Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:E:Environmental Management and Health:Vol09.Issue2.1998:

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Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth

9 / 2 [1998] 6 5 –7 1 © MCB Unive rs ity Pre s s [ISSN 0956-6163]

Integrating quality and environmental management

as competitive business strategy for 21st century

Ismail Ahmed Aboulnaga

TQM, Private Co ns ultant, Ale xandria, Egypt

Today’s business world changes due to public demands, technology and global competition. Cus-tomers are considering envi-ronmental values into their supplier(s) selection and are increasingly buying products with identifi able environmen-tal attributes. Therefore, to have a competitive leverage, companies should implement both ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 concurrently. In addi-tion to the comparative analy-sis of both ISO 9000 and ISO 14000, zero defects (ZD) and clean (green) production concepts are clarifi ed in this paper. The analogy of the fundamental thoughts behind them are highlighted. A prac-tical strategy for implement-ing quality and environmental management scheme that copes with 21st century considerations is explored, emphasizing on three main elements i.e. methodology, competitiveness, and change effect.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Evolution of TQM concept

T h e w ay in w h ich q u a lit y “p r ocess ” of p r od -u ct s/ s er v ices of t od ay h a s b een a ch ieved , h a s u n d er gon e a n u m b er of ch a n ges. T h ese ch a n ges t ook p la ce in six s t a ges ea ch of w h ich t ook a p p r oxim a t ely 20 yea r s t o occu r :

1 Op er a t or con t r ol – (u p t o yea r 1900). 2 For em a n con t r ol – (1900-1920). 3 In sp ect or con t r ol – (1920-1940). 4 St a t is t ica l con t r ol – (1940-1960). 5 Qu a lit y a s su r a n ce – (1960-1980). 6 Tot a l q u a lit y m a n a gem en t – (1980-n ow )

Tot a l q u a lit y m a n a gem en t m ea n s sy s t em a t ic d et er m in in g, a ssu r in g, m ea s u r in g a n d im p r ov in g t h e q u a lit y of t h e com p a n y. Tot a l q u a lit y m a n a gem en t in clu d es, a m on g ot h er t h in gs, t h e follow in g:

• focu s of p r od u ct a n d s er v ice q u a lit y t ow a r d s cu st om er exp ect a t ion ; • a ll of t h e com p a n y ’s d e p a r t m en t s a r e

in volved ;

• d evelop m en t of b ot h a t t it u d es a n d sy s t em s; • in volvem en t of a ll m a n a ger s a n d em p loyees.

T h e b en efi t s of wor k in g w it h t ot a l q u a lit y m a n a gem en t in goa l-d ir ect ed w ay a r e t h e follow in g m a in on es:

• m or e d eligh t ed cu st om er s ; • in cr ea sed p r ofi t a b ilit y ; • gr ea t er em p loyees s a t is fa ct ion .

For s im p lifi ca t ion , w e sh a ll give t h e fou r TQM a b s olu t es in a t a ble a n d w e sh a ll p u t a lon g t h e con ven t ion a l “good ” or “w isd om ” m a n a gem en t for com p a r is on . T h ese a r e fu n -d a m en t a l is su es b a s e-d on t h e p h ilos op h y of zer o d et ect s w h ich a r e s y m b olic m ea n in g for t h e p r even t ion a t t it u d e. T h ese d efi n it ion s a r e es sen t ia l for s u ccess fu l q u a lit y im p r ovem en t p r ogr a m . It h a s t o b e a gr eed u p on a n d w ell

u n d er st ood by ever y b ody b efor e st a r t in g a n y effor t in su ch p r ogr a m (see Ta ble I).

Historical perspective of ISO 9 0 0 0

It is n ow r ea lized t h a t t h e evolu t ion of q u a lit y a ssu r a n ce r eq u ir em en t s (QA) d evelop ed b et w een 1960-1980, w h en p r od u cer s w er e exp ect ed t o sell t o cu st om er s n ot on ly p r od -u ct s, b-u t in a d d it ion , p r oof t h a t t h e p r od -u ct h a s b een p r op er ly m a d e a n d t est ed .

It w a s t h e Am er ica n De p a r t m en t of Defen ce w h ich for m u la t ed t h e fi r s t p r in cip les of QA w h en it w a s con sid er in g t h e fi r st n u clea r su b m a r in e con st r u ct ion , a d op t ed in 1965. In 1970 NASA d evelop ed it s q u a lit y a s su r a n ce r eq u ir em en t s. In 1971 Ca n a d a p u blish ed b r oiler s a n d p r essu r e vessels a ct . In 1972 UK p u blis h ed a gu id e t o QA. T h e fi r st r eq u ir em en t s for t h e QA sch eem e for sh ip h u ll con -st r u ct ion w a s in t r od u ced in 1974. T h er e a r e m a n y d iffer en t r e gu la t ion s gover n in g QA in Ger m a n y. In 1980 ISO p u blish ed QA r eq u ir e-m en t s for n u clea r p la n t s.

It ca n b e seen fr om a ll t h e a b ove t h e n eed for st a n d a r d iza t ion of “QA” m a n a gem en t a s w ell, p a r t icu la r ly a ft er b ig bu yer s st a r t ed t o sp ecify t h eir ow n QA r eq u ir em en t s in con -t r a c-t s a n d -t h e su p p li er s com p la in ed -t h a -t d iffer en t QA r eq u ir em en t s wou ld in cr ea se cost m or e t h a n q u a lit y. ISO h a d t o set u p a t ech n ica l com m it t ee, ISO/ TC 176, t o d ea l w it h t h e su b ject . T h er e w er e of cou r s e m a n y issu es t o b e r es olved b efor e ISO 9000 st a n d a r d s w er e issu ed in 1987 a n d t h e la t est ed it ion n ow issu ed in J u ly, 1994. T h er e a r e m a n y su gges-t ion s for im p r ov in g a n d exp a n d in g gges-t h ese st a n d a r d s. N ew E r a for Tot a l Qu a lit y Ma n -a gem en t -a lr e-a dy s t -a r t ed -a ll over t h e wor ld n ot on ly in m a n u fa ct u r in g in d u s t r ies bu t a lso in s er v ice in d u st r ies a s w ell.

Table I

Co mparis o n o f the fo ur abs o lute s o f manage me nt

No. Element (absolute) of comparison Conventional management TQM

1 Definition of quality Goodness Conformanc e to requirements

2 System Appraisal Prevention

3 Measurements Indexes or proc ess level Pric e of non-c onformanc es

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Is mail Ahme d Abo ulnaga Inte grating quality and e nvio nme ntal manage me nt as c o mpe titive busine ss strate gy fo r 2 1 st c e ntury

9 / 2 [1 9 9 8 ] 6 5 –7 1

Comparison between ISO 9 0 0 0 and total quality management

As for m a n y s t a n d a r d s p a s s i n g t h r ou gh d eb a t e, r ev i ew, n e got i a t i on , a n d con s en s u s, ISO 9000 r e p r es en t s a lea s t com m on d en om i-n a t or i i-n i t s cover a ge of t h e q u a li t y m a i-n a ge-m en t / a s s u r a n ce/ s y s t ege-m d i s ci p li n es. It w ou ld b e w ell for ever yon e t o u n d er s t a n d t h i s clea r ly, t oget h er w i t h t h e u n d er s t a n d i n g t h a t i t i s n ot a s t a n d a r d on t ot a l q u a li t y a n d t o r ea li ze t h a t t h e a ct u a l q u a li t y s y s t em t h a t i s op t i m u m for a given en t er p r i s e or cor p o-r a t i on m a y go w ell b eyon d t h e o-r eq u i o-r em en t s, elem en t s, a n d p r oced u r es of t h e ISO 9000 s er i es. M a n y a u t h or s (q u a li t y ex p er t s ) voi ce t h i s ca u t i on , a n d s om e offer i t a s d i r ect cr i t i -ci s m . For ex a m p le, i n ISO 9000, w h er e i s q u a li t y cos t a n a ly s i s a n d a p p li ca t i on s ot h er t h a n a s a n elem en t i n ISO 90004-1? Wh er e i s t op m a n a gem en t i n volvem en t a n d lea d er -s h i p ; t h a t i -s, t op m a n a gem en t d r iven q u a li t y cou n ci ls a n d q u a li t y a s a bu s i n es s s t r a t e gy en com p a s s i n g p la n n i n g, con t r ol, a n d i m p r ovem en t ? Wh er e i s p r oject -by -p r oject i m p r ovem en t – p u r s u ed w i t h r evolu t i on a r y r a t es of i m p r ovem en t ? Wh er e i s joy a n d p r i d e i n w or k a n d em p loyee p a r t i ci p a t i on , i n volvem en t , a n d em p ow er m en t v i a p r oject t ea m s a n d q u a li t y ci r cles ? Wh er e i s v a r i a -t i on r ed u c-t i on , s -t a -t i s -t i ca l p r oces s con -t r ol, a n d p r oces s ca p a b i li t y (ot h er t h a n a s gen er i c r efer en ces )? Wh er e a r e p r od u ct i on / i n ven -t or y m a n a gem en -t s y s -t em s s u ch a s ju s -t i n t i m e J IT ? Wh er e i s t h e con ce p t of s i n gle s ou r ci n g, lon g t er m coop er a t ive s u p p li er, p r od u ct , a n d q u a li t y s y s t em a s s i s t a n ce (r a t h er t h a n m er e a s s es s m en t ) b a s ed on t r u s t a n d ex p er i en ce? Wh er e i s i n n ov a t i on ? Wh er e i s cu s t om er s a t i s fa ct i on ? Wh er e i s J u r a n ’s t r i ology ? Wh er e i s Cr os by ’s “Zer o Defect s ” con ce p t for q u a li t y i m p r ovem en t ? Wh er e a r e Dem i n g’s 14 p oi n t s for m a n a ge-m en t ? T h e li s t ca n b e ex t en d ed i f w e ela b or a t ed m oor e on t h e s u b ject , b u t t h i s i s s u ffi -ci en t t o s h ow t h e s h or t a ges i n ISO 9000 s er i es. Wi t h con s i d er a t i on of t h es e r es ou r ces, t h e r es u lt a n t q u a li t y s y s t em s h ou ld b e b et t er, m or e dy n a m i c, m or e com -p r eh en s ive, m or e effect ive a n d m or e eco-n om i ca l t h a eco-n t h a t of ISO 9000 a loeco-n e i eco-n i t s p r es en t for m .

T h e a u t h or i n t en t i on a lly m en t i on ed ISO 9000 ch a p t er i n s om e d et a i ls b eca u s e t h e s a m e p i t fa lls a r e r e p ea t ed w h en con s i d er i n g t h e ISO 14000 i m p lem en t a t i on by s om e com -p a n i es, a s “J u s t a n ot h er r u le i m -p os ed by t h e a u t h or i t i es a n d w e h ave t o com p ly w i t h for cer t i fi ca t i on on ly ”! If i t i s s o, i t w i ll n ot b e of a n y h elp n ei t h er t o t h e com p a n y n or t o t h e glob a l com m u n i t y w or ldw i d e. T h er e m u s t b e a s h i ft i n g of en vor i n m en t a l m a n a gem en t

fr om com p li a n ce s t a t e t o com p a n y s t r a t e gy t o ga i n t h e r ea l b en efi t s b eh i n d i t s p h i los o-p h y. T h i s m ea n s d ea li n g w i t h ISO 14000 a s s oci ot ech n i ca l i s s u e a n d n ot on ly a s a li s t of r eq u i r em en t s t o b e fu lfi lled a u t on om ou s ly. Ot h er w i s e, t h i s w i ll n ot lea d t o s en s i ble a ch i evem en t s i n econ om y a n d en v i r on m en -t a l r ecor d s.

Z ero defect s concept ( Z D)

T h er e a r e m a n y a p p r oa ch es for i m p lem en t -i n g T QM -i n a n y b u s -i n es s. H ow ever, zer o d efect s (ZD) i s con s i d er ed t h e m os t s t r a i gh t -for w a r d on e. T h er e i s a p r o gr a m con s i s t s of 14 s t e p s t o a ch i eve t h i s. It i s p r oved s u cces s -fu l a ll over t h e w or ld for a b ou t 30 yea r s n ow. It i s n ot t h e ob ject ive of t h i s p a p er t o d i s cu s s t h i s p r o gr a m or i t s t ech n i q u es, b u t t h e fu n -d a m en t a l t h ou gh t b eh i n -d i t w i ll b e ex p la i n e-d h er ea ft er en a b li n g t h e m a n a gem en t of t h e 21s t cen t u r y t o ca t ch u p w i t h t h e n ea r fu t u r e d om a i n .

P eop le a r e con d i t i on ed t o b eli eve t h a t er r or i s i n ev i t a b le. We n ot on ly a cce p t er r or, w e a n t i ci p a t e i t . Wh et h er w e a r e d es i gn i n g s y s t em s, p r o gr a m m i n g a com p u t er, p la n n i n g a p r oject , a s s em b li n g com p on en t s, w eld i n g a s t eel con s t r u ct i on , t y p i n g a let t er, r es p on d -i n g t o t ele p h on e ca ll or d o-i n g a n y s er v -i ce. It d oes n ot b ot h er u s t o m a k e a few er r or s. Som e m a n a gem en t p la n s for t h es e er r or s t o occu r a n d t a lk a b ou t a cce p t a b le q u a li t y level (ACL). ACL i s w r on g, b eca u s e i t i s a n a dv a n ce a gr eem en t b efor e w e s t a r t t h e job, t h a t i t w i ll b e p r od u ced i m p er fect . T h e cor -r ect w a y i s t o s et ze-r o d efect s a s p e-r fo-r m a n ce s t a n d a r d for a n y job.

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9 / 2 [1 9 9 8 ] 6 5 –7 1

Integrating environmental and

quality management systems

Evolution of total quality environmental management (TQEM ) and the development of ISO 1 4 0 0 0 series.

In 1990, a ft er a s u ccessfu l im p lem en t a t ion of ISO 9000 s t a n d a r d s for q u a lit y m a n a gem en t , t h e In t er n a t ion a l Or ga n iza t ion for St a n d a r d -iza t ion (ISO) in st it u t ed s t r a t e gic a dv isor y gr ou p for t h e en v ir on m en t (SAGE ) t o con -sid er s et t in g u p a t ech n ica l com m it t ee (TC) t o d evelop s im ila r s t a n d a r d s for t h e p r ot ect ion of t h e en v ir on m en t . T h e n eed for s u ch a s t a n -d a r -d w a s s u ggest e-d by m a n y bu s in ess es w h o, in or d er t o fa cilit a t e fr ee t r a d e, w a n t ed t o in cor p or a t e en v ir on m en t a l m a n a gem en t in t h e im p lem en t a t ion of ISO 9000. In ea r ly 1993, a t t h e r ecom m en d a t ion of SAGE , TC 207 w a s for m ed a n d b est ow ed w it h t h e r es p on s ib ilit y of d evelop in g s t a n d a r d s for t h e en v ir on m en -t a l m a n a gem en -t sy s -t em (E MS). Cu r r en -t ly, TC 207 h a s s ix s u b com m it t ees a n d on e wor k in g gr ou p, d evelop in g 18 s t a n d a r d s. T h e fi r s t of t h es e s t a n d a r d s ISO 14001 (en v ir on m en t a l m a n a gem en t s y s t em s p ecifi ca t ion ) w a s is su ed a s a n In t er n a t ion a l St a n d a r d in Se p -t em b er 1996. T h e ISO 14001 s -t a n d a r d is b a sed on Br it is h St a n d a r d s In s t it u t e’s BS 7750 (s p ecifi ca t ion for en v ir on m en t m a n a gem en t s y s -t em s ), -t o w h ich m a n y or ga n iza -t ion s in -t h e UK a r e cer t ifi ed . Com p a n ies in m a n y cou n t r ies a r e n ow b e gin n in g t o im p lem en t ISO 14001, som e of t h es e com p a n ies a r e a lr ea dy a p p ly in g for cer t ifi ca t ion . ISO 14004 (en v ir on m en t a l m a n a gem en t s y s t em s – gu id elin es ) a ls o is su ed in Se p t em b er 1996.

T h e ISO 9000 s t a n d a r d s h ave b een exp er i-en cin g t r em i-en d ou s wor ldw id e gr ow t h in cer t ifi ca t ion s. In t h e P h a s e 1 r ev ision , t h e st a n d a r d w a s m od ifi ed t o b e in com p lia n ce w it h t h e u s e of t h e s t a n d a r d s. In t h e P h a s e 2 r ev is ion , t h er e is a p oss ib ilit y t h a t t h e t h r ee st a n d a r d s (ISO 9001, 9002, a n d 9003) m ay b e com b in ed in t o a sin gle st a n d a r d . E ven t h e q u a lit y s t a n d a r d s a r e b ecom in g en v ir on m en t fr ien d ly, i.e. u sin g less p a p er. T h er e is a d is -cu ss ion r e ga r d in g a lt er n a t ive r e gist r a t ion sch em es p r om ot ed by a b ou t 50 lea d in g com -p a n ies in t h e elect r on ics in d u s t r y. Un d er su ch a s ch em e, cer t a in s ect ion s of t h e q u a lit y s y s-t em s w ill b e a u d is-t ed by a s-t h ir d p a r s-t y a n d s-t h e com p lia n ce w ill b e s elf-cer t ifi ed . T h er e a r e a lso s t u d ies t o com b in e cer t ifi ca t ion for b ot h ISO 9000 a n d ISO 14000 ser ies in t h e s a m e t im e by t h e s a m e cer t ifi er. Res u lt s of t h es e r esea r ch s w ill b e con sid er ed in t h e for t h -com in g is s u es of b ot h s er ies.

The ISO 1 4 0 0 0 series

T h e ISO 14000 ser ies com p r ises of 18 evolv in g gen er ic st a n d a r d s. T h ese st a n d a r d s a r e of t wo t y p es: gu id elin es a n d sp ecifi ca t ion s. T h e gu id elin es a r e d escr ip t ive d ocu m en t s t h a t exp la in en v ir on m en t a l m a n a gem en t con -ce p t s, d efi n e k ey t er m s, a n d p r ov id e gu id a n -ce on st r u ct u r in g a sp ecifi c s y st em for a p a r t icu -la r p r ocess or bu sin ess. T h e sp ecifi ca t ion s a r e p r escr ip t ive d ocu m en t s t o w h ich p r osp ect ive com p a n ies w ill b e cer t ifi ed .

T h e follow in g is a list of k ey en v ir on m en t a l d ocu m en t s t h a t a r e cu r r en t ly b ein g d evel-op ed :

• ISO 14010/ 11/ 12: Gu id elin e for en v ir on m en -t a l a u d i-t in g;

• ISO 14020/ 21/ 22/ 24: en v ir on m en t a l la b el-in g;

• ISO 14031: eva lu a t ion of t h e en v ir on m en t a l p er for m a n ce of t h e m a n a gem en t sy st em s; • ISO 14040/ 41/ 42/ 43: life-cycle a s sessm en t – p r in cip les a n d p r a ct ices/ in ven t or y / im p a ct / im p r ovem en t ;

• ISO 14060: gu id e for t h e in clu sion of en v i-r on m en t a l a sp ect s in p i-r od u ct st a n d a i-r d s.

T h e ISO 14001 st a n d a r d is t h e on ly d ocu m en t t h a t in clu d es s p ecifi ca t ion s on E MS. It a p p lies t o t h e m a n u fa ct u r in g a n d p r ocessin g in d u st r ies, bu t ca n a lso b e im p lem en t ed in ser v ice in d u st r ies h av in g en v ir on m en t a l im p a ct s su ch a s con st r u ct ion a n d t r a n sp or t a -t ion .

T h e ISO 14001 st a n d a r d h a s fi ve m a jor sect ion s, a s com p a r ed sect o 20 in sect h e ISO 9001 ssect a n -d a r -d . H ow ever, t h ey cover m or e elem en t s a s w ill b e s een fr om t h e com p a r is on sh ow n in n ext ch a p t er. T h e fi ve sect ion s in t h e en v ir on -m en t a l st a n d a r d a r e E n v ir on -m en t a l p olicy ; P la n n in g; Im p lem en t a t ion a n d op er a t ion ; Ch eck in g a n d cor r ect ive a ct ion ; a n d Ma n a ge-m en t r ev iew.

1 T h e en v ir on m en t a l p olicy r ela t es t o t h e cu r r en t a n d p ot en t ia l en v ir on m en t a l im p a ct s of t h e com p a n y ’s p r od u ct s a n d ser v ices, con su m ed m a t er ia l, p ollu t ion p r even t ion , a n d w a s t e r ed u ct ion .

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em er gen cy p r e p a r ed n ess for h a n d lin g a ccid en t s.

4 Ch eck in g a n d cor r ect ive a ct ion in clu d es m on it or in g a n d m ea su r em en t s for con t in -u o-u s im p r ovem en t , t r a ck in g p er for m a n ce w it h it s ob ject ives a n d t a r get s, ca lib r a t ion a n d m a in t en a n ce of m on it or in g eq u ip -m en t , t a k in g cor r ect ive or p r even t ive a ct ion , k ee p in g r ecor d s, a n d E MS a u d it s. 5 Ma n a gem en t r ev iew en t a ils r ev iew of t h e

E MS by m a n a gem en t for it s con t in u in g su it a b ilit y a n d effect iven es s.

Co mparative analysis o f ISO 9 0 0 1 and ISO 1 4 0 0 1 re quire me nts

Bot h st a n d a r d s h ave com m on a s w ell a s u n iq u e r eq u ir em en t s (Ta ble I). T h e com m on r eq u ir em en t s a r e t h e on es t h a t a r e op er a t ion -w id e a n d m or e gen er a l in n a t u r e. T h e u n iq u e r eq u ir em en t s id en t ify d iffer en ces b a s ed on t ech n ology, k n ow led ge, et c.

Majo r diffe re nc e s be twe e n ISO 1 4 0 0 0 and ISO 9 0 0 0

Alt h ou gh ISO 9000 a n d ISO 14000 ser ies h a s m a n y s im ila r it ies, t h ey h ave sever a l d iffer -en ces a s w ell. We h ave t o com p r eh a n d t h em t o s u cces sfu lly im p lem en t b ot h st a n d a r d s s im u lt a n eou s ly.

• Kn ow led ge of scien t ifi c a n d en gin eer in g m et h od s: Most of t h e ISO 9001 r eq u ir em en t s in volve m a n a gem en t a n d p r oced u r a l wor k em p h a sizin g con for m a n ce t o t h e st a n d a r d . On t h e ot h er h a n d , som e of t h e m ost sign ifi -ca n t com p on en t s of t h e ISO 14001 s t a n d a r d in volve scien t ifi c a n d en gin eer in g m et h od -ologies. For exa m p le, p r oa ct ive t ech n iq u es su ch a s d es ign for t h e en v ir on m en t , life-cycle a n a ly sis, p ollu t ion p r even t ion , a n d m a t er ia l su b st it u t ion s r eq u ir e a t h or ou gh k n ow led ge of en gin eer in g d esign a n d h ow bu r d en som e a com p a n y ’s p r od u ct s a r e on n a t u r a l r esou r ces, en er gy r eq u ir em en t s, a n d t h e en v ir on m en t .

• Lia b ilit y a n d lit iga t ion : T h er e a r e n o civ il or cr im in a l p en a lt ies if n on con for m a n ces occu r in t h e im p lem en t a t ion of t h e ISO 9000 sy st em w h er ea s su ch p en a lt ies m ay b e im p osed by r e gu la t or y b od ies or cou r t s in som e a s p ect s of t h e E MS.

• Gover n m en t r e gu la t ion s: A p a r t of t h e en v ir on m en t a l m a n a gem en t m ay b e r e gu la t ed by va r iou s loca l or cen t r a l gover n -m en t a l a gen cies. Su ch -m u lt i-su p er v ision d o n ot a p p ly t o q u a lit y.

• Id eologica l, p olit ica l, a n d s ocio-econ om ic issu es: E n v ir on m en t a l is su es cr ea t e

Table I

Us age o f the Standards o f Pro fe s s io nal Prac tic e is s ue d by the Ins titute o f Inte rnal Audito rs Inc .

ISO 14001 ISO 9001

Common requirements (aligned numbers are comparative)

4 .1 Polic y 4 .4 .1 Quality Polic y

4 .2 .3 Objec tives and targets 4 .1 .1 Quality Polic y (inc ludes objec tives) 4 .2 .4 Environmental management program 4 .2 .3 Quality Planning

4 .3 .1 Struc ture and responsibilities 4 .1 .2 Organization 4 .3 .2 Training, awareness, and c ompetenc e 4 .1 8 Training 4 .3 .4 EMS doc umentation 4 .2 .1 General

4 .3 .5 Doc ument c ontrol 4 .5 Doc ument and data c ontrol 4 .3 .6 Operational c ontrol 4 .2 .2 Quality system proc edures

4 .6 Purc hasing

4 .7 Control c ustomer-supplied produc t 4 .9 Proc ess c ontrol

4 .4 .1 Monitoring and measurement 4 .1 0 Inspec tion and testing

4 .4 .2 Non-c onformanc e and c orrec tive and 4 .1 3 Control of nonc onforming produc t preventive ac tion 4 .1 4 Correc tive and preventive ac tion 4 .4 .3 Rec ords 4 .1 6 Control of quality rec ords 4 .4 .4 EMS audit 4 .1 7 Internal quality audits 4 .5 Management review 4 .1 .3 Management review

Unique requirements (Not comparative) regardless of alignment

4 .2 .1 Environmental aspec ts 4 .3 Contrac t review 4 .2 .2 Legal and other requirements 4 .4 Design c ontrol

4 .3 .3 Communic ation 4 .8 Produc t identific ation and trac eability 4 .3 .7 Emergenc y preparedness and response 4 .1 1 Control of inspec tion, and test equipment

4 .1 2 Inspec tion and test status

4 .1 5 Handling, storage, pac kaging, and delivery 4 .1 9 Servic ing

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d iv is ion a n d con fr on t a t ion a m on g p eop le a lon g id eologica l, p olit ica l, a n d s ocio-eco-n om ica l liocio-eco-n es. Su ch p r oblem s d o ocio-eco-n ot a r is e in q u a lit y m a n a gem en t .

• Sp ect r u m of s t a k eh old er s : in en v ir on m en -t a l m a n a gem en -t -t h e va r ie-t y of s-t a k eh old er s is m u ch w id er t h a n in t h e q u a lit y m a n a ge-m en t . St a k eh old er s in t h e en v ir on ge-m en t a l a r ea in clu d e m a n u fa ct u r er s, em p loyees, con s u m er s, r et a iler s, ed u ca t or s, n ew s m ed ia , en v ir on m en t a l gr ou p s, a n ed t h e gover n -m en t . Qu a lit y -m a n a ge-m en t , on t h e ot h er h a n d , gen er a lly r ela t es t o m a n u fa ct u r er s, em p loyees, a n d con su m er s.

• Du r a t ion of effect s : t h e effect s a n d im p lica -t ion s of im p lem en -t in g a n E MS a r e r ea lized over a m u ch lon ger t im e p er iod , som et im es d eca d es, t h a n t h ose of q u a lit y m a n a gem en t , w h ich is w it h in a r ela t ively sh or t w a r r a n t y p er iod of t h e com p a n y ’s p r od u ct s or ser -v ices.

Implementation guidelines

To im p lem en t ISO 9000 a n d ISO 14000 sy s t em s on e s h ou ld r ev iew com m on a lt ies a n d d iffer -en ces b et w e-en t h e t wo s t a n d a r d s. Follow in g is a s t e p -by -s t e p a p p r oa ch t o im p lem en t b ot h sy s t em s.

1 Ob t a in m a n a gem en t com m it m en t t o com -p ly t o b ot h st a n d a r d s b a sed on t h e cu s-t om er s’ exp ecs-t a s-t ion s, in s-t er n a s-t ion a l q u a l-it y a n d en v ir on m en t a l r eq u ir em en t s, s t a t e of bu s in ess, a n d st r a t e gic p la n n in g, a n d if a p p lica ble, gover n m en t r e gu la t ion s. 2 N om in a t e ISO 9000 a n d ISO 14000 m a n a

ge-m en t r e p r es en t a t ives. If a q u a lifi ed p er son is ava ila ble it is b et t er t o com b in e t h es e r es p on s ib ilit ies. T h e m a n a gem en t r e p r e-sen t a t ives sh a ll r ev iew b ot h s t a n d a r d s a n d id en t ify s t e p s t o im p lem en t t h e t wo s y s -t em s.

3 Con s olid a t e m u lt ip le com m on s t e p s in t o a sin gle s t e p so it a d d r es s es elem en t s of b ot h t h e s y st em s. Som e of t h e com m on

elem en t s a r e: P olicy ; Docu m en t con t r ol; Cor r ect ive a n d p r even t ive a ct ion s; In t er n a l a u d it s; P r ocess con t r ol; a n d Mon it or -in g a n d m ea su r em en t .

4 E st a blis h a t a r get d a t e for get t in g r ea dy for cer t ifi ca t ion a u d it s. T h is w ill a llow com -p a n y t o -p la n va r iou s a ct iv it ies t o im -p le-m en t t h e t wo sy s t ele-m s. It is r ecole-m le-m en d ed t h a t ea ch s y s t em h a s it s ow n t a r get d a t e w h ich a llow s im p lem en t a t ion of ISO 9000 p r eced in g t h e E MS. By n o m ea n s, it s h ou ld im p ly t h a t u n les s on e h a s com p lied w it h t h e ISO 9000 s y s t em , on e s h ou ld n ot p u r s u e ISO 14000 im p lem en t a t ion .

5 For m a s t eer in g com m it t ee t o lea d t h e im p lem en t a t ion effor t .

6 Con d u ct b a selin e a ss es s m en t s of q u a lit y a n d en v ir on m en t a l sy s t em s. It is r ecom

m en d ed t h a t t h e a s sess m en t s b e d on e se p a -r a t ely u sin g t h e t wo a p p lica ble st a n d a -r d s (t h is is a p r eca u t ion a r y m ea su r e u n t il t h e r e gu la t or y b ody (ies) officia lly iss u e a com -b in ed r eq u ir em en t s for -b ot h ISO 9000 a n d ISO 14000)!? T h e a sses sm en t s w ill id en t ify n on con for m a n ces t o t h e a p p lica ble st a n -d a r -d s.

7 Develop a n in t e gr a t ed im p lem en t a t ion p la n w it h a sch ed u le a n d a s sign ed r esp on sib ilit ies. T h e p la n sh a ll a d d r ess n on com -p lia n ces id en t ifi ed in t h e b a s elin e a ssess-m en t s. T h e p la n sh ou ld a lso in clu d e a list of d ocu m en t s t o b e d evelop ed for im p lem en t in g q u a lit y a n d en v ir on lem en t a l lem a n -a gem en t sy st em s.

8 P r ov id e t r a in in g t o k ey m em b er s for u n d er st a n d in g t h e r eq u ir em en t s, t h e cer t ifi ca t ion p r ocess, a n d d ocu m en t a t ion t ech -n iq u e a ss u m i-n g t h a t t h ey a r e q u a lifi ed q u a lit y a n d en v ir on m en t a l p r ofession a ls. 9 Develop a n in t e gr a t ed q u a lit y a n d en v ir on

m en t m a n a gem en t sy st em (IQE MS) m a n -u a l or a p olicy m a n -u a l. T h e m a n -u a l ca n b e b a sed on t h e ISO 9000 st r u ct u r e w it h in t e-gr a t ion of en v ir on m en t a l r eq u ir em en t s con sid er in g sim ila r it ies a n d d iffer en ces a s d iscu ss ed in ea r lier ch a p t er s. An y u n iq u e it em ca n b e a d d ed a s a n a d d it ion a l sect ion in t h e m a n u a l.

10 Develop d ocu m en t a t ion for op er a t ion s, q u a lit y, en v ir on m en t a l, a n d m a n a gem en t a ct iv it ies. T h e p r oced u r es m u st in clu d e cr it ica l it em s for ver ifi ca t ion a n d r ecor d s t o en su r e con t in u a l com p lia n ce. T h e p r o-ced u r es m u st b e r ev iew ed a n d a p p r oved by a u t h or ized a n d q u a lifi ed p eop le. T h e p r o-ced u r es m u st a lso b e in a la n gu a ge p eop le ca n r ea d .

11 T r a in a ffect ed em p loyees on t h ese p r oce-d u r es for effect ive im p lem en t a t ion . Ta k e ca r e of t h e p s ych ologica l sid e a s w ell. 12 Select cer t ify in g b ody (ies) for con d u ct in g

t h e ISO 9000 a n d ISO 14000 a u d it s. E n cou r -a ge t h e in it i-a t ives for com b in ed -a u d it s. Sch ed u le p r e-a sses sm en t a n d cer t ifi ca t ion a u d it s for IQE MS. In t e gr a t ed a u d it s w ill b e cos t -effect ive for con cer n ed p a r t ies; t h e com p a n y a n d t h e cer t ify in g b ody (ies). 13 M a n a ge IQE MS p r e-a ss essm en t . Ta k e

r em ed ia l a ct ion s a n d sch ed u le cer t ifi ca -t ion a u d i-t s.

14 Cer t ifi ca t ion a u d it s m ay h ave t o b e se p a -r a t e fo-r ISO 9001(2) a n d ISO 14001 d u e t o a ccr ed it a t ion r eq u ir em en t s on t h e cer t i-fi er (s) . T h e in t e gr a t ed a u d it p r ocess w ill evolve over t im e.

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Triplet strategy for implementing

ISO 9000/ ISO 14000 concurrently

Permeable

T h er e a r e m a n y s t r a t e gies t h a t ca n b e fol-low ed w h en im p lem en t in g ISO 9000/ ISO 14000 con cu r r en t ly. Bu t t h e in t en d ed com p et i-t ive s i-t r a i-t e gy w h ich w e a r e a fi-t er is a ci-t u a lly a p h ilos op h ica l ch a n ge fr om com p lia n ce t o bu sin es s op p or t u n it y m a n a gem en t s t y le. T h is n eces s it a t es a p a r a d igm s h ift fr om r ea c-t ive c-t o p r oa cc-t ive w ay in h a n d lin g m a c-t c-t er s i.e. fr om a p p r a isa l t o p r even t ive a p p r oa ch . T h is d e p en d s m a in ly on t ea m wor k a n d em p loyees em p ow er m en t . T h er efor e, b efor e w e exp la in t h e s u gges t ed t r ip let st r a t e gy d et a ils, w e wou ld lik e t o d r aw t h e a t t en t ion for t h r ee k ey s t o s u ccess in m a k in g t h is ch a n ge h ave t o b e ca r efu lly con s id er ed d u r in g im p lem en t a -t ion .

T h es e a r e:

1 We m u s t u n d er s t a n d p eop le; lis t en in g t o t h em w it h em p a t h y. We m u s t st e p in t o t h eir p la ces t o k n ow w h a t a r e t h eir feel-in gs.

2 We m u s t com m u n ica t e clea r ly w it h t h em t h e “WH Y” a n d “WH E N ”. We m u s t give t h e fa ct s a n d a n sw er a ll q u es t ion s for t h em .

3 T h e t h ir d k ey p a r t icip a t ion ; w e d ir ect ly a s k t h em t o a ss ist , t o d ecid e t h e b es t t im e or m et h od a n d seek a ll w ay s t h a t t h ey n o lon ger r es is t .

The triplet strategy three elements T h e m a in t h r ee elem en t s for com b in ed ISO 9000/ ISO 14000 im p lem en t a t ion w h ich a r e goin g t o b e exp lor ed h er e a r e;

• m et h od ology ; • com p et it iven es s; a n d • ch a n ge effect .

Me tho do lo gy

T h e sy s t em a t ic a p p r oa ch for im p lem en t a t ion ca n con s id er t h e follow in g con d it ion s of t h e t wo s y s t em s (ISO 9000 a n d ISO 14000): • a s in d e p en d en t st a n d -a lon e s y s t em s ; • s y s t em s t h a t coexist s id e by sid e; • in t e gr a t ed a s on e s y s t em .

T h es e sy s t em s ca n b e in t e gr a t ed effect ively by focu s in g on t h e follow in g t h r ee im p or t a n t con sid er a t ion s for b ot h in t e gr a t ion a n d im p lem en t a t ion :

1 s im ila r it ies b et w een t h e sy st em s a n d a sh a r ed cen t r a l t h em e;

2 a com m on a p p r oa ch t o im p lem en t a t ion ; 3 im p or t a n ce of or ga n iza t ion -w id e t ea m

in volvem en t .

Co mpe titive ne ss during imple me ntatio n

T h er e a r e s ever a l p r ior it ies for im p lem en t a -t ion of a n y q u a li-t y a n d E n v ir on m en -t a l

m a n a gem en t sch em es. H ow ever, t h e sm a r t er on e is t h a t w h ich p r ov id es a n a d d ed va lu e t o t h e com p a n y s t a t u s so t h a t it ca n b en efi t fr om a n y bu s in es s op p or t u n it y t h a t m igh t a r ise d u r in g im p lem en t a t ion .

T h is ca n b e secu r ed by t h e follow in g: • ca r efu l est a blish in g of you r st a r t in g p

osi-t ion fr om en v ir on m en osi-t a l p oin osi-t of v iew ; • a gr ee on you r fi n ish in g st a t u s ;

• d et er m in e w h en you h ave a r r ived , by select in g t h e p r op er m ea s u r in g cr it er ia for t h e p r ev iou s t wo s it u a t ion s.

T h e op p or t u n it ies of gen u in e in t e gr a t ion a n d im p lem en t a t ion com e fr om :

• t h e d r a ft in g of su it a ble sy st em p r oced u r es a n d wor k in st r u ct ion s r eq u ir ed t o en su r e t h a t t h e com p osit e list of q u a lit y a n d en v i-r on m en t is a d d i-r es sed ;

• s u it a ble t r a in in g a t a ll levels em p h a sizin g t h e in t er d e p en d en ce of t h e q u a lit y a n d en v ir on m en t elem en t s ;

• r ev iew of p er for m a n ce a n d sy st em a u d it r esu lt s a n d t h e im p lem en t a t ion of r eq u ir ed ch a n ges in p olicy, ob ject ives, a n d s y st em s, con seq u en t ly.

Change e ffe c t o n pe rso nne l

T h er e is a lw ay s p er s on a l r es ist a n ce t o a n y ch a n ge, even t h ou gh if t h a t ch a n ge is for t h e p er son ’s p r iv ile ge. Resist a n ce t o ch a n ge is n a t u r a l p h en om en a . T h er efor e, w e h ave t o k n ow h ow t o m a n a ge t h is ch a n ge for su ccess-fu l q u a lit y a n d en v ir on m en t a l sch em es im p lem en t a t ion . T h e m a in r ea s on s a n d sy p -t om s for -t h is r es is-t a n ce a r e:

• t h e n e gligen ce of t h e p sych ologica l effect of t h e ch a n ge on t h e p er son n el, a ll of t h em ; fr om b a s e of t h e h ier a r ch y u p t o t h e t op m a n a gem en t it self;

• t h e fea r of ch a n ge w h ich is n or m a l h u m a n -b ein g r ea ct ion ;

• t h e p sych ologica l p a t t er n of ch a n ge r esis-t a n ce follow s esis-t y p ica lly s even sesis-t a ges: – im m ob iliza t ion

– d en ia l – a n ger – b a r ga in in g – d e p r ess ion – t est in g – a cce p t a n ce.

To over com e t h is m a jor im p lem en t a t ion ob st r u ct ion w e h ave t o com p r eh en d t h e sociot ech n ica l effect of ch a n ge on b ot h t h e or ga n iza t ion a n d h u m a n b eh av iou r s by : • r ecogn izin g t h e effect of t h e r a t e of ch a n ge

on p er son a l secu r it y ;

• sh a r e in for m a t ion a n d k n ow led ge w it h a ll em p loyees;

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The c le an (gre e n) pro duc tio n

It is ev id en t fr om a ll t h e a b ove t h a t en v ir on -m en t a l con cer n w ill r e gu la t e a ll t h e in d u s-t r ia l a cs-t iv is-t ies in s-t h e 21s s-t cen s-t u r y. Acs-t u a lly t h is a lr ea dy s t a r t ed by in t r od u cin g t h e clea n (gr een ) p r od u ct ion by som e t h ou gh t lea d er s a s ca n b e s een fr om t h e follow in g b r ief t ou ch on t h e s u b ject .

E a r ly in 1996, t h e Un it ed N a t ion s E n v ir on -m en t a l P r ogr a -m (UN E P ) officia lly r a t ifi ed t h e wor k in g gr ou p for clea n er p r od u ct ion in food p r oces s in g, in Qu een sla n d , Au s t r a lia . T h e a im of t h e gr ou p is t h e food in d u s t r y a d op t ion of a lt er n a t ive bu s in ess a ct iv it ies a n d t o r ed u ce t h e over a ll en v ir on m en t a l im p a ct s of t h e in d u s t r y. T h is ca n t a k e t h e for m of r e gu la -t or y, econ om ic, ed u ca -t ion a l a n d -t ech n ica l st r a t e gies t o cr ea t e com p a t ible econ om ic, socia l a n d en v ir on m en t a l im p r ovem en t . T h e clea n (gr een ) p r od u ct ion d r ea m b ecom es t r u e! P r ior it y of food in d u s t r y over ot h er in d u s t r ies fr om p u blic in t er es t p oin t of v iew is obv iou s.

Clea n p r od u ct ion is a n a m e for a s er ies of a ct iv it ies t h a t a t t a ck t h e for m a t ion of p ollu -t a n -t s a -t -t h e sou r ce, h a s b een a r ou n d s in ce 1989. T h e con ce p t is n ow em er gin g a s a p ow -er fu l t ool t o in t e gr a t e t h e d is cip lin es of q u a l-it y a n d en v ir on m en t a l m a n a gem en t . We a r e b ecom in g in cr ea sin gly d is s a t is fi ed w it h s im -p list ic a n sw er s t o d ifficu lt en v ir on m en t a l q u es t ion s a n d a r e b e gin n in g t o look for lon g t er m s olu t ion s t h a t en h a n ce econ om ic d evelop m en t , en v ir on m en t a l p r ot ect ion a n d cu s -t om er sa -t is fa c-t ion .

Clea n p r od u ct ion p h ilos p h ies con s t it u t e on e m et h od t o con t r ol t h e ecologica l im p a ct s of p eop le a n d t ech n ology t o p r om ot e su st a in -a ble -a dv-a n t -a ge. Gen er -a lly cle-a n p r od u ct ion con ce p t is t o en h a n ce t h e a d op t ion on a n in d u s t r y -w id e b a sis of m or e econ om ica lly a n d ecologica lly efficien t p r a ct ices. It m ay m ea n t h e a d op t ion of n ew t ech n ologies or n ew wor k in g p r a ct ices, n ew m a n a gem en t sk ills or n ew eq u ip m en t .

Clea n p r od u ct ion p h ilos op h ies w ill u s e a n y of a n u m b er of s t r a t e gies t o r ed u ce t h e im p a ct of ou r a ct iv it ies on t h e en v ir on m en t . In s t ea d of in t r od u cin g m or e com m a n d a n d con t r ol r e gu la t ion s, clea n p r od u ct ion a t t a ck s t h e sou r ce of p ollu t ion . It en cou r a ges com p a n ies a n d in d iv id u a ls t o exa m in e t h eir en v ir on -m en t a lly r eleva n t a ct iv it ies a n d a sk t h e p h ilo-sop h ica l q u est ion s: Do w e r ea lly n eed t h e p r od u ct ?; Do w e r ea lly n eed it in t h is for m ?; a n d w h a t a lt er n a t ives exis t ?

Clea n p r od u ct ion a im s t o st im u la t e in n ova -t ion in p r od u c-t ion sy s-t em s -t h r ou gh -t h e d evel-op m en t of r a d ica l t ech n ology. T h e p r in cip le is t o p u s h or ga n iza t ion s t o t a k e life-cycle a p p r oa ch w h er e m a t er ia l ext r a ct ion , t h r ou gh m a n a fa ct u r in g, d is t r ibu t ion a n d t r a n sp or t a -t ion , u se r ecyclin g a n d fi n a l d isp osa l is d esign ed in t h e p r od u ct it self.

Conclusion and recommendation

In t e gr a t ion of en v ir on m en t a l a n d t ot a l q u a lit y a s a p a r t of p r od u ct m a n a gem en t is h elp in g com p a n ies r ea ssess en v ir on m en t a l p er -for m a n ce a s a con t r ibu t ion t o p r od u ct iv it y a n d in n ova t ion . T h is n eces sit a t es a p a r a d igm sh ift in m a n a gem en t fr om a p p r a isa l t o p r e-ven t ion . Zer o d efect s con ce p t ca n b e of gr ea t h elp in t h is r e ga r d for t h e 21st cen t u r y, w h er e clea n (gr een ) p r od u ct ion d iscip lin e w ill p r e-va il. T h er efor e, it is s t r on gly r ecom m en d ed t o exp loit TQM exp er t is e in en v ir on m en t a l m a n a gem en t t o ga in fr om it s en or m ou s p ow er in t r a n sfor m in g bu s in ess fr om com -p lien ce t o com -p et it iven ess.

Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:E:Environmental Management and Health:Vol09.Issue2.1998:

Integrating quality and environmental management

as competitive business strategy for 21st century

Ismail Ahmed Aboulnaga

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Integrating environmental and

quality management systems

Triplet strategy for implementing

ISO 9000/ ISO 14000 concurrently

Conclusion and recommendation

Further reading