A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature
By:
Qowy Ummah Supianoveri 10211144037
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
v
For each one are successive [angels] before and behind him
who protect him by the decree of Allah . Indeed, Allah will not
change the condition of a people until they change what is in
themselves. And when Allah intends for a people ill, there is
no repelling it. And there is not for them besides Him any
patron.
(QS Ar-Ra d : 11)
Make a history in your life, not just a story
(Reza M. Syarief)Learn From Yesterday, Live From Today,
And Hope For Tommorow
(Albert Eistein)
BUILD YOUR DREAMS,
or
vi
This thesis is dedicated to the wonderful people
in my life:
vii
carry out this thesis. Peace and blessing of Allah be upon the last Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him). In addition, the writing cannot be completed without some help from other people. I would like to express the deepest appreciation to:
1. Drs. Suhaini Muhammad Saleh, M.A., my first supervisor, and Paulus Kurnianta, M.Hum., my second supervisor, who have given me priceless knowledge, time, guidance, and patience as well as valuable understanding in this thesis completion;
2. Donald J. Nababan, S.S., M.Hum., my academic supervisor, who guided me during my study in this university;
3. the lecturers of English Education Department who have shared their knowledge;
4. my parents, Bapak Supardi and Ibu Warsilah who always love, support, motivate, and give the best things in my life;
5. my brother, Furqon Suparzaki, who always helps me solve my problems; 6. my grandmother and grandfather who always pray for my success; 7. my triangulators, Fika and Wisnu for helping me check the thesis;
8. all my friends in Class H 2010 for coloring my life as a student with laughter, joy, sorrow, and silliness;
viii
11. all people who have sincerely helped me finish this thesis, all of whom I cannot mention one by one.
I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect because there are still many weaknesses and shortcomings. Thus, comments and suggestions are welcomed for the improvement of this thesis. I hope this thesis can give value to the readers and other researchers.
Yogyakarta, 20 February 2015
ix
APPROVAL... ii
RATIFICATION SHEET... iii
SURAT PERNYATAAN... iv
MOTTOS... v
DEDICATIONS... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE... ... xi
ABSTRACT... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Research Focus ... 4
C. Formulation of the Problem... 5
D. Objective of the Research ... 5
E. Significance of the Research.. .. 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A. Theoretical Background... 7
1. Psycholinguistics... 7
2. Language and the Brain ... 9
3. Mental Illness ... 12
4. Schizophrenia ... 17
5.The Sixth SenseMovie .. 38
6. Previous Research ... 39
B. Conceptual Framework ... 40
x
F. Trustworthiness... 50
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Findings ... 52 B. Discussion ... 55
1. The Phenomena of the Symptoms of Schizophrenia Experienced by Cole
inThe Sixth SenseMovie 56
2. Types of Schizophrenia Represented by Cole Sear inThe Sixth
SenseMovie 70
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ... 78 B. Suggestions ... ... 79
REFERENCES... 81
APPENDICES
xi
Table 1 : Sample Data Sheet of the Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia.. 49 Table 2 :Frequency of Occurrence of the Symptoms and types of Schizophrenia
Represented by Cole inThe Sixth Sensemovie 53
Figure
xii
Qowy Ummah Supianoveri 10211144037
ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze phenomena of language and mind under psycholinguistic approach. The researcher takes schizophrenia as the main topic. In this research, there are two objectives: (1) to identify kinds of symptoms of schizophrenia represented by a schizophrenic sufferer, Cole Sear in The Sixth Sense movie; and (2) to classify the types of schizophrenia based on the symptoms shown by Cole inThe Sixth Sensemovie.
This research applied the qualitative method with the researcher as the main instrument and data sheet as the secondary instrument. The data of this research were in the form of utterances spoken by Cole Sear in The Sixth Sense
movie. The data were collected by watching the film, checking the dialogue in the script, and transferred the relevant data into a table. Theory and researcher triangulations were applied to enhance the trustworthiness of the data.
The findings reveal 29 data. Among eight symptoms of schizophrenia, Cole experiences four items. They are poverty of speech (PoS), weakening of goal (WG), peculiar use of words (PW), and non-logical reasoning or peculiar logic (PL). The first most-often appearing symptom is non-logical reasoning or peculiar logic. It occurs 16 times from the total 29 (55.17%) occurrences. This symptom becomes the dominant symptom. Following non-logical reasoning or peculiar logic, as the second most appearing symptom, there are poverty of speech and weakening of goal. They have the same occurrence; each of them appears 6 times with the percentage of 20.69%. The last rank is the symptoms of peculiar use of words which occurs once or 3.45%. According to the symptoms of schizophrenia, the researcher classifies the types of schizophrenia. Different types of schizophrenia are defined according to the most significant and predominant characteristics which are presented in each person at each point in time. In the movie The Sixth Sense, Cole as a schizophrenic sufferer does not reveal all the types. There are two possible types of schizophrenia shown by Cole, paranoid and disorganized type. However, according to the dominant symptoms, Cole suffers paranoid type.
t tuy
! " # $! $% & '! " ( )$*&& !+!( !&# $% ' ( + "%! ! #)! ," + +- "
"& ! * ,&"$./&" #(!0" ($%0!+" 1! *-00"#&*" 2 & " $$%" %$*(& " $./$&'!*3 $*0 #4
+ !" #( ! #$%, $( ( ",& " $3 '" ,'" ,+ 0! #3*"&" 4! #& *!#40,$0! #$*
# -( 2 $+ #. ! ,$& 2! #! )*&!0 %*$( &'! 2 *" 2! , #! & '! 2 *" )*$,! # #! #
+ ! &'& , 2! )* $0 ,!0 2- ' ( #. 5 '! ,$( )!& !,! 0 )! *% $ *( ,! $%
+ !" #$!$%& '!% ,&"$ #$%& '!2 *" ./&3$*6# #! *+(! ,'"# ( #.
7*" ' # " ( )$*&& *$+ ! 2 $& ' " $*+ 0 3 *" && ! ,$( ( ",& " $. /& ' #
& 3 $ ) *& # 8 &'! +!%& '!("#)'! *! 0 *" '& '!("# )'!*! . 5'!- '1 ! 0" %%! *!& % ,&"$#4
(!&'$0" ,++- 0 6"! #&'!& " ,++- 9 ,$(2!4 :;< =8 ) *. < >:?. 5 '! +!%& 2 *" &'" 6#
(!&'$0" ,++-4 $*" @!# 0 ,& ! $*" @!# "% $*( & "$ %*$( &'! !1"*$(!&. /& "# "
,$& * #& 3" & ' &'! *"'& 2 *" 3'" ,' &'" 6# '$+"#& " ,++- " )" ,& *! #. 5'! *" '& 2*"
+! * # # $(!& '" 6" ! #& '!& " ,++- /& ( ! # &'& &'! *"'& 2 *" ,A "*! # " % $*( & " $
& '*$ ' ($1!( !& $% "&# + *! $* *$# # ( $&$* ( #,+ !#. 5'! +!%& 2*" %$, #! # $
1! *2+ ,$( ( ",& " $./& )*$,! ##! # " %$*( &"$ " +-&",+ 0 #!A !& "+ 3-.
B & '!$&'! * '04 &'! %$, # $% &'! *"'&2 *" " # 1"# + ,$( ( ",& " $. /& )*$,! # #! #
"% $*(&"$""& "& "1!0#" ( + &! $ #3-.
5'! *" '&>#" 0! $% & '! 2 * " " # 2! #& & !C)*! # #"1!0 ,*!&" 1! & #6#. D $(!$%
& '! 2" +" &" ! # )$) + *+- ## $,"&!0 3"&' &'!*"'& #" 0! $% &'!2*" " ,+ 0! *! ,$"@ "
EFGHI J HK LMHI I NOP HQRS NROIJ QTINGJ MHFU NOP HQRSNROI J GRVRMJ NQFPHI J NOST NS NROJ FOU
GMHFS NW NSXYZHFO [\ NVHJS\HV HES ]INU HR ES\ H^MF NONI GROINU HM HUS R ^ HFU HLS FSSFI _IS\FS
NOWRV W H V RPN GJ V FOPT F PH FOU FOFVXS NGFV S \ NO_ NOPY `\ H VHES]^MFNO NI R ESHO U HI GM N^ HU FI
^ HNOP ^ HSSHM FS VFO PTF P HJ VR PN GJ GM NSNGFV S \ NO_ NOPJ OT Q^ HMI J FOU M HFIRO NOP ab\ HMMXJ
cdefgLFMYh ]ijY
`\TI JS \ H ^MF NO NI GV RI HVXM HV FSHU SRQNOUY kS NI S\ HQRIS GR QLVNGFS HULFMS R E
\T QFO ^ HNOPY l I QFVV ^ M HF_UR [O [NV V GFTIH PM HFS U N EENGTVSNHI ^RS\ S \ H I L HF_ HM FOU
NOSHMV R GTSRMI Y mO H R E S\ H QRI S IHM NRTI LIXG\ RV RPNGFV N QLF NM QHOS I NI _OR [O FI
IG\ Nn RL\MHO NF [\ N G\I HWHM HVXU NI SRMSI S \RTP\SFO U F GSNROY oG\ Nn RL\M HO N GI GFOORS TI H
S\ HNM QNOU SR TOU HMI SFOU S \ H M HFVNSX [ HV V ^ HGF TI H S\ H X \FWH OR QFI SH M I SMR_ H RM
GR QQROI HOIHYlIFMHITVS JS\HX\FWHNQLF NM QHOSROVFOPT F PHFOUGR QLMH\ HOI NROY
oG\ Nn R L\MHO NFNIFQ HOSF VNV VO HI I[\ N G\TITFV VXI SMN_ HINOV FS HFURVHIGHOGHRM
HFMVXFUTV S\RRUJ^TSGFOIS MN_ HFOXSNQ HNOVNEHYlG GRMU NOPS R`\RMO N GMRES ac ddpgfdpjJ
IG\ Nn RL\MHO NF NI RO H R E S\ H QRIS ISNPQFSNnHU Q HOS FV GROU NS NROIY ` \ HOJ q R EEQFO
aeprs g efdj HKLVF NOI S\FS I S NPQF R E IG\ Nn RL\MHO N F NI FO NV VT Q NOFSNOP HK GTMI NRO NOS R
INS TFSNRO R E F L HMIRO [\R NI TOF^VH S R GRO ERMQ S R IS FOUFMUI [\ NG\ IR GNHSX GFVVI
ORM QFVY q HO HMFV VXJ IG\ Nn RL\M HO NF NI U HENO HU F I LIXG\RSNG U NI RMUHM QFM_ HU ^X
U HVTINROJ \FVV T GNOFS NROJ FLFS\XJ S \ NO_ NOP F^OR M QFV NS N HI J FOU F ILVNS ^ HS[HHO S \RTP\S
FOUHQRSNROatRI S HMJcdd s gejY kORS\HM [RMUI JIG\Nn RL\M HO NFNIFG\MRO NGJIHW HM HJFOU
U NI F^V NOP ^MF NO U NIHFIHY u HRLV H [ NS \ I G\ NnRL\M HO NF U NI HFIH RESHO I T EE HM SHMM NEXNOP
IXQLSR QI JIT G\FI\HFM N OP NOS HMO FVWR N GHORS \HF MU^XRS \ HMI JRM^ HVNHW NO PS\FS RS \ HM
vwxy z{ |xx }w~xw~yz}~xy { z ~y x w~wx ~ xy}|z x wx{ y xz
zywxy wxz{ vwx w~x xy }yy }|z xwx{y|z}y~xy ~
}xzxz~~ x z~ y ~y~~x
vwx ~} xy {x}x wx |wxx y{ ~ } ~ } ~
zy ~zy |x|x {xx z ~y x x xz wx| wxxx{ ~ z~ xxw~
|x| x xz{ ~ y x wx wx {xx { xx w ~}{ xy z z { |x ~{
y zzx ~z wx ~{ { x w~ wx z {wx y{ ~ x}x y y { ~ xx y x ~
xz{ ~y } |x| x~ x~ y x{{y zxz w~ wx }~ zx~ wx
{ xzxz }zzx} ~ {}y xy{{ x | ~y ~ wx x~ y x{{ vwx { x
|z }xz{ z y~y x y y wx z yx z x xy {y |zz~ y zxz
~x |x|x x ~{ xz{ ~ wx |wxx x ~ y x{ { x wx
yx{ wy }wx |{xx ~y x{ {y {The Sixth Sense |zz~{ wx|wxx {}wy |wzxy~
vwx y xx { ~ ~ w { x z{ z { }wy |wzxy ~ xw ~{
w~ }y ~y ~ x{ y x x~z y { xz ~ z~y wx ~z x{{ x xx{ w~
~ w{{ wy~z w ~zwy v wy{{ y ~y}~{ x{wy x~ yx
wy{ zy x{ vw x wy w~ xy{ ~ zx~y~ z ~} zyx{ } xz
wx y{ z w ~ x{ { |xz~ z~ ~y y ~} wx |wx x~
w~ }y ~y ~ x{ y ~zx y y } x x |~y x { y}x wx }} z y
w ~ w w x x z {|xx}w { ~ } ~ x |y } { }w |wx x~ ~{ { |xx}w }~
x |zx{ { wxy z w w vw{ wx zx{x ~z }wxz } }{ ~ zx{x~z}w ~ wx ~ z~
¡¢£ ¤ ¥¦£§£ £ ¤¨ £ © ¡ª «¨¤£ ¬£ «¨ ¢¬ §¨ §¡ ¦®¬¤ ®£ ¤ ¯° ¨ª ¨ ¤¡ ®¨ ¤¡¤¬¤
±¨ ¬ ¤¬ ¢©¨ § « ¡¦¥ § ¨ ª¨ ¨ ¡ ² £ © ¡ª «¨¤£ ¦²²¨ «¨ «¯ ° ¨ «¨² ¡«¨
¡¢£ ¤ ¥¦£§£ £ § ¨¬ ªª«¡ª«£¬ §¨¬ªª«¡¬ §¡±¨¬ ªª¢£¨£ ¤§ £ «¨¨¬« ¯
³´ µ¶·¶ ¸¹ º»¼½ ºus
¾®¡¿£ ¨£±¨ ¢£ ¨¿¨§¡±¨¬«¨² ¢¨ §£ ¡¤¡²ª¨ ¡ª¢¨ À¢£ ²¨ ¯° ¨ «¨¬ «¨ ¡®¨ §¡«£¨
Á £ ¬ «¨ §¬ ¨ ¤ ²«¡® «¨¬ ¢£§¯ à ¤¨ ¡² § ¨ ® §¬ ¢Â ¬ ±¡¦§ £ © ¡ª «¨¤£ ¬ ¯ ° ¨
ª ¨ ¤¡®¨ ¤¡¤¡² £© ¡ª «¨ ¤£ ¬£ ¤ ª£ «¨ § ¨«¨ ¨ ¬ « ¨ «§ ¡¡¤ ¦ §¬ «¨ ¨¬ « ¯° ¨ ¤ ¨
¨¢¨ §The Sixth Sense ® ¡¿£ ¨¬§ ¨¡±Ä¨ §¡²§ ¨§ ¨«¨ ¨ ¬ « ¯° ¨«¨¨¬« ¨ «²¡ ¦ ¨ ¡¤¬¤¬ ¢©£¤¥§ ¨¬±¤¡«® ¬¢ ª¨¨ ¡² £ © ¡ª «¨ ¤£ ¦²²¨«¨ ««¨ ª«¨ ¨ ¤§¨± Å ¡¢¨Æ ¨¬ «
¬ § ¨ ®¬£ ¤ ¬«¬ § ¨«¯ ° £ §¦ ¦ ¨ ª ¡¢£ ¤¥¦£§£ ¬ªª«¡¬ Á £ ¨¬ ¢ Á£ §
¢¬ ¤¥¦¬ ¥¨ ¬¤ § ¡¦ ¥ § ¯ ¡¢£¤¥¦£ §£ £ ¦¨ § ¨ «¡¢¨ ¡² ®£ ¤ £¤ ¢¬ ¤¥¦ ¬¥¨
ª«¡¨ £ ¤¥¬ ¤ ¡®¨£ ¡«¨ « ¬¦¨± ¬ ±¤¡ «®¬ ¢£ §£ ¨ ¡²±«¬£¤²¦¤ §£ ¡¤¯
° ¨ «¨¬«¨ ¡®¨¬ ª¨§ Á £ ¬ ¤±¨£¤ª¨ §¨ ±§ ¨«¨ ¨¬ « ¨ « ¦ ¬ § ¨
¨Çª¡ ¦«¨¡² £© ¡ª «¨ ¤£¬¯° ¨«¨ ¨¬ « ¨ «¬¤£ ¤§ «¡ ¦¨²£«§¬ ±¡¦§§ ¨ £© ¡ª «¨ ¤£¬¯
° ¨ ¤È§ ¨«¨ ¨ ¬ « ¨«¨Çª¢¬£¤§ ¨¨²£ ¤£§£¡¤ ¡²§ ¨£ ¨¬¨È § ¨ª¨ « ¡¤Á ¡ ¬¤ ¦²²¨ «
§ ¨ ®¬¢¬È ¬ ¤ § ¨ ®ª§ ¡® § ¬ § £¤£¬ §¨ Á ¨ § ¨ « § ¨ ª¨« ¡¤ £ ¦²²¨ «£ ¤¥ ² «¡®
£© ¡ª «¨ ¤£ ¬ ¯ ɨ £¨ È § ¨ «¨ ¨ ¬ « ¨ « ¬ ¤ ¨Çª¢¡«¨ § ¨ ²¬ §¡ « Á £ ¢¨¬ § ¨ £¢ È
§ ¨®¬£ ¤ ¬ «¬ §¨«£¤The Sixth Sense ® ¡¿£¨È§ ¡ ¬¿¨® ª§¡® ¡² £© ¡ª «¨ ¤£ ¬ ¯° ¨ ²¬ § ¡«£¤¢ ¦¨ ª ¡¢ ¡¥£ ¬ ¢ ²¬ §¡« ¬ ¤ ¡£¬ ¢ ²¬ §¡«¯Ê¤§ £ «¨ ¨ ¬ « ȧ ¨ «¨¨¬ « ¨ «
² ¡¦¨ ¡¤§ ¨¬ ¤¬ ¢ ©£¤¥§ ¨® ª§¡® ¡² £© ¡ª «¨ ¤£ ¬ «¨ ª«¨ ¨ ¤§¨ ± Å¡¢¨¬ ¤§ ¨
§ ª¨ ¡² £©¡ª «¨ ¤£¬ ±¬ ¨ ¡¤ § ¨ ®ª§ ¡® Á £ ¬ «¨ ¡Á¤ ± § ¨ ®¬£¤
ËÌ ÍÎÏ ÐuÑÒtÓÎ ÔÎ Õ tÖ ×Ø ÎÙÑ× Ðr
ÚÛÜ ÝÞ ßà áâÝ ãÝÜ ÝÛãäâ åßäæÜç áâÝ ãÝÜ ÝÛãäâ Ýã å ßãè æé ÛáÝÜ áâÝ êã ßë éÝè Ü ÛÜ
å ßéé ßìÜ í
îï ðâ Ûá áâÝ Üñè êá ßèÜ ßå Üäâò ó ßêâãÝ àò Û ÛãÝ ã Ý êãÝÜ Ý àáÝÞ ëñ Û Ü äâòó ßêâãÝ àò ä
äâ Ûã ÛäáÝãçôßéÝõ ÝÛãòàThe Sixth Sense è ßöò Ý÷
øï ðâ ÛáÛãÝáâÝáñêÝÜßåÜäâ òóßêâãÝ àò ÛÜ â ßì àëñôßé Ýò àâò ÜÜ êÝÝ äâ÷
ùÌ úÙû×ütÓ ý×s Î Õ tÖ×þ×ÿ×Òrü Ö
àÛääßãÞ Ûà äÝì ò áâêãßë é ÝèÜÛë ßöÝ çáâÝßë ÝäáòöÝÜßåáâÝÜ áæÞñÛãÝí
îï á ß ÞÝÜäãòëÝ áâÝ Üñèêáßè Ü ßå Ü äâòóßêâãÝ àò Û ãÝ êãÝÜ ÝàáÝÞ ëñ Û Ü äâòóßê âãÝ àòä
äâ ÛãÛ äáÝã çôßéÝõÝ Ûãò àThe Sixth Sense è ßöò ÝÛàÞ
øï á ßòÞÝ àáòåñáâÝáñêÝÜßåÜäâò ó ßêâãÝ àò ÛÜâ ßìàëñô ßéÝòàâòÜÜ êÝÝäâï
Ì Ó ÔÓ ÕÓ üÒ Ôü×Î Õ tÖ×þ×ÿ ×ÒÏüÖ
Ý ÛãÞòà áâÝ ë Ûäã ßæ àÞ ÛàÞ ßë Ýäáò öÝ Üç áâòÜ ãÝÜ Ý Ûãäâ òÜ Ý êÝäáÝÞ áß ëÝ
æÜ Ýå æéÛàÞëãòà ò àëÝàÝ åò áÜáßÝ öÝãñë ßÞñçòàäéæÞòàáâÝÝÞ æ äÛáòßàäßèèæàò áñçêæë éò ä
ÛàÞÜßäòÝ áñë ßáâáâ Ý ßãÝ áòäÛééñÛàÞêã Ûäáò ä Ûééñïâ ÝÜêÝ äòåòäÛáòßàßåáâÝÜòàòåò äÛàäÝßå
áâò ÜãÝÜ Ý ÛãäâòÜÛÜå ßéé ßì Ü í
îï âÝ ßãÝ áòäÛéäßàáãòë æáò ßà
âÝ ßãÝ áòäÛé é ñç áâÝ ãÝÜæéá ßå áâÝ Ü á æÞñ ì ò é é Ýàãò äâ áâÝ àßìé ÝÞÝ äßàäÝã àòà
è Ýàá Ûé ò é éàÝÜ Ü Ü êÝ äò Ûé éñ Üäâò ó ßêâãÝ àò Û æàÞÝã áâÝ ÜáæÞñ ßå Üñäâ ßéòàæòÜ áòäÜï á
ì ò é éâÝ éêáâÝáÝ Ûäâ Ý ãÛàÞÜ á æÞÝ àáæàÞÝãÜáÛàÞáâÝêâÝ àßè ÝàßàßåÜ äâòó ßêâãÝ àòÛï
!
" ! # $ %
# & ! #! &
' # ! #
" ! $( ' # ! # ! " ! $
LM N OPQ ROSTN U VWN OU VUQU S VROUV V UX PUYQ Q Z[ UNOUZVP UQ VU\ SNU] NZ Q ROP^ ZT OVUMPS
Y OP ROQUVX USQS_` P] UZaNOUQ N`]bcdNN OUeU_P MMPM_WNOUV UQUS VROU VY P \\] UQ RVP eUN OU
N OUZVPUQ N Z RZM]` RN V UQUS VROcf OUb PMR\`]U ] UaPMPNP ZM Za gQbROZ\P M_` PQ N P RQ SM] Q Z[U
N UV[Q Q ` RO SQ h \SM_`S_U SM] NOU e VSPMW [ UMN S\ P \\MUQ QW SM] Q ROP^ ZT OVUMPSc LM NOPQ
VUQUS VROWNOUN OUZ VPUQaZ R`QZMN OUQb[TNZ[QSM]NbTUQZaQROP^ ZT OVUMP Sc
i < jk lC> @ EB J HIBstBCs
mSM_`S_U PQ SM U\ U[UMN Y OP RO RSMMZN eU QUT SV SN U] aVZ[ O` [SM \ PaUc LN O SQ S
VZ\U SQ S n U b Za RZ[[ `MPRSN P ZMc dQ S [ USMQ Za X UVeS\ PMNUVSRN P ZMW \SM_`S_ U RSM eU
UoS[P MU]PMNUVMS\ \ bSM]Uo N UVMS\ \bcLMN U VMS\Q N`]bZa\SM_` S_UNSn UQ`TZMN OUPMNUVMS\
Q N V` RN` VUQ Za \ SM _` S_Up NOU b SV U T OZMZ\Z _b Q N V` RN` VUW [ ZVT OZ\ Z_bW QbMNSoW SM] NOU
] PQRZ` VQ U QNV` RN ` VUc q M NOU ZN OUV O SM] W Uo N UVMS\ Q N`]b UoS[P MUQ \ SM _` S_ U eSQ U] ZM
Uo N UVMS\aSRN ZVQQ` ROSQ hQZRPS\ WTQbR OZ\Z_bWUNOMPRPNbWS VN WSM]Q ZZMc
r` VN OUV[ Z VUW\ SM _` S_ U PQ ZMUZaRZ[T \ UoT VZe\U[QY OP RO SVUMZNZM\bNS\n P M_
SeZ`N \ SM_` S_U PNQU\aW e`N S\Q Z OZY N OU \ SM _`S_U PQ T VZ]` R U] c mSM_`S_U RSM eU
T VZRUQ QU] [U ROSMPR S\ \ b SM] [UMNS\\bc s UMNS\T VZRUQ Q [USMQ NOSN N OU T VZ RUQ Q VU\ SN UQ
N Z [ UMNS\ SRNPX PNb teV SPMuc f OUV UaZV UW P M \SM_`S_U \ USVMPM_ W mPM _` PQ N P RQ Q OZ` \] eU
RZ[T \ U[UMN U] Y PNO PMNUV] PQRPT \P MSVb Q N `]bW aZVPMQ NSMRU mPM_` PQNPRQ SM]g Q bROZ\Z_bc
f OPQPQRZ[[ ZM\ bn MZY MSQgQbROZ\P M_` PQ NPRQc
vwwxyz{ | }~xx ~ x y { ~ y y z { |{ ~{ x |x wx { | }{~ { w | x
~ wx yx |z {|z ~ y~ ~ ~ w x {|}{ ~{w
~ z{ |~ y x w yx w x ~x }~ |z wx |w~ xy~{x | |z ~ { y
y~ { w ~ {x | {| |} } yxw y ~ ~ yw~y x x~ |
wx x}|z| } }
xyx y ~ y z { | w x {|}{ ~ { w z{ w{ { | {w
zy x | ~{ x yw ~ { { ~ |x wx x} |z { |}{ ~ { w
{ |}{~{w ~ w{|~ { { w ~z x |} } |z wx x} ~ w{ |~{ { w ~ z x
| {xy |z wx}|{~ {x | ~x }~y xy | xz y | w{|~{ {w z{ w{ {|
| z wx { | }{~ { w ~ { ~ ~z x w x x}{w yx w { |x z {|
w¡ {y{ | }|z y ~|z{| }yxz w{ | }y y{ | }xy~xy{ |} |}}
| zz{ ~{ x | ~ y { | ¢y y ~ ££ ¤ ¥ { | x | }}
~y w~ y y ~ ~ x |} } w x {|}{ ~ ¥ {|~ |~ ~ yw~y
|z yxw { |x z { | ~ x | } } y wx |w y|z {~
|} } w y~{ | |{ y wyw~y{~{w ¦{z w x {|}{ ~ ~x
wx y |z ~ ~ ~ y | x | } } { ~ x z ~ ~ |~{ x | x | ~ {z |~
~~y|x | } }y xy|w|z~ yx | xy~x ~ ~ y|
vwwxyz{ | } ~ x §{z ¨ {¥ { | wx { | }{~ { w ~ z ~y y {¥ ©xy
y| } }yx w {|}¥{w~xy }|zy~ y{ |} }w¡ {{ ~{ x | w{
w{y w ~ |w ~ y { | |z |} } ~ w¡{ { ~{ x | |z {w~ {x | x wx |z
|} } | } } yx w {|} { |w z ~ |} } ª{ x y z{ |} y{ ~{| }
«¬ ®¯°±¯ ²³®±¬ ®´ ± µ¯ ¶¶±¯® ²«·¸¹±¹ ¶±«¬®±¸ ®³«´²¬ ·±´ ®º´²³¯ ²³·¸¹± ¹ ¶±»´ ²³
¬ ·±º ¸ ·±² ¬ ·±¼ ²± ± ³ ¬·± º ½ ¾² ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ¯ ÀÁ ¿´«´¬ ´ ²Â ´²»¯ ²¬« ¯ ÀÁ¿´®± ¬ ·±´ ® »´®«¬
¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ½ à ®± µ±®Â «¹±À´ ¯ ¶ À´ ® À¿º «¬¯ ²À± « ¬ ¯ ¶Ä ¬ ·± ± » »± À¬« ¿¹² ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± « ¿À· ¯ «Å
³±¯ »²± « «Â ƶ´ ²³²± « «Â Ʊ´²° ¬¸´²Â ¯²³ ¬·± ¶« « » ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ¯ »¬ ±® Æ®¯´² ³¯º¯ °± ¶´ ı
³ ¼«¶±Ç ´¯ ® ¯¹ ·¯ «´ ¯ ½ È ·± Æ®¯´² ¯ ²³ ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ³´«À¿« «±« ¸ ·±®± ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ´ « ¶À¯¬± ³ ´ ²
¬ ·± Æ®¯´²Â·¸ ´¬± µ¶µ±³ ¯²³ ¸·±¬·± ®´ ¬ ´ « ¯ »¯À ¿¶¬¼ ¬ ·¯¬´«¿²´ Á¿± ¬ ·¿º ¯ ² Ʊ´ ²°« ½
È ·±¶¯ «¬¯ ®±¯´ ««± À²³¶¯ ²°¿¯ °±¯ ÀÁ¿´«´¬´²¯ ²³¬ ·±¯¹¹ ¶´À¯¬´²»´¬½É ¸± µ±®²¬¯ ¶¶
¬ ·± «´Ç ¯®±¯ « ¯ ®± ±Ç¹ ¶®±³Â ¬·± ®± «± ¯®À·± ® ¶´º ´¬« ¬·± ®± «± ¯ ®À· ² ¬ ·± Æ®¯´² ¯ ²³
¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ½È ·´« Ä´²³ » ¶´º´ ¬¯¬´²´«º¯³± «´²À± ¬ ·´« ®± «±¯®À· ³´ « À¿««± « ¶¯²°¿¯°± ¯ ²³
¯ Ʋ®º ¯ ¶´ ¬´ ± «´²« À·´ ʹ ·®± ²´¯ ½
ËÌ ÍÎÏ ÐÑ ÎÐ ÒÎÏ Ó tÔÒÕrÎ ÖÏ
ׯ ²°¿¯ °± À¯²²¬ Ʊ «± ¹¯®¯¬± ³ » ®º Æ®¯´ ² Ʊ À¯ ¿«± ¬ ·± ®± ´« ¯ ¹ ®À± « « ¬
¹ ®³¿À± ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ½ Ø ÀÀ® ³´ ²°¬ Ù ¯ ®¬ ± ® ÚÛÜÜÝÅ Þß àÂÆ®¯´ ² ´« ¯« »¬ ¸·´ ¬±®°¯ ² ¸·´À·
´ « ¶À¯¬± ³ ´ ² ¬ ·± À¯µ´ ¬¼ » ¬·± «Ä ¿¶¶ ½ ¾¬ ƱÀº± « ¬·± À± ²¬ ±® » ¬ · ± ²± ®µ ±½ à ®± µ± ®Â
Æ®¯´²´ «¯º±¯ ²«»¬·´ ²Ä´²°½
¾² ¯ ³³´¬ ´ ²ÂÙ¯ ®¬ ±®ÚÛÜÜÝÅ áÜà ±Ç ¹ ¶¯´²« ¬ ·±»¿²À¬´²« » Æ®¯´²½â²± »¬ ·± º ´ «
¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ¹ ® À±« «´ ²°½ ׯ²°¿¯ °± ¹ ®À± « «´²° ®± »± ®« ¬ ¬ ·± ¸¯¼ ·¿º ¯ ²« ¿«± ¸ ®³« ¬
Àºº¿²´ À¯¬± ´³±¯ ¯²³ »±± ¶´ ² °Â ¯ ²³ ·¸ «¿À· Àºº¿²´ À¯¬´² ´« ¹ ®À± ««± ³ ¯ ²³
¿²³± ®«¬³½ 㱫´³±«Â ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ¹ ® À± « «´²° ¯¶ « ± Ç ¯º ´ ²± « ·¸ ¬ ·± Æ®¯´² À®±¯¬ ± « ¯²³
¿²³± ®«¬ ¯²³« ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °±½ à «¬ ®± À±²¬ ¬·± ®´ ±« À²«´³± ® ¬ ·¯¬ ¶¯ ²°¿¯ °± ¹ ® À±« «´ ²° ´ «
À¯ ®®´ ± ³ ¿¬ ± ²¬ ´ ®±¶¼ ´² «´ ³± ¬ ·± Æ®¯´²½ É¿º ¯ ² «Æ®¯´² ³´ «¹ ¶¯¼« ¯ ²¿ºÆ±® »
ä åæçèéê ëæ æè é ìíîîíï ðñ ò ó ôõôè ó ö÷ øö ó ùúúû è÷ô öôæèü The ýeuroscience of
þanguage on ÿ n ircuits of Words and Serial rder ô øõ ô ù éõ ö÷ö ó õ÷ úéõ÷ øöø øõ óõçè éúê æè óô éå ô åéè øèå÷ ô öú÷õ æè æèêè÷ ôúù éõö÷õ÷ü÷èéçú åóó ó ôèêõ éè
ôøè ÷èéçèè ææ ú é ÷è åéú÷ åêõ÷ ù éõ ö÷ ú÷ ôõ ö÷ óõùú åô ðîî ù öæ æöú÷ ó ú÷èåéú÷ óøè
úêêå÷ öõ ôè ôú èõ ø ú ôøè é ôøéú åø ÷ è åéú ô éõ÷ óêöô ôè éó èåéú ôéõ÷ ó ê ö ôôè éó õ éè
è æè ôéö õ æ óö÷ õ æó ú é ó è öõ æ øèê öõæ ó øö ø øè æ ôú êúçè è æè ô éö õæ êè ó ó õèó éúê
÷è åéú÷ôú÷è åéú÷
ú éèúçè éúù öûõ÷üõ æõùõ÷ìíîîñïòè æõ ö÷ôøéèèêõ ö÷ô è óú÷è å éú÷
øè öéó ôöóó è÷ óú é ÷ è åéú÷ ôú÷ü å ô óöê åæ óè ó éúêóè÷ óú é ú éõ÷ óìèèóèõ éóõ÷ü
ôøè óû ö÷ ò ö÷ ôú ôøè è÷ ô é õ æ ÷èéçú åó ó ó ôèê ÷ú ôøèé ÷èåéú÷ öó êú ôú é ÷è åéú÷ øöó
÷è åôéú÷ ù éö÷ó öê åæ óèó éúê ô øè è÷ ôéõæ ÷è éçú åó óó ôèê ôú ê åó æè ó ú é æõ÷ü ó øè
æõ ó ô öó ö÷ ôè é÷è åéú÷ ô ö ó ÷è öô øè é óè÷ óú é ÷èåéú÷ó ÷ú é êú ôú é ÷ è åôéú÷ ó øè øõ÷ è
éúè ó ó ö÷ ú ö÷úéê õ ôöú÷ ôú è÷èéõ ôè úê æè ùè øõç öú é ÷ ôèé÷èåéú÷ ú ê éö óèó ôøè
êõ ú éö ô ú÷ è åôéú÷ óö÷ôøèè÷ ôéõ æ÷è åô éú÷ óó ó ôèê
ôèö÷ùè é ìð ï ð ð ò è æõ ö÷ ó ô øõ ô ôøè õçèéõ è è öøô ú ôøè øåê õ÷
ù éõö÷éõ÷è ó éúêðôúð ûú éí í ôúí ú å÷ ü ó éõ ö÷è öøôö÷éè õóèó öô øõ è
è ó è öõæ æõôõ èðôúíèõ éó éõ ö÷õ÷üôøè ó ö÷õ æú éüôúè ôøè éêõûèå ô øèè÷ ô éõ æ
÷è éçú åó ó ó ôèê éúê ôøè ôú ú ôøè ó ö÷è å õéü ó õéè ô øè ê èü åæ æõ úù æú÷õ ô õ ô øè
ú÷ ó õ éú æö öôøè è éèùè ææåê õ÷ü ô øè è éèù éõæ ú é ôè ìè éèù éåê ò øè èéè ù éõ æ ú éôè
öó øõ éõ ôèéöèü ù õ ü öç ö óöú÷ ö÷ ôú øõ æçèó ôè éêèü øèê ö ó øè éèó øö ø õ éè ú÷÷è ôèü
ù ôö óó åèõ ææèüôøèú é åóõ ææú ó åê ôö ó÷ú ôú÷ æõú÷÷ è ôú éú éô øèøèê ö ó øèéèù åô
!" #$ % !&!$ ' ( ! ) !* !& +, +%%! +&+*-! ./ 0 ! -!&!1&+, !"#$ % !&! +$ + 2 ., ! #$ 0 !
2+, *3 0 2# 0 0 ! 02. +45. #* !4 %+&0$ 6 "#&&. & #"+) !$ ./ .* ! +*. 0 !&' 7 8$ # - +,,86 0 !8
,.. 9:3 # 0!$#"#,+&13 00 !8%&. - !$ $4 #//!&!* 0$ 0 #" 3, # '
;--. &4 #* ) 0. < 0 !#* 1!&) =>??@A >BBC6 !" #$% !&! /3*- 0#.* #$ +$8""!0&#- +, '
( #$ #$ ".$0 $0	#*),8 0 ! - +$ ! #* 3" +*$ 6 2 !& ! 0 ! &# ) 0 !"#$ % !&! - .* 0&.,$ 0 !
, !/ 0 $ #4 ! ./ 0 ! 1.48 +* 4 -.* 0&.,$ $%+0# +, +-3 # 08' D* -.* 0 &+$ 06 0 ! , !/ 0 !"#$ % !&!
" +* +)!$ 0 ! &# ) 0 $#4 ! . / 0 ! 1.48' D0 +, $. -.* 0&., $ +1$ 0 &+- 0 &!+$ .* #*) +* 4 % 8$ #-+,
0+$9$ 2 #- &!:3 # &! + $ 0 !%E18E $0!% %&.)& !$ $ #.* ' ( #$ +&&+* ) !"!* 0 #$ -+, , !4
-.* 0&+, +0! &+, * !3&+, -.*0&.,' F!$#4 !$ 6 ,+* )3 +)!6 , .)#-+,6 +* +,80 #- +, . % ! &+0 #.*6 +*4
" +0 !" +0#-$ )!*!&+, ,8 .--3 & #* 0 ! ,!/ 0 !"#$% !&! ./ 0 ! 1&+#*6 2 #,! 0 ! &#) 0
!" #$ % !&! #$ $3 %!&#. & + 0 &!-.)* #G#*) !". 0 #.*$ 6 &!-. )* #G#*) /+- !$ +*4 0+ 9#*) #* 0 !
$0&3- 03 &!$./0 #* )$), . 1+,,82 #0 .3 0+* +,8$#$ '
D*+44 # 0#.*6H !$ - 2 #*4=>?BI A >>@C!J%, +#*$ 0 +0 , +*)3+)!%&.-!$$ #*) - !* 0!&$
.* 0 ! ,!/0 $ #4 ! . / 0 ! 1&+#* . & ,!/0 !"#$% !&!' D0 #$ -." ".*,8 * +"!4 F &.- + K$ +& !+
2 #- -.* 0&., $ $% !!- ' ( !&! +&! /.3& 1+$#- /+-0. &$ ./ $%! !- 6 *+" !,8A +* #4 !+6 +
-.*L !* 0#.* +,&!, +0#.*$ #%1!0 2!!*#4 !+$+*42. &4$6-.*/. &"#08. /". 0 #.*+&0#-3, +0#.*
2# 0 0 ! 2. &4$ 6 +*4 0 ! 3$ ! ./ . &)+*$ +&0#-3,+0 #.* ' D/ 0 ! +* 0!&#. & . / 0 ! ,!/0
!" #$ % !&!#$#*53 &!4. &$ #- 96 3" +*2#,, +L !4 !L # +0 #.*.*+&0#-3,+0#.*./$ %!!- 6/.&
#*$0 +*- !$A $%!!- #$ *. 0 -, !+&6 %&.*3*- #+0 #.* #$ *. 0 )..46 $ !* 0!*- !$ +& !
3*)&+" " +0 #- +,6+*42.&4$+&!& !%!+0!4"+*80#" !$'
M. &!.L !&6 ;" 0 . & =I N >I A @I >C $0+0 !$ 0 2. + &!+$ ./ 0 ! 1 &+#* 2 #- +&!
PQRSTU VR WVP X YZRU S[Y W \ZY\\ZY TV]Z VS YW WW]YYS^ \R _^Y ` ] TVY a TZ\S TbY\RU RcPZVb
W YR TYRSYW \SS VZ_U R c TV cZ \ bb\Zd e \ b\ cY V P X YZRU S[Y W \ZY\ S \QW YW T^Y ZY _Q S TU VR
]Y V]`Y W \fU `U T g T V S Vb]ZY ^YR _ \R _ ]ZV_QS Y bY\RU R cPQ ` W ]YYS^d hY \Ri ^U `YjT^Y
PQRSTU VRVP kZ VS \ W\Z Y\U W ZYW]VRWU f `YPVZS VR TZV` `U Rc W]YY S ^\Z TU SQ `\ T VZW`U [Y TVRcQ Y
\R _ `U]W de\ b\ cYVP kZV S\ W\ZY \ S \QW YWT ^Y _U PPUSQ `T g VP]YV]`Y W \fU`UTg T V]Z V_QSY
W]YYS ^d kYW U _YW j T^Y _\ b\cY S\R ZY _Q SY W VbY \W]YS TW VP W]YY S ^ S Vb]Z Y ^YRW UVR \W
iY ` `d
lmnoptqrs r rposs
tuYZgVZ c\RU R T^Y ^Q b\R f V_g^\W \PQRS TUVRdvViY uYZjRQ bYZ VQW]Z Vf ` YbW
S\R \ZUW Y iUT^ Y \S^ VZ c\Rd w ^Y\ `T ^ g ]YZWVR W^ VQ ` _ \`WV ^\ uY \ ^Y\ `T ^g bU R _d w
]YZWVRiU T ^ \ ^Y\` T^ gbU R _W^VQ ` _fY \f `YT V T^UR[ S `Y\Z `gdvY VZ W ^YW ^VQ ` _ fY \f `Y
TV W V` uY T^Y u \ZU VQ W ]Z Vf `Y bW P\S Y _ UR `U PY d kYWU_YWj ^Y V Z W ^Y W ^VQ `_ Y R x Vg cVV_
ZY`\ TUVRW iU T ^ PZUYR _W j S V``Y\cQ YW \T i VZ[ \R _ P\ bU`gj \R _ W ^VQ `_ PYY ` W]UZUTQ\ `` g \ T
Y\WY\R _ f ZU Rc ^\ ]]URYWW TV VT^YZWUR T ^YS VbbQRU T gd y ^YWY \W ]YS TW VP^Y \ ` T^ S\RfY
S VRWU_YZY _ \W bYR T\ ` ^Y \ `T ^d X^YR bYR T\ ` ^Y\ `T^ cY TW ]ZVf `Y bW PVZ `VRc ]YZU V_W VP
TUbY \R _ fY cU RW TV W UcR UPU S\R T ` g S ^\R cY \ ]YZWVR zW _\U` g `U PYj U T UW ]VWW U f `Y T^\ T \
bYR T\ `U``RYW WUW_Y uY` V]URcd
hYR T\ ` U``RYW W UW \Rg U ``RYW W Ya]YZUYRSY _ fg \ ]YZW VR i^US ^ \ PPY S TW T^YUZ
Y bVTU VRW j T ^VQc^TW VZ fY^\ uUVQZj i ^US ^ U W VQ T VP [YY ]URc iU T ^ T^YU Z SQ` TQZ\ ` fY `U YPW
\R _ ]YZW VR\ `U T gd {T ]Z V_QSYW \ RYc\ TU uY Y P PY S T VR T^YU Z `UuYW VZ T ^Y `U uYW VP T ^YU Z
P\bU `UYW |} \ TY `j ~ d vY \W WYZ TW T^\ T bYR T\` U ` `RYW W S\R fY S\QW Y _ f g fZ\U R
r stry
¡
¢ £ ¤ ¥
¢
¦ § t¨s
© ¤
¤¤ ¤ ¢ ª ¢
« ¬ ¤ ¢
¨ ® ¯¨ °± °²¨ ±³´°¨±µ¨t°¶s
· ¤ ¬ ¢
¸ ¤ ¹ ¡ ¤¤
¢ º
¹ » ¤ ¢
¤ ¼ ½ ¾¿ÀÀÁ ¿Ã ½
¹ ¢ ¼ ¹ ½ ¡
¢ « ¤ ¢ Ä
¤ ¹
¢ º ½ ¹ ¤ ¤
½ ¢ ª
¥ ¢ ©
ÅÆÇÈÉÊË Ì ÍÎÏÊ Ð Ï ÑÊ ÆÊËÐÌ ÒÎÓ ÆÊËÍÔÐ ÓÐ ÈÕ Ö×ÐÌØÏ Ù Ú ÛÛÜÝ ÚÞß àÌÐÊ ÆÈÐ Ê ÏÈ ÌÇÆÏÐ áÊË
ÈÉ ÍÈÑÊ ÆÊËÐ ÌÒÎÓÆÊË ÍÔÐÓÐÈ ÕÈËÐ ÑÑÊË ÏâÊ ÆÈ ÍÓÐ Ó ÓÆÊ Ï ÏÊ Ï ßãÉÊËÐ Ï ØÇ äÔÊÌÇâ Ð ÆÑÐ ÓÓÐÏÑËÊ ÍÈÊ Ë
Ðä ÏÇâ Ê ÇÆÊ É ÍÏ Í ÌÓ ÇÏ Ê ËÊÓ ÍÈÐÒÊ åÉ Ç Ï ÎääÊËÏ äË Çâ áÊæËÊÏ ÏÐ ÇÆÙ ÔÐæ Ç Ó ÍË Ð Ó ÓÆÊ Ï Ï Ù
Ï ÌÉÐ çÇæÉËÊ ÆÐÍÙ ÍÆè ÐÊ ÈÕÙ ÇË ÍÓ ÌÇÉ ÇÓÐÏâ ß × Çå Ê ÒÊ ËÙ ÆÇ ÏæÊÌÐäÐ Ì ÑÊÆÊ É ÍÏ ÕÊÈ ÔÊ ÊÆ
Ð Ï ÇÓ ÍÈÊá ÈÉ ÍÈ ÌÍÎÏ Ê Ï ÍÆÕ Çä ÈÉÊÏÊ Ð Ó ÓÆÊ ÏÏÊ Ïß é ÒÊÆ Ð áÊ ÆÈÐÌÍÓ È åÐÆÏ ÖåÉ Ç É ÍÒÊ Í ÑÊ ÆÊ ÈÐÌ
â ÍØÊ Îæ Þ á Ç ÆÇÈ ÍÓå ÍÕÏ áÊ ÒÊ ÓÇæ ÈÉÊ Ï Íâ Ê â ÊÆÈÍÓ Ð Ó ÓÆÊ Ï Ï ÎÆÓÊÏ Ï Ï ÇâÊ ÈÉÐ ÆÑ áÐ Ï ÈÎËÔ
Êê ÎÐ ÓÐÔËÐ Îâ ß
ëÆÍááÐ ÈÐ ÇÆÙÏ ÌÐÊ ÆÈÐÏÈ ÏÍËÊ ÍÓÏ ÇÎÆÌÊË ÈÍÐÆÍÔ ÇÎÈ åÉÐÌÉæÉÕÏÐ ÌÍÓÌÉ ÍÆÑÊÏÐ ÆÈÉÊ
ÔË ÍÐÆÓÊ ÍáÈÇæ ÏÕÌÉÐÍÈËÐÌÏÕâæ È Çâ ÏßãÉÊ ÕÉÍÒÊÏÈ ÎáÐÊáÔË ÍÐ ÆÒÇÓÎâ ÊÙÉ ÇËâÇÆÊÓÊÒÊ Ó ÏÙ
Ô ÓÇÇá ä ÓÇå Ù ÍÆá ÇÈÉÊË æ ÉÕÏÐ ÇÓ Ç ÑÐ ÌÍÓ á ÍÈÍ åÐÈÉ ÇÎÈ äÐ ÆáÐÆÑ ÌÇÆ ÌÓÎÏÐ ÒÊ ÍÆÏ åÊËÏß ãÉÊ
âÊáÐÌÍÈÐ ÇÆÏ ÈÉ ÍÈ ÈËÊÍÈâÊÆÈ ÍÓ Ð Ó ÓÆÊ Ï Ï É ÍÒÊ ÌÇâ æ ÓÊ è ÊääÊÌÈ Ï ÇÆ ÌÊË ÈÍÐ Æ âÇÓÊ ÌÎÓÊ Ï âÍÕ
ÌÍÎÏÊ ÈÉÊ ÎÆáÊËÓÕÐ Æ Ñ ÐÓÓ ÆÊ ÏÏß ãÉÐÏ Ð Ï åÉÕ æ ÏÕÌÉ Ð ÍÈËÐÏÈ Ï ÇäÈÊ Æ ÈÍÓ Ø ÍÔ ÇÎÈ Í ÌÉÊâÐÌÍÓ
Ðâ Ô ÍÓÍÆÌÊÐ ÆÈÉÊÔËÍÐ ÆÖ× ÐÌØÏÙÚÛÛÜÝÚÞß
ÅÌÌÇËáÐ Æ Ñ ÈÇ ìÊÆÈ ÍÓ ×Ê ÍÓÈÉ Å ÏÏ ÇÌÐ ÍÈÐ ÇÆ ÖÚÛ ííÝ æ ÍËß íÞÙ ÈÉÊË Ê ÍËÊ äÐ ÒÊ
áÐ Ï ÇËáÊËÏÎÆáÊËÈÉ ÊÓÐÏÈÐ ÆÑÇäâÊ ÆÈÍÓÐ Ó ÓÆÊ Ï ÏÝ
îï ðñòóôty õóö ÷øõ ôr
ÅÆ ÍÆèÐÊ ÈÕ áÐ Ï ÇËáÊ Ë ÐÏ Í âÊáÐÌÍÓ ÌÇÆáÐ ÈÐ ÇÆ ÌÉ ÍË Í ÌÈÊËÐ çÊá ÔÕ æÊË ÏÐ Ï ÈÊ ÆÈ Ù
Ê è ÌÊ ÏÏÐ ÒÊåÇËËÕ ÖìÊ ÆÈ ÍÓ ×Ê ÍÓÈÉÅÏ ÏÇÌÐÍÈÐÇÆÙÚÛ ííÝ æ ÍËßù ÞßÅæÊËÏ ÇÆ åÐÈÉÍÆÍÆèÐÊ ÈÕ
áÐ Ï ÇËáÊË åÐÓÓ ä ÊÊÓ áÐ Ï ÈËÊÏÏÊá Í Ó ÇÈ Çä ÈÉÊ ÈÐâÊ äÇË ÆÇ Íææ ÍË Ê ÆÈ ËÊ ÍÏ ÇÆß ãÉ Ê ÌÍÎÏÊ Ï ÍËÊ
ÆÇÈäÎÓ ÓÕÎÆáÊË Ï ÈÇÇáßëÈÐÏÓÐØÊ Ó ÕÈÉ ÍÈÍæÍËÈÐ ÌÎÓÍËÍ ÆèÐ Ê È ÕáÐÏÇËáÊ ËÐ ÏÍËÊ Ï ÎÓÈÇäÏÊ ÒÊËÍÓ
Ð ÆÈÊËÍÌÈÐÆ Ñ äÍÌÈÇË Ï ÍÆá Ð Ï ÍääÊ ÌÈÊá ÔÕ Ï ÈË Ê Ï Ïä ÎÓ ÓÐäÊ Ê ÒÊ ÆÈÏ ÍÆá æÊËÏ ÇÆÍÓÐÈ Õ ÈË ÍÐÈÏß
ú ûüýþ ÿü ú úý ÿ þ úþú ûý úÿ þ û úÿ ú
ý ÿ úý þ þ ú ýÿúþþ ü þ úþ ú ú ú ÿ ÿ ú úú ÿüý ú úÿ
þû ú ÿ
! "#r
$ÿÿ ú ÿ ú ü þ úÿ % ú þ û ý ÿú ÿ
ýú ú ÿ ú ÿüþ üú þ þ %þ ý ÿ ú ÿ þ ü ÿÿ $ þ & þ
'ú ú ÿ þ ÿ ()**+ ý *, - ÿý % þ ü ÿÿ ú ÿ ú ú ÿü ú ÿ
ý ÿÿ üÿÿ úþ þ ú þ þ ú ýþ þ û þ ÿ $ÿÿ ú ÿú
ÿ ü . ÿ ýúú ÿ /þ ú ú ý ÿý þÿ ÿú ý ú ÿü û
ÿüý þ ÿþ ü ÿ þÿ ú ú ÿú ÿ þÿ þÿ
ú ' ÿþ ü ÿÿ ú ÿ úûúþûü /þ ú ÿ üÿ ý ú ú ÿþ þ þ úþ ÿ
þ û þ ÿ% û ÿ% ú úþü ú ýý þ þ ÿ
ú ý ú ü ÿÿ ú ÿ þ ú þÿ ú ú ú þ ü .ÿ ý ú ú ÿ $ÿ ÿ
ý ÿ ú ÿ ÿü û ÿ% ú ü ý ú ú ÿ0 ú ú ýú ÿ1 ú ü ÿÿ þÿ
ú % ÿü úú û and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, with periods of a normal mood in between. Other symptoms of bipolar disorder include sleep and eating disturbances and changes in activity and energy levels.
2 3!425 6 2 ! "#r!78 2 5 z9 5r#: ;
brain that cause a variety of positive symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, withdrawal, and incoherent speech and impaired reasoning.
< = >? @? AtB CD
Dementias are characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and a change in cognition, (including memory loss and a decline of intellectual and physical functioning) which develops over a short period (Mental Health Association, 2011: par. 44). These disorders include Alzheimer s, vascular dementia, dementia due to medical conditions, substance-induced dementia, and dementia due to a combination of multiple factors.
? =E CFB A G> B DHI <?rs
JK L MN OzPQNrRSO T
T K U RVOSOtO P SPVL M NOzPQ NrRSOT
People can suffer schizophrenia at any age, but about threequarters of those living with the illness develop it between the ages of 16 and 25. It is quite rare after age 40. Women typically have a later onset than men. Children can also be diagnosed with schizophrenia, though this is relatively uncommon. Scientists have yet to discover exactly what causes schizophrenia, but they know that the brains of people living with schizophrenia are different from normal people. Schizophrenia has problems of brain chemistry and brain structure.
Because of the conditions, Kraepelin calls the term manic depressive insanity. Another group of patients has a deteriorating illness characterized by an acute onset of psychosis in adolescence, with a prolonged course marked by profound social and functional disability. For this condition, he calls dementia praecox.
Furthermore, the Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, introduces the term schizophrenia in 1911. The term schizophrenia replaces dementia praecox. It comes from the Greek schizo , to split, and phren , mind. Bleuler wants to emphasize a basic split or loss of connectedness in the personality. This split can take the form of faulty association of idea, and inappropriate expression of emotion, a detachment from reality, or all of these. Bleuler considers schizophrenia in psychological rather than in neuropathological terms. He chooses the name schizophrenia because it means literally a mind that is torn asunder . He develops a hierarchy that distinguishes between fundamental and accessory symptoms. Fundamental symptoms are shared by all schizophrenia subtypes as a common endophenotype. They are included fragmented disturbed associations, or now cognitive disturbances, psychic schisis or split, ambivalence, cognitive features of loose associations, avolition, inattention, autism, and incongruent features signified primary deficits for Bleuler, whereas florid psychotic symptoms of delusions and hallucinations are conceptualized as secondary or accessory to the core cognitive disturbances (Lavretsky in Mueser and Jeste, 2008: 4).
manic-depressive illness). Schizophrenia is a psychosis. It means a severe mental disorder in which the person s ability to recognize reality and his or her emotional responses, thinking processes, judgment and ability to communicate are affected by her/his impaired functioning. Hallucinations and delusions are common features of psychosis.
Although schizophrenia may be associated with depression, elation or agitation at times, it is often free of these features. Moreover, the mood is likely to be blunted, lacking in spontaneity or incongruous. Illogical thinking is common in schizophrenia. Auditory hallucinations may occur in either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, but in the latter they are more likely to be commenting on the patient s thoughts and actions or to be conversing one with another. Delusions can occur in both conditions; in schizophrenia they may give the individual the sense that he or she is being controlled by outside forces or that his or her thoughts are being broadcast or interfered with. Both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are most likely to begin in late adolescence or in early adult life.
auditory, olfactory, or visual illusion and hallucination. Their senses of touch, taste, and smell may be distorted. The sufferer behaves in strange ways, or say totally meaningless or inappropriate things.
W X YZ [\ ]^ _[s `ab cZdz` eZr[fd]
No single cause of schizophrenia has been identified, but several factors have been shown to be associated with its onset. Men and women have an equal chance of developing this mental illness across the lifespan, although the onset for men is often earlier. According to Foster (2003: 12), he divides three categories of Schizophrenia s trigger factors. They are genetic factor, biochemical factor, and environment factor.
subtle because the anatomical changes seen in this mental illness are relatively minor. However, the impact will become more obvious later in life, especially if schizophrenia has become chronic. They then often include a damaged thyroid gland and overdeveloped brain ventricles.
The second factor is biochemical factor. Basic knowledge about brain chemistry and its link to schizophrenia is expanding rapidly. These are chemicals that carry messages between brain cells. There is a connection between neurotransmitters and schizophrenia because drugs that alter the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are known to relieve some of the symptoms of schizophrenia. The disorder is associated with some imbalance of the complex, interrelated chemical systems of the brain, perhaps involving the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate
gh ij klmnptons oplgjqzor jrk s qt
There is no single symptom positively which identifies schizophrenia. Moreover, an individual s symptoms can change over time. There is no single lab test for schizophrenia, but a health care provider who sees the symptoms and watches the course of a person s illness over six months or more can diagnose schizophrenia. According to NAMI-National Alliance on Mental Illness (2008:2-3), the symptoms of schizophrenia are generally categorized into positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.
uv wux ytz{y |}~~uy }yz s
Auditory hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination observed in individuals with schizophrenia. Auditory hallucinations are usually voices that often comment on person s everyday activities, that may be threatening, or, in rare case, command the individual to execute an action. Often voices are accusatory, hostile, or unfriendly. They consist of a string of sentences, may be continuous, and may occur every day. The voices may be heard from inside one s head or may appear to come from outside (Lieberman et al., 2007: 199).
v ysu}~|}~~uy} yz s
Individuals with visual hallucinations observe people, shape, colors, and objects that are not actually present. These hallucinations tend to be associated with delusional interpretation of threatening or persecutory theme, or, in the context of religious delusion. They are seen as visions of religiously meaningful figures (Lieberman et al., 2007: 200).
v z} y} x} ty~ |} ~ ~uy } yz s
unwanted bodily sensation, for example a burning sensation in the brain or a sensation of being raped (Lieberman et al., 2007: 200).
ty usty u s
Olfactory hallucinations are sensation, such as unusual smells, that no one else experiences. These hallucinations are often associated with persecutory theme, in which unpleasant or poisonous smells are sent to the individual in a malevolent or persecutory fashion. Often, olfactory hallucinations are related to gustatory hallucination, in which the individual may describe unusual tastes like sweet, salty, bitter, or odd flavors (Lieberman et al., 2007: 200).
In addition, Lieberman et al. (2007: 197-199) also classify delusions into some types. They include persecutory delusion, delusion of reference, delusion of being controlled, thought insertion, thought withdrawal and thought broadcasting, delusions of sin or guilt, grandiose delusion, religious delusion, and somatic delusions.
ruty u s
dominating major aspects of the patient s life. These delusions can lead to inappropriate or irresponsible actions jeopardizing the safety of the patients or others (Lieberman et al., 2007:197-198).
¡u¢ £¤¥¤¦§ ¦ r ¥ ¨
Individual with delusions of reference attach a personal meaning to the actions, remarks and statements of other people and to objects or events when in fact there is none. A common example is an individual s belief that a television program is specifically directed at him or her (Lieberman et al., 2007:198).
© ¡u¢ £¤¥s ¤¦ª £¥«¨¤¥¤¡¡ ¬tr
Individuals with delusions of control feel that an outside force or agency is controlling or manipulating their thoughts, feelings, or parts of their body (Lieberman et al., 2007:198).
®¯¤° «¯t £¥ ¢ rt£¤¥
Individuals with thought insertion believe that some of their thought are not their own but have been implanted by an outside agency. Patients may be distraught by recurrent intrusive thoughts but are certain that these thoughts originate from their own mind and not by an outside force. In schizophrenia, individuals misplace their own intentions and attribute them to an agency or to someone else (Lieberman et al., 2007:198).
± ®¯¤° «¯t w£t¯ ¬r²³²¡²¥¬ t¯¤° «¯t ªr¤²¬¨²¢´£¥«
incident of that thought being removed. In thought broadcasting, one s thoughts are passively transmitted to others, often through electric or telepathic means (Lieberman et al., 2007:198).
µ¶ ·¸¹uº »¼½s ¼¾º»½¼¿ÀÁ »¹t
Individuals with delusions of sin or guilt believe that they have committed a terrible crime. These delusions can manifest themselves as a minor error in the past that the individual believes may lead to a major disaster or divine retribution that can also affect his or her family (Lieberman et al., 2007:198).
¶ ÃrĽŠ»¼º¸Å¸¹uº»¼½s
Individuals who experience delusions of grandiosity believe they have extraordinary power, wealth, fame, or talents. They may think that they are religious savior, world leaders, or famous persons. Grandiose delusions in the extreme can affect behavior, be acted upon, and lead to irresponsible or dangerous and even deadly actions, such as believing that one has the ability to fly and stepping out of a window (Lieberman et al., 2007:199).
ƶ Ǹ¹ » À»¼ Ás Ÿ¹uº»¼½s
Religious delusions contain unusual preoccupations of a religious nature. Individuals are absorbed with religious subject matters that extend beyond the normal breadth of their cultural or religious background (Lieberman et al., 2007:199).
Somatic delusions consist of preoccupations that a body part is diseased or malfunctions without objective medical evidence. The delusions can involve a false belief in a medical condition or physical deformity (Lieberman et al., 2007:199).
Next symptom is negative symptom. It is called negative not because of the person s attitude, but because of the symptom which takes away from the person s usual way of being in the world. Negative symptoms often include emotional flatness or lack of expressiveness, an inability to start and follow through with activities, speech that is brief and lacks content, and a lack of pleasure or interest in life. Difficulties with social cues and relationships are common (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2008:2). These symptoms challenge rehabilitation efforts, as work and school goals require motivation as well as cognitive and interpersonal capacity. Negative symptoms can also be confused with clinical depression.
Another theory of the symptoms of schizophrenia is explained by Liddle et al. They use Thought and Language Index (TLI) to clasify the symptoms of schizophrenia. The Thought and Language Index (TLI) is a new instrument for assessing formal thought disorder under standardised conditions (Liddle et al, 2002:326). They describe a variety of aspect of communication deviance, including responses that are confused, vague, incomplete, or involve odd usage of words.
According to Thought and Language Index, Liddle and friends (2002: 328) define eight symptoms of schizophrenia. Two items (poverty of speech and weakening of goal) reflect impoverishment of speech. Four items (looseness, peculiar use of words, peculiar sentences construction and peculiar logic) are phenomena reflecting the disorganization of thought and language. Moreover, the TLI includes two nonspecific abnormalities of the deregulation of speech and thought (perseveration and distractibility).
ÍÎ ÏÐÑÒrty ÐÓ spÒÒÔÕ
Interviewer: Do you think there s a lot of corruption in government? Patient : Yeah, seem to be.
(Andreasen, 1986: 474)
In this example, poverty of speech is illustrated by patient s answer. The patient gives brief opinion about the question without any supporting sentences. Although the answer is relevant to the questions, the interviewer needs more information.
Ö ×ØÙÚÛÙ Ü Ý ÜÞßàáß Úâ
The symptoms of weakening of goal happens when the patient reflect a lack of drive in thinking and manifest in lack of normal elaboration of ideas, use of uninformative generalizations and empty speech that conveys little information (Liddle, et al., 2002: 329). Patient s language tends to be vague, often overabstract or overconcrete, repetitive, and stereotyped. The interviewer may recognize this finding by observing that the patient has spoken at some length but has not given adequate information to answer the question. Actually, a lengthy reply can be summarized in a sentence or two (Black and Andreasen, 2010: 42).
Interviewer: What is it, do you think that people believe in God?
Patient : Well, first of all because He, uh. He are the person that is their personal savior. He walks with me and talks with me. And, uh, the understanding that I have, um, a lot of people they don t readily, uh, know their own personal self. Because, uh, they ain t they all, just don t know their personal self. They don t know that He, uh- seemed like to me, a lot of em don t understand that He walks and talk with em.
(Black and Andreasen, 2010: 42)
sentences strangely. There are some ungrammatical and repetitive words which are unnecessary. The patient also does not point out a clear reference.
ãä åææç èéèss
According to Liddle et al. (2002: 329), Looseness happens when the connection between ideas is tenuous, or absent, or extraneous ideas intrude into the train of thought. It is characterized by derailment and tangentiality. Derailment is a patterns of spontaneous speech in which the ideas slip off the tract onto another one which is clearly but obliquely related, or onto one which is completely unrelated. Typically, this symptom indicates slow, steady slippage, with no single derailment being particularly severe. However, the patient is not aware if his answer does not have any correlation with the question. Therefore the patient gets farther and farther off the tract with each derailment (Andreasen, 1986: 476).
Interviewer: Did you enjoy doing that?
Patient : Um-hm. Oh, hey, well, I, I, oh, I really enjoyed some communities I tried it, and the next day when I'd be going out, you know, urn, I took control like, uh, I put, um, bleach on my hair in, in California. My roommate was from Chicago and she was going to the junior college. And we lived in the Y.W.C.A. so she wanted to put it, um, peroxide on my hair, and she did, and I got up and looked at the mirror and tears came to my n eyes. Now do you understand, I was fully aware of what was going on but why couldn't I, why, why the tears? I can't understand that, can you?
Interviewer: No.
Patient : Have you experienced anything like it?
Interviewer: You just must be an emotional person, that's all.
(Andreasen, 1986: 475)
In the dialogue above, patient s answer indicates derailment in which the patient shows a lack of cohesion between clauses and sentences, Um-hm. Oh, hey, well, I, I, oh, I really enjoyed some communities I tried it, and the next day when I'd be going out, you know, urn, I took control like, uh, I put, um, bleach on my hair in, in California . Moreover, the patient uses unclear pronoun referents and the pattern of speech is disjointed.
Meanwhile, tangentiality occurs when a person responds to a question with a replay that is appropriate to general topic, but does not specifically answer to the question (Shives, 2008: 112). For example:
Interview : What city are you from?
Subject : Well, that a hard question to answer because my parents I was born in Lowa, but I know that I m white instead of black, so apparently I came from the North somewhere, I don t know whether I m Irish or Scandinavian, or I don t, I don t believe I m polish, but I think I m thing. I think I m, I think might be German or Welsh.
(Black and Andreasen, 2010: 38)
Tangentiality is revealed in subject s replay. Generally, the replay is relevant to the question, however, the subject serpentines to deliver the message. There is a smooth changing flow among ideas. Therefore, the interviewer finds difficulties to understand the whole message.
ê ëìí îuï ðñò uóíôõ wôò ês
Patient : I got so angry I picked up a dish and threw it at the geshinker. So I sort of bawked the whole thing up.
(Andreasen, 1986: 478)
This example belongs to peculiar use of words since the patient produces unusual words geshinker and bawked which do not have any explanation in dictionary.
ö÷ øöùuú ûüýþ öÿtöÿùös
This shimptoms reflects unusual form of sentences. It is characterized by peculiarity of sentence construction which makes it difficult to understand the meaning (Liddle et al., 2002: 329). According to Cohen and Schreiber (1992) in Sommer and Kahn (2009: 175), an impairment in the understanding of isolated (i.e., single sentence comprehension) or connected (i.e., discourse comprehension) sentences in patient with schizophrenia is a phenomenon possibly resulting from a failure in build-up and utilization of contextual information during on-line comprehension. Moreover, Kuperberg et al. (2000) in Sommer and Kahn (2009: 175) explain that most frequently, patients performances have been analyzed in response to sentences with semantic anomalies, but deficit were also observed on the level of pragmatic or syntactic violation. For example:
Patient : I have distemper just like cats do, 'cause that's what we all are, felines. Siamese cat balls. They stand out. I had a cat, a Manx, still around here somewhere. You'll know him when you see him. His name is GI Joe; he's black and white. I had a little goldfish too, like a clown. Happy Halloween down. Down.
felines to Siamese cat to the color of the cat (black and white). Moreover, the patient makes phonological association fromclown to alloween down thendow
r u
The symptom of non-logical reasoning or peculiar logic reflects conclusions which are reached based on inadequate evidence or faulty logic. Typically, the patient expresses unusual ideas which do not flow logically (Liddle et al., 2002: 329). In other words, non-logical reasoning refers to faulty inductive inferences in which the patient gains conclusion based on faulty premises without any actual delusional thinking (Black and Andersen, 2010: 39). For example:
Subject : Parents are the people who raise you. Anything that raises you can be a parent. Parent can be anything- material, vegetable, or mineral- that has thought you something. Parents would be the world of thing that are alive, that are there. Rock- a person can look at a rock and learn something from it, so what would be a parent.
(Black and Andersen, 2010: 39)
This example reveals the symptom of non-logical reasoning or peculiar logic since the subject makes a faulty inductive inferences. It is caused by faulty premises, parents are the people who raise you and parents would be the world of thing that are alive, that are there . Therefore, the subject concludes rock- a person can look at a rock and learn something from it, so what would be a parent . This conclusion cannot be received in logical thinking since parent is a person.
rvr
stimulus provided by the picture (Liddle et al., 2002: 329). Generally, perseveration uses repeated words in appropriate ways to unusual meaning. However, some words or phrases are commonly used as pause-fillers, such as you know or like ; these should not be considered perseverations. This is an example of perseveration of ideas.
Interviewer: Tell me what you are like what kind of person you are.
Subject : I m from Marshalltown, lowa. That s 60 miles northwest, northeast of Des Miones, lowa. And I m married at the present time. I m 36 years old; my wife is 35. She lives in Garwin, lowa. That s 15 miles southeast os Marshalltown, lowa. I m getting a divorce at the presence time. And I m at present in a mental institution in lowa City, lowa which is 100 miles southeast of Marshalltown,
lowa-(Black and Andersen, 2010: 43)
Perseveration of ideas can be seen in subject s replay. The subject repeats the word lowa many times. It is not as pause-fillers, but it occurs as unwarranted word.
strt ty
This symptom is characterized by intrusion of extraneous ideas arising from an external stimulus (Liddle et al., 2002: 329). Typically, attention of the mind is rapidly diverted from one topic to another. The patient stops talking in the middle of sentences or ideas and changes the subject in response to nearby stimulus (Black and Andersen, 2010: 40)
Subject : Then I left San Francisco and moved to where did you get that tie? It looks like its left over the 50s. I like the warm weather in San Diego. Is that conch shell on your desk? Have you ever gone scuba diving?
(Black and Andersen, 2010: 40)
impact of nearby stimulus (tie and conch shell). In fact, these sentences where did you get that tie? It looks like its left over the 50s Is that conch shell on your desk? Have you ever gone scuba diving? do not have any correlation with the previous topic, San Francisco and San Diego.
yp
!s "#$ %&'z"( &r!)' *
The kinds of symptoms that are utilized to make a diagnosis of schizophrenia differ between affected people. They may change from one year to the next within the same person as the disease progresses. Different subtypes of schizophrenia are defined according to the most significant and predominant characteristics present in each person at each point in time. The result is that one person may be diagnosed with different subtypes over the course of his illness.
According to Foster (2003:2), Schizophrenia is categorized into four subtypes. They are simple, hebephrenic, catatonic, and paranoid. Simple schizophrenia is characterized by confusion, withdrawal, and apathy. Hebephrenic schizophrenia is an unusual mixture of silliness, hypochondria, and delight in bizarre adornments and childish pranks. In contrast, catatonic schizophrenics huddle in grotesque positions. They often refuse to move, to take food, or to visit the bathroom. They may display muteness and stupor. Paranoid schizophrenics are dominated by feelings of persecution, suspicion, and bitterness. Everything is sinister or threatening. They may respond to simple gestures or circumstances with violence.
+, -./. 0 1234yp5
People who have paranoid schizophrenia may seem normal with their relationships, work and other day-to day functions. However, they actually suffer from delusions and auditory hallucinations (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). They hear voices that are not actually there and have delusional thoughts about being persecuted or harassed by another person or group. In some cases, the patient of paranoid also suffers visual hallucination (Chiras et al., 2013: 234). Paranoid schizophrenia sufferers are seen to be aloof, anxious and can easily be angered and hostile towards others. For example, a person who believes he is being monitored by the FBI may hear the voices of people he identifies as FBI agents laughing at him or talking to him.
6, 7 28 1/9. 0 2z534yp5
saying (e.g., laughing when discussing being thrown out of the house by roommates) or restricted and flat.
:; <=>=>?@ ABCypD
This type of schizophrenia is characterized by extremes of behavior or extreme psychomotor disruption (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). This may involve hyperactivity or a dramatic reduction in activity wherein the individual concerned stops voluntary movement. Patients exhibit an action or pose that appear to have no purpose for a period of time and considerably resist if there is anyone who attempts to reposition them. Some examples of these actions are unusual facial contortions or limb movements. A client could display a type of posturing known as waxy flexibility, a feature of catatonic motor behavior in which, when clients are placed in peculiar positions, they remain almost completely immobile in the same position for long stretches of time. Alternatively, extremely active and purposeless movement (excitement) that is not influenced by what is going on around the person may be present. Additional signs of the catatonic type of schizophrenia are repeating what others say or mimicking their movements.
E; F @ G AHHDrD@tA=> DGCypD
will exhibit symptoms that are remarkably stable over time but still may not fit one of the typical subtype pictures. In either instance, diagnosis of the undifferentiated subtype may best describe the mixed clinical syndrome.
IJ KLM NOuPQRypL
This category is used for patients who have had at least one acute schizophrenic episode but do not presently have strong positive psychotic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations. They may have negative symptoms, such as withdrawal from others, or mild forms of positive symptoms, which indicate that the disorder has not completely resolved (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Residual type of schizophrenia is most often diagnosed when a person is in a transitional stage between full schizophrenia and complete remission. Residual schizophrenia is well named since it may only be lingering symptoms left over from a full-blown schizophrenic episode.
IS TUe Sixth SenseVWX NL
The Sixth Sense is a 1999 American psychological horror drama film written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan. The story involved a young boy who had the ability to see ghosts. Cole Sear, a troubled, isolated boy was able to see and talk to the dead people. This condition disturbed him and caused him to behave in anti-social ways. Then he met Dr. Malcolm, child psychologist who tried to help him.
his problems. He blamed Crowe, shot him, and then turned the gun on himself. Then, Crowe found another child suffering from the same symptoms, Cole Sear. Cole was a withdrawn child who did not have friends and got teased at school. His mother was worried about him. She tried to seeks help for Cole. Nobody could seem to help him, except Malcolm. He talked with Cole and tried to get him to open up. Finally, Dr. Malcolm gave solution of Cole s problem. He should try to face his fear. Besides, Dr. Malcolm asked Cole to regard the ghosts whom Cole saw as his friend. Hence, Cole got the solution of his problem.
YZ [r\]^_`s a \b\crde
Mental illness is not a new discovery. Reseachers have written their research of mental illness in the form of books, theses or journals. However it does not mean that they examine the same topic. They have their own distinctive focus and methodology to serve their research. In this research, the researcher also conducts research which discusses mental illness. However, she takes schizophrenia as main topic of her research.
diagnosed with depression to determine whether such behaviors are shared between both groups. The goal of this research is to contribute to a more thorough understanding of the language features of individuals with schizophrenia, thus facilitating its clinical diagnosis.
Another research is conducted by Pindaningtyas Nariswari from the Yogyakarta State University entitled A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Schizophrenic Speech Reflecting Hallucination and Delusion in The favemans Valentine in 2012. This research aims to explain the speech abnormalities that are experienced by schizophrenic character, Romulus, in The favemans Valentine and to present the characteristics of schizophrenia shown by Romulus in his speech. She focuses on the speech abnormalities in schizophrenia, which are used as necessary instruments to assess hallucination and delusion.
Nariswari s research on schizophrenia is different from the research conducted by the researcher now, since the researcher focuses on the symptoms of the schizophrenia represented by Cole Sear inThe Sixth Sense movie. Then based on the symptoms, she classifies the type of schizophrenia shown by Cole.
ghijklmptunoprn qmwjrs
