LISTING PROGRAM ALGORITMA STOP AND GO
%IMPLEMENTASI BLIND EQUALIZATION MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA STOP AND GO
clc;
clear all; close all;
T=2000; % Jumlah sample data dB=25; % SNR(dB)
L=27; % smoothing length L+1 ChL=1; % Panjang Kanal = ChL+1
EqD=round((L+ChL)/2); % Channel Equalization Delay
i=sqrt(-1);
%Ch=randn(1,ChL+1)+sqrt(-1)*randn(1,ChL+1); % complex channel
%Ch=[0.0545+j*0.05 .2832-.1197*j -.7676+.2788*j -.0641-.0576*j .0566-.2275*j .4063-.0739*j];
Ch=[0.8+i*0.1 .9-i*0.2]; %complex channel Ch=Ch/norm(Ch);% normalize
TxS=round(rand(1,T))*2-1; % QPSK symbols are transmitted symbols TxS=TxS+sqrt(-1)*(round(rand(1,T))*2-1);
x=filter(Ch,1,TxS); %channel distortion
n=randn(1,T)+sqrt(-1)*randn(1,T); % additive white gaussian noise (complex)
n=n/norm(n)*10^(-dB/20)*norm(x); % scale noise power x1=x+n; % received noisy signal
%estimation using SGA
M=T-L; %% Discard initial samples for avoiding 0's and negative X=zeros(L+1,M); %each vector
for i=1:M
X(:,i)=x1(i+L:-1:i).'; end
e=zeros(1,M); % to store the error signal
c=zeros(L+1,1); c(EqD)=1; % initial condition mu=0.001; % step size
for i=1:M-1
y(i)=c'*X(:,i);
j(i)=mean(abs(c'*X(:,i))); % initial error e(i)=sign(y(i))-y(i); % instant error
c=c-mu*j(i)*X(:,i)*X(:,i)'*c; % update equalizer co-efficients
end
sym=c'*X; % symbol estimation %calculate SER
sb1=sym/(fh(temp)); % normalize the output
sb1=sign(real(sb1))+sqrt(-1)*sign(imag(sb1)); % perform symbol detection
strt=6;
sb2=sb1-TxS(strt+1:strt+length(sb1)); % detecting error symbols SER=length(find(sb2~=0))/length(sb2);% SER calculations
disp(SER);
% plot of transmitted bits subplot(2,2,1), plot(TxS,'*');
grid on,title('Transmitted bits'); xlabel('real'),ylabel('imaginary') axis([-3 3 -3 3])
% plot of received symbols subplot(2,2,2),
plot(x1,'o');
grid on, title('Received symbols'); xlabel('real'), ylabel('imaginary')
% plot of the equalized symbols subplot(2,2,3),
plot(sym,'o');
grid on, title('After Equalization'), xlabel('real'), ylabel('imaginary')
% convergence of algorithm subplot(2,2,4),
plot(abs(j));
grid on, title('Convergence'), xlabel('n'), ylabel('error signal');
axis([0 2000 0 4]);
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
er
ror
s
ignal
PENGARUH NILAI STEP SIZE TERHADAP SER MENGGUNAKAN
EKUALIZER STOP AND GO
1.
Untuk nilai Step size (mu) = 0.001
SER = 0.6977
2.
Untuk nilai Step size (mu) = 0.002
SER = 0. 6803
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0. 6510
4.
Untuk nilai Step size (mu) = 0.006
SER = 0. 6525
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0. 7898
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0. 8737
8.
Untuk nilai Step size (mu) = 0.014
SER = 0. 8773
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0. 8778
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0. 8768
12.
Untuk nilai Step size (mu) = 0.022
SER = 0. 8854
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0. 8626
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0. 8439
16.
Untuk nilai Step size (mu) = 0.030
SER = 0. 08731
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
MENGGUNAKAN EKUALIZER STOP AND GO
1.
Untuk nilai Panjang Filter = 20
SER = 0. 7606
2.
Untuk nilai Panjang Filter = 21
SER = 0. 7514
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7438
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7478
6.
Untuk nilai Panjang Filter = 29
SER = 0.7533
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7578
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7734
10.
Untuk nilai Panjang Filter = 39
SER = 0.7821
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7832
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
EKUALIZER STOP AND GO
1.
Untuk nilai SNR = 15
SER = 0.7595
2.
Untuk nilai SNR = 16
SER = 0.7575
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7453
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7418
6.
Untuk nilai SNR = 20
SER = 0.7478
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7456
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 -0.5
0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7429
10.
Untuk nilai SNR = 24
SER = 0.7476
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 -0.5
0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
-2 0 2
-2 0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 -0.5
0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
SER = 0.7418
-2 0 2 -2
0 2
Transmitted bits
real
im
agi
nar
y
Received symbols
real
im
agi
nar
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.5 0 0.5
After Equalization
real
im
agi
nar
y
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0 1 2 3 4
Convergence
n
er
ror
s
ignal
