Irony in Xi Xi’s “A Woman Like Me”: A Semiotics Perspective
Lany Kristono
Satya Wacana Christian University
Abstract
Taking most probably the 1980s Hong Kong as its setting, “A Woman Like Me” depicts the modern Hong Kong and its people‟s quite modern life style. Unlike in the Oriental tradition, in which a woman should play their traditional roles, the story is opened by a description of a career woman sitting alone in a cafe, waiting for her boyfriend and is ended by the woman seeing her boyfriend carrying a large bouquet of flowers, walking into the café. A café and a bouquet of flowers as an expression of love are definitely not parts of the Oriental culture. However, a deeper look into the woman‟s thoughts reflects a very Oriental tradition beneath the superficial western life-style, which is often associated with modernity. Since café, flowers, and the woman‟s job signify a much bigger meaning which refer to the people‟s culture and bedrock belief, this paper would employ semiotics to reveal a possible meaning delivered by the story.
Key words: café, flower, mortuary make-up artist, cadaver
Introduction
“A Woman Like Me” has interested me in several ways. First, it depicts the life of a mortuary make-up artist, a rare profession which, I believe, is not one most people dream to be. Even, I doubt if this is considered a profession in some, if not many, societies. Second, it is a monolog narrated by the female protagonist, who is also the beautician for cadaver, herself; thus, facilitating a first-hand vivid and elaborate portrayal and a thorough understanding of the life of one having such a job. Moreover, it pictures the beautician pondering on her relationship with a man. Such a relationship often arouses curiosity, let alone when it is related to an unusual profession.
lifestyle, which is enhanced by the girl coming to the café herself before her boyfriend does. This is contrast to the Oriental tradition, in which a girl should be picked up by her date. Therefore, the setting should be a big, modern city in a recent era. Since the story was written in 1982, the time setting is most probably the early 1980s, which fits the reality that Hong Kong developed to a modern city-state under MacLehose‟s administration in 1971-1982 (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1341601/ Lord-MacLehose-of-Beoch.html).
The story ends as Xia, holding a bouquet of flowers, is entering the café. As Xia goes to the café to meet his girlfriend, the flowers should be an expression of love. In contrast to Xia‟s beaming face, the girl feels very sad. This leads to questions. First, what ironies are depicted in the story and what they mean. Since flowers are an object and a café, which can be a place, is also a building and; thus, an object, this study would employ semiotics to answer the research questions.
The Study of Signs
Simply defined as “the study of signs”, semiotics examines “the role of signs as part of social life” (Chandler, n.d.:1). Since it considers reality a system of signs, Chandler adds, semiotics helps those studying it to be more aware of reality as a constructed fact as well as their and other people‟s roles in the construction. Saussure in Allen (2000:8) explains a sign as a combination of a signified (concept) and a signifier (sound-image) instead of a word‟s reference to an object. In Saussure‟s understanding, the meaning of a sign is determined by its similarity to and difference from other signs (Allen, 2008:10). Peirce (2008:24) introduces three kinds signs; i.e. symbol, icon, and index. A symbolic sign is conventional. However, its meaning must be learned because it does not resemble the signifier. In an iconic symbol, the signifier imitates or resembles the signified; whereas in an indexical sign the signifier is not arbitrary but logically related to the signified (qtd. in Berger, n.d.).
based on social conventions. In semiotics perspective, a text has a signifier, a signified or the meaning related to the signifier, and a referent which is the reality the signified points to. Referent may be in the forms of abstract concepts, current, historical or imaginary events.
Connotation and Denotation
Connotation refers to the cultural meaning attached to a term, image, figure in a text, even to the text itself. In contrast, denotation refers to the literal meaning of a term, figure, text, or others. Therefore, connotation is related to the historic, symbolic, and emotional matters suggested a term of image or ones that "go along with" a term or image (Berger, n.d.)
Intertextuality
Modern theories perceive texts as having no independent meaning. Kristeva in Allen (2000:35) argues that a text does not originally come from the the author‟s mind. It is compiled from the prevailing texts. Bakhtin and Kristeva (Allen, 2000:36) elaborate that the larger social and cultural textuality constructing a text is inseparable from the text itself. As Barker (1994:256) states, writing texts is entering a larger-scale of ideological conversation so that this activity means responding, objecting, confirming, seeking supports, or assuming responses, etc. Therefore, embedded in any texts are “the ideological structures and struggles expressed in the society through discourse”.
A text, according to Kristeva in Allen (2000:34) is not a finished work. It is aimed at encouraging readers to grasp meaning themselves. To do it, readers must trace textual relations to gather meaning from inside and outside texts; i.e. from its historical and social contexts. In result, reading is a process of moving between or among texts (Allen, 2005:1).
position, men exercise their power over women. Hall and Neitz (1993) defines power as a group or individual‟s ability to control other people or other parties‟ behaviour.
A Semiotics-Perspective of “A Woman Like Me”
In decoding “A Woman Like Me”, I find the text‟s basic narrative arranged on a binary opposition of an isolated, uncommunicative life vs. a normal, communicative one. However, this monolog is constituted of basically only one basic narrative; i.e.:
I sat down, waiting for Xia
This basic narrative can be divided into two parts; i.e. before and after Xia came. Before Xia came to accompany I to her workplace, they are happy couples sharing merry days. After Xia came, their joyous relationship will last in a walk of three hundred paces (Xi, 1998:162). Therefore, I select Xia‟s arrival, bringing a huge bouquet of flowers, as the prime signifier. The arrival functions as a wall separating the isolated, uncommunicative life I has due to her profession as a cosmetician for the dead and the normal, communicative one she is going to have with Xia. Xia‟s arrival signifies the impending end of their love relationship because as soon as he finds out that I actually beautifies the dead instead of brides-to-be, he will be scared and leave her—just like what Aunt Yifen‟s boyfriend did many years before (Xi, 1998:157-158). The very beautiful huge bouquet of flowers Xia brings, which symbolizes love, is ironically an index to their separation since flowers in I‟s profession symbolizes “eternal parting” (Xi, 1998:162).
As the bouquet of flowers bears an irony, the text itself is full of ironies. Xia‟s taking I to her workplace signifies a progress in their relationship; instead it will end their love relationship. The bouquet signifies Xia‟s joy and enthusiasm to experience the new stage in their relationship, but his excitement and enthusiasm will be replaced by fright and apathy. Xia thinks I is a cosmetician for brides-to-be. In contrast, she beautifies cadavers. I is a cosmetologist, yet her face is so natural.
„Happy Sunday‟ nor to his handing her the big bouquet of flowers. Instead, I thought she was just as dead as her sleeping friends (Xi, 1998:162).
The linguistic signs in “A Woman Like Me” may be read based on its sintagmatic-paradigmatic codes; i.e.
Syntagmatic
Isolated, uncommunicative normal, communicative_______
Cadavers Xia
Workplace: quiet, lonely, scary coffee shops: public, socializing, merry I‟s workplace = prison place to meet others
make the dead appear humane make women like I dead smell of formaldehyde smell of perfume
flowers = eternal parting flowers = love, joy, beauty paradigmatic
Xi Xi‟s text juxtaposes cadavers to Xia. The cadavers enable I to live sufficiently and independently, yet it is an index of quietness, loneliness, and isolation.
From today on you‟ll not have to worry about your livelihood. Aunt Yifen had said.
And you‟ll never have to rely upon anyone else to get through life, like other women do
(Xi, 1998: 155)
Going to I‟s workplace for a funeral ceremony, people meet their friends and see their sleeping relative or friend physically leave the world of the living. To I, her workplace is where she spends most of her time, even on holidays and Sundays when it is necessary. To make the cadavers ready for their funeral, I is „imprisoned in her workplace. Her efforts to make the dead appear gentle, serene, and humane; hence appreciated by the guests results in the society‟s treating her as if she were a cadaver herself.
Making up the faces of dead people! My God! My friends said.
… They disliked my eyes because I often used them to look into the eyes of the dead, and they disliked my hands because I often used them to touch the hands of the dead. At first it was just dislike, but it gradually evolved into fear, pure and simple; not only that, the dislike and fear that at first involved only my eyes and hands later on included everything about me (Xi, 1998:159).
As death is opposite of life, I‟s profession understand signs of beauty in the world of the living differently. In her profession, perfume, for example, means formaldehyde; while flowers which symbolize love, care, happiness, and beauty are a sign of sadness and separation. So big is the difference between I‟s present world and the „normal‟ world that I tells herself, “Ai! Ai! A woman like me is actually unsuitable for any man‟s love” (p. 152, 162), reflecting her acceptance and surrender to Fate.
I, the protagonist of A Woman Like Me, suffers from the societal pressure,
which consider female cosmeticians working on the faces and hair of the dead as scary as the cadavers; thus indecent members of the community. It is such a perception that has driven Aunt Yifen‟s lover to get terribly shocked knowing her sweetheart‟s actual job (Xi, 1998:158). It also has scared I‟s friends away so that “…my only remaining friends being the bodies of the deceased lying in front of me” and I start to be as uncommunicative as Aunt Yifen did soon after the man left her (Xi, 1998:159).
Morton (2008), maintains that people‟s attitude and identity are determined by their innate anatomic essence. Being male and female provides a biological explanation of the social and cultural differences between men and women; i.e. the different social and cultural roles destined for them; in which women‟s life is governed by two things; i.e. the societal ethics and the principles of patriarchy. Matzner (n.d.:2) explains, the societal ethics demand “real men” to be attracted to “real women”. The term real describes the communal expectation that men and women act conform to their biologically determined gender roles.
The texts describe the roles the society fixes for women. In her attempt to understand that Xia is going to leave her, I muses that
Men everywhere like women who are gentle, warm, and sweet, and such women are expected to work at jobs that are intimate, graceful, and elegant. But my job is cold and ghostly dark… Why would a man exists in a world of brightness want to be friendly with a woman surrounded by darkness? When he lies down beside her, could he avoid thinking that this is a person who regularly comes into contact with cadavers, and that when her hands brush up against his skin, would that remind him that these are hands that for a long time have rubbed the hands of the dead? (Xi, 1998:161)
Unfortunately, I‟s job is not graceful or elegant. It is a strongly inappropriate job for women as well as a seemingly most unpopular one. Aunt Yifen takes the job to replace I‟s father. In turn, she transfers her skill to I so that the latter may be her successor. In one of her ponder, I was wondering who would apply the final touch on her face when she died later (Xi, 1998:153). Since her job does not fit the communal expectation of a woman‟s job, I realizes that she is not a woman whom men will desire. How can one who deals with cadavers be gentle, sweet, and warm if cadavers themselves are considered cold and frightening?
strong worry and belief of what will happen does not reflect her actual intention. To console herself and to justify her thought and worry, she may say to herself, “That is what Fate would like me to do.”
Conclusion
The discussion reveals ironies I a modern life style and city, which is only superficial. Beneath the modernity is a traditional mindset about men-women relationship. Regardless of time period and place, even regardless a financial independence, as long as the ideology of patriarchy still permeates a community, the unequal, gender-based societal expectations and demands remain. The communal interference reaches personal matter, such as marriage. A woman‟s chance to get married is largely determined by the societal expectations women have to meet. I will most probably loses her chance to get married since she does not fit men‟s expectation of a woman. Her being financially independent cannot free her from the societal demand and existing ideology. Therefore, to console themselves and to justify a decision contrast to their own belief and desire, they only can turn to the most powerful being they know; i.e. Fate.
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