKEH REPAIR DITJEN DIKDASMEN 160,000,000.00 LUBUK BEGALUNG NO

2 SD 06 PD. BESI REPAIR DITJEN DIKDASMEN 240,000,000.00 LUBUK KILANGAN NO

3 SD 32 ANDALAS REPAIR DITJEN DIKDASMEN 240,000,000.00 PADANG TIMUR NO

4 SD 28 KORONG GADANG REPAIR PU PROVINSI SUMBAR 76,000,000.00 KURANJI NO

5 SD 10 LAMBUNG BUKIT REPAIR PU PROVINSI SUMBAR 76,000,000.00 PAUH NO

6 SD 11 KAMPUNG JUA NEW CLASSES ROOM INDONESIAN EMBASSY OF SINGAPORE 860,000,000.00 LUBUK BEGALUNG NO

7 SD 36 CENGKEH NEW CLASSES ROOM ACT 700,000,000.00 LUBUK KILANGAN NO

8 SD 34 KURANJI NEW SCHOOL AUSAID 1,500,000,000.00 KURANJI NO

9 SD 12 KAMPUNG LAPAI NEW CLASSES ROOM DIREKTORAT TK DAN SD 709,920,000.00 NANGGALO YES

10 SD 23 LOLONG NEW CLASSES ROOM JJC (JAPAN) 800,000,000.00 PADANG UTARA YES

11 SD 02/04 TARANDAM NEW CLASSES ROOM PT. PERTAMINA 2,500,000,000.00 PADANG TIMUR YES

12 SD 43 TUNGGUL HITAM NEW SCHOOL INDONESIAN EMBASSY OF JAPAN 1,500,000,000.00 KOTO TANGAH YES

13 SD 20 KURAO PAGANG NEW SCHOOL TV ONE AUDIENCES 2,100,000,000.00 NANGGALO YES

14 SD 14 JATI TANAH TINGGI REPAIR DITJEN DIKDASMEN 160,000,000.00 PADANG TIMUR YES

15 SD 52 PARUPUK TABING NEW SCHOOL INDOSIAR TV 1,500,000,000.00 KOTO TANGAH YES

16 SD 23/24 PURUS SHELTER SCHOOL JICA 7,680,000,000.00 PADANG BARAT YES

17 SMP NEGERI 4 SHELTER SCHOOL PT. TELKOM 1,273,000,000.00 PADANG SELATAN YES

18 SMP NEGERI 7 SHELTER SCHOOL JICA 7,680,000,000.00 PADANG UTARA YES

19 SMP NEGERI 25 SHELTER SCHOOL JICA 7,680,000,000.00 PADANG UTARA YES

20 SMP NEGERI 29 NEW SCHOOL PEOPLE OF SULAWESI TENGGARA 3,200,000,000.00 NANGGALO YES

TSUNAMI RISK

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Figure 4 Condition of school buildings which rebuilt NOT follow the proper building code

The results of interview surveys of all schools are described in Table 2 and Table 3.

V. LOCATION OF SCHOOLS

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VI. CONCLUSIONS

Based on interview data from some selected schools which have damage during 2009 Padang Earthquake, it can be concluded that most of the schools got damaged in three categories:

- Slight damage - Moderate damage - Severely damage

Problem occurrence during the reconstruction process of each school is mainly due to lack of supervision from responsible authorities. Therefore, some of buildings are built with bad material, less supervision, or not follow the building codes.

Hence, we can propose some important things in the future for reconstruction process, such as:

1. Construction must follow the proper building codes.

2. During the construction of building, supervision is a must thing to do, from responsible authorities, such as from government, owner, and schools, to control the quality. All responsible parties must be involved in the process of supervision, in order to ensure the quality of the construction.

3. If option No.1 and 2 could not be applied, the principal of the schools can report the condition to the responsible authorities, to be followed up

for reparation or reconstruction or retrofitting furthermore.

4. The selection process of consultant or contractor must run well (to choose good consultant and contractor).

5. The donor should be involved not only in budgeting, but also in planning, construction and supervision as well, that could be one of good quality controls successfully.

VII.REFERENCES

[1] Hiroshi I., et al. Panduan Pelaksanaan Rumah yang Lebih Aman Terhadap Gempa, Rumah Dinding Pasangan Bata dengan Bingkai Beton Bertulang. SNS, Japan Platform. Padang. 2010 [2] Andalas University Centre for Disaster Studies.

2010

[3] Steffie, T. Praktek Konstruksi Yang Salah Yang Dijumpai pada Berbagai Gedung Pasca Gempa Sumatera Barat 30 September 2009. Seminar HAKI 27 Maret 2010. Padang

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Table 2 Results of Interview Survey (1)

SD 32 Andalas SD 28 Korong Gadang

Level of damage to buildings

no damage less damage less damage no damage no damage all the facilities in the Contractor/ Artisan Artisan Education

authorities

Development period 3 months 4 months 3 months 1 weeks 1 weeks 1 year 2 months 1 year 1 year 6 months

Supervision

Education authorities

no supervision no supervision no supervision School Japan Contractor

Jakarta Team, School

donor Japan donor

Blue print of Building unknown unknown unavailable unknown unavailable unknown unavailable unknown unknown unknown Standardize to

earthquake safe building (SNI)

standardized standardized unknown standardized unknown standardized standardized standardized standardized standardized

Source of funds Ditjen Dikdasmen

Type of Fund Government Government Government Government Government International National International National International Amount of funds

(Rupiahs)

160,000,000 240,000,000 240,000,000 76,000,000 76,000,000 860,000,000 700,000,000 1,500,000,000 709,920,000 800,000,000

Issues over

rehabilitation/recons

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Table 3 Results of Interview Survey (2)

Level of damage to buildings

wall damaged all the facilities in the building

Contractor/ Artisan unknown unknown CV. Cendrawasih Muloano

Artisan unknown PT Waskita Karya

donor PT Adikarya Tbk PT Adikarya Tbk unknown

Development period 1 year 4 months 1 year 6 months 6 months 1 year 1 year 2 years 1 year 1 year

Supervision

PT. Pertamina donor School Artisan School Keeper PT. Waskita Karya

School PT Adhi karya PT Adhi karya unknown

Blue print of Building unknown unknown available unavailable unknown unknown unknown available available unknown Standardize to

earthquake safe building (SNI)

unstandardized standardized unknown standardized unknown standardized standardized standardized standardized unknown

Source of funds PT. Pertamina Indonesian Embassy of

Indosiar TV JICA PT. Telkom JICA JICA People of

Sulawesi Tenggara Type of Fund National International National Government National International National International International National Amount of funds

(Rupiahs)

2,500,000,000 1,500,000,000 2,100,000,000 160,000,000 1,500,000,000 7,680,000,000 1,273,000,000 7,680,000,000 7,680,000,000 3,200,000.000

Issues over

rehabilitation/recons