MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION AGENCY
Proceedings of International Conference of
Indonesia Forestry Researchers III-2015
“Forestry research to support sustainable timber production
and self-sufficiency in food, energy, and water”
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International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers
October 21 - 22, 2015
rd
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3 INAFOR
Proceedings of
International Conference of
Indonesia Forestry
Researchers III - 2015
Forestry research to support
sustainable timber production
and self-sufficiency in food,
energy, and water
IPB International Convention Centre, Botani Square
Bogor, Indonesia
21-22 October 2015
PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF
INDONESIA FORESTRY RESEARCHERS III
–
2015
“
Forestry research to support sustainable timber production and
self-sufficiency in food, energy, and water
”
IPB International Convention Centre, Botani Square Bogor, Indonesia
21-22 October 2015
Editors:
Prof. Dr. Chairil Anwar Siregar Prof. Dr. Pratiwi Prof. Dr. Nina Mindawati
Prof. Dr. Gustan Pari Dr. Maman Turjaman Dr. Hesti Lestari Tata Dr. Haruni Krisnawati
Dr. Titiek Setyawati Dr. Krisdianto Dr. Niken Sakuntaladewi
Dr. Zahrul Muttaqiem Ir. Jamal Balfas, M.Sc.
Proofreaders:
Dr. Tuti Herawati Dr. Retno Maryani
Person in Charge:
Ir. Tri Joko Mulyono, MM.
Secretariats:
Ir. C. Nugroho S. Priyono, M.Sc. Retisa Mutiaradevi, S.Kom, MCA.
Tutik Sriyati, S.Sos. Rr. Lies Widyowati
Graphic Designer:
Suhardi Mardiansyah, A.Md.
Research, Development and Innovation Agency Ministry of Environment and Forestry - Republic of Indonesia
PREFACE
Forest provides a wide range of tangible and intangible benefits including ecological, economic and social benefits as well as clean air. There are four priorities in forest management including timber, non-timber forest products, biodiversity and forest services. Those four aspects must be prioritized in Forest Managing Unit (KPH), which has been set up for modern forest management in Indonesia. Based on the nine programs of the New Indonesian Government, food, energy and water have become three critical factors needed to be addressed. Based on those challenges and in compliance with the theme of τforestry research to support sustainable timber production and self-sufficiency in food, energy, and water”, Research,
Development and Innovation Agency Ministry of Environment and Forestry organize the 3rd
International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers 2015 (3rd INAFOR 2015).
Research, Development and Innovation Agency – Ministry of Environment and Forestry, formerly known as Forestry Research and Development Agency is one of the research agencies in Indonesia dealing with research and development in forestry sector. We are committed to address three critical factors including food, energy and water as one of the New Indonesian Government nine programs. We recognizes the importance of creating opportunities, such as this Conference, for scientists, professionals, authorities and students from around the world and Indonesia to share their research findings and accomplishments with the global community, to learn from one another and encourage global cooperation aimed at solving difficult natural resource restoration and conservation problems.
The conference mainly aims at bringing together forestry scientists from Indonesia and all around the world to share information, knowledge and expertise in the state-of-the-art forestry research and development fields; as well as building a strong network amongst researchers and forestry research institutes particularly in Indonesia. Since the benefit of the conference is significant, we have dedicated to organize the meeting every two years. The conference is also conducted as part of Indonesian forestry researchers’ involvement in the International Union Forestry Research Organization (IUFRO). This is the third time of International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers has been held.We are pleased to host this event and highlight our nation’s achievements particularly in the field of forestry research and development.
The papers and posters had been successfully presented during the conference were then documented in this proceedings that can be distributed to all participants, users, partners and other stakeholders for references. This volume of proceedings from the conference provides an opportunity for readers to engage with a selection of refereed papers that were presented during the 3rd INAFOR 2015 conference. Divided into 6 sections, the 61 papers and 38 papers from posters published here notice the multiple meanings of forestry fields. Themes for the sections will be of interest to participants who care to motivate people to learn effectively, so that those learners are equipped to contribute solutions to the serious global challenges in maintaining sustainable forest management. Therefore, the reader will sample here reports of research on topics ranging from Forests, Agriculture and People, Forest Biomass and Bioenergy, Forest and Water Interactions, Forest and Climate Change, Forests and Non Timber Forest Products, to Forest Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
Invasive Species in SE Asia (FORIS-IAS). The funds were sizeable, timely, and greatly appreciated, and permitted us to support the conference.
Overall, the 3rd INAFOR 2015 in Bogor was very successful. The plenary lectures and the sub
plenaries presentations bridged the gap between the different fields, making it possible for non-experts in a given area to gain insight into new areas. Also, included among the speakers were several young scientists, namely, postdocs and students, who brought new perspectives to their fields. Given the promptness with which science is advancing in all of the areas covered by INAFOR, we expect that these future INAFOR conferences will be as stimulating as this most recent one was, as indicated by the contributions presented in this proceedings volume.
Our appreciation is shared for the countless hours and determination the subcommittee leaders and core teams have given to Conference preparation. Special thanks to: the staff at
the Research, Development and Innovation Agency Headquarters and the entire 3rd INAFOR
2015 Management Committee and Board; all of those who have provided insight, leadership, advice, and assistance in our planning efforts; and our contractors and vendors.
This committee deserves more thanks than can be provided, for their tireless efforts and many hours of dedication to ensure a diverse, robust, and high-quality paper accepted: Chairil Anwar Siregar, Niken Sakuntaladewi, Zahrul Muttaqiem, Maman Turjaman, Gustan Pari, Pratiwi, Haruni Krisnawati, Hesti Lestari Tata, Krisdianto, Jamal Balfas, Nina Mindawati, and Titiek Setyawati.
Bogor, June 2016 Director General
Previous Proceedings International Conference of Indonesia
Forestry Researchers (INAFOR)
Year Held Publisher ISBN/ISSN
I 2011 Bogor Forestry Research and Development Agency 978-979-8452-45-1
II 2013 Jakarta Forestry Research and Development Agency 978-979-8452-62-8
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE ... i
TABLE OF CONTENT ... iv
REMARKS MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY ... ix
REMARKS DIRECTOR GENERAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
AND INNOVATION AGENCY ... xi
RESUME ... xiv
PAPER PRESENTATIONS ...1
TOPIC I: FOREST, AGRICULTURE AND PEOPLE ...1
PAPER A1 - Importance of Social Capital for Community Empowerment to Ensure Household Food Security of the Agroforestry Farmers in Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park ... 2
PAPER A2 - Effect Filter Cover of Seedlings in Direct Inoculation Screening of Uromycladium tepperianum for Falcataria moluccana Disease Tolerant ... 11
PAPER A3 - Social Capital Status on HKm Development in Lampung ... 19
PAPER A4 - Value chain of smallholder’s timber: Lessons from Indonesia ... 27
PAPER A5 - Forest and Women in Media Coverage: The study about Role of Women in Sustainable Forest Management News in News Reporting of Kompas Daily ... 39
PAPER A6 - A Duration Model of Adoption of Falcataria-based Farm Forestry ... 47
PAPER A7 - Bringing Bush-meat Home: A contribution of NTFPs to local livelihood in West Papua ... 56
PAPER A9 - Peat swamp forest management through community based participation: a case study of Kalawa village forest ... 65
PAPER A10 - The Use of Silt-Pits for Erosion and Sediment Control in Sloping Agricultural Land ... 74
PAPER A11 - Constraints to exercising forest tenure rights by forest adjacent communities in Indonesia ... 81
PAPER A12 - The Role of Mollo Women in Preserving Plant Genetic Resources to Achieve Food Self-Sufficiency ... 101
PAPER A13 - Role of forest in livelihood strategy in the peat land of Central Kalimantan ex-mega rice project area ... 106
PAPER A14 - Mangrove Management as Source of Food Alternative by the Women Fishermen Group in Sei Nagalawan, North Sumatra, Indonesia ... 118
PAPER A16 - Livelihood assets mapping of the farmer on managing forest ... 128
PAPER A17 - Increasing Women Participation in Forest Management Program in Gondoriyo Village, Central Java ... 138
PAPER A18 - Current Situation of Land Grab in State Forest Area (Kawasan Hutan) in Indonesia ... 145
TOPIC II: FOREST BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY ... 170
PAPER B4 - Growth, Flowering, Fruiting and Biofuel Content of Calopyllum inophyllum in Provenance Seed Stand ... 171 PAPER B6 - Biomass Mapping of Tropical Rainforest Using Airborne LiDAR ... 181 PAPER B7 - Above-ground Biomass Content of Logged-over Peat Swamp Forest in
Concession Area of PT. Diamond Raya Timber, Rokan Hilir District, Riau Province ... 193 PAPER B9 - Biomass Energy in Malaysia ... 203 PAPER B10 - Aboveground biomass mapping using wall-to-wall LiDAR data in peat
swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia ... 210 PAPER B11 - Uncertainties of above ground biomass estimates in tropical peat swamp
forest ... 218 PAPER B12 - Morphological Variation of Second Generation (F-2) Acacia Hybrid Seedling
... 227 PAPER B14 - Pantropical vs locally developed allometric equations: which will be the
better option to estimate aboveground biomass of Papua tropical forest? ... 234
TOPIC III: FOREST AND WATER INTERACTION ... 242
PAPER C1 - Biodegradation of wastewater textile dyes by recycling of immobilized fungus, isolated from forest, in a small-scale bioreactor ... 243 PAPER C2 - Improving Land Use/Land Cover Classification Accuracy Using Rule-Based
Image Classification ... 250 PAPER C3 - The Hydrological Function of Eucalyptus pellita Plantation, in Riau ... 259 PAPER C5 - Double Layer Immobilized Manganese Peroxidase from Pleurotus ostreatus
Effectively Enhanced the Biodecolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R Dye 269 PAPER C6 - Biodecolorization of Textile Dye by Isolated Tropical Fungi ... 276 PAPER C8 - Hydrological Function of Teak Forest in Cepu, Central Java ... 286 PAPER C9 - Response of Phosphorus In Pterocarpus indicus- A Nitrogen-Fixing Tree Species
and Its Sensitivity ... 301 PAPER C10 - Self-sufficient energy community drive the protection of water-source forest
in North Sumatra ... 308 PAPER C11 - Comparison of Soil Loss from Prediction Using Universal Soil Loss
Equation with Direct Measurement from Sediment Yield in Keduang Sub-Watershed ... 318 PAPER C12 - Diameter and height from various ages of Swietenia sp. in relation to its land
suitability and stand table at different class index (bonita) in Grobogan and Temanggung Districts ... 329
TOPIC IV: FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE ... 338
PAPER D1 - Risk Alleviation Strategy of REDD+ Implementation in Musi Banyuasin, South-Sumatra Indonesia ... 339 PAPER D4 - Integrated Approach for Land Use Change Analysis as An Effort to Climate
Change Mitigation in Medan North Sumatera Province ... 352 PAPER D5 - Carbon loss from soil ecosystems in tropical peatlands of Central Kalimantan
... 362 PAPER D6 - The Effects of Carbon Payment on Optimal Rotation of Gmelina Forest:
TOPIC V: FORESTS AND NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS .... 377
PAPER E1 - Effect of Teak Extractive Imposition on Wood Characteristic Improvements ... 378 PAPER E2 - Alternative production of bilobalide and ginkgolides through callus induction
of Ginkgo biloba leaves ... 384 PAPER E3 - Distribution Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke Cultivation and Potential Land for Developing This Species in Lombok ... 392 PAPER E4 - Teak Wood Extract Larvicide of Aedes aegypti ... 399 PAPER E5 - Analysis of Economy on Black Bamboo Cultivation (Gigantochloa Atroviolacea
Widjaja) for Feedstocks and Environmental Sustainability ... 406 PAPER E6 - Some Properties of Isocyanate-Bonded laminated Bamboo Lumber Made of
Mayan Bamboo (Gigantochloa robusta) ... 416 PAPER E7 - Moisture distribution and defect development during intermittent drying of
Eucalyptus saligna ... 423 PAPER E10 - Feasibility Analysis of Coffee as A Seeded Non Wood Forest Product of The Forest District of South Bandung ... 432
TOPIC VI: FOREST BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
... 442
PAPER F1 - Removing Barriers to Invasive Species Management in Production and
Protection Forests in SE Asia –the FORIS project ... 443 PAPER F4 - Bird Diversity in Different Disturbance Gradients in Lambusango Forest,
Southeast Sulawesi ... 451 PAPER F5 - Structure and Composition of Vegetation in Balikpapan Bay Mangrove Forest
and their Implication for Conservation ... 462 PAPER F6 - Development Prospect of Jelutong as Business Commodity of Forest
Management Unit (A financial review) ... 471 PAPER F7 - Genetic Diversity of Three Shorea Species in Ex-situ Conservation Plot in
KRUS, East Kalimantan Based on SSR Markers ... 479 PAPER F8 - Phenotypic Variation of The Progeny of Mindi (Melia azedarach Linn)in a
Community Forest Stand of Wanayasa-Purwakarta ... 486 PAPER F9 - Sustainable Utilization of Forest Plants: Experiences from Manggarai Tribe in
Ruteng Mountains, Indonesia ... 497 PAPER F10 - Response function of Different individual and stand increment on old
natural forest after logging... 506 PAPER F11 - How conservation strategy determined is based on genetic characteristics of
the species: A case study on two lowland Dipterocarps ... 517 PAPER F13 - Indigenous Culture of Timor Deer (Rusa timorensis Blainville 1882) Hunting in
Torong Padang Cape, Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara ... 523 PAPER F14 - Genetic Improvement of Calliandra calothyrsus for Qualified Wood Energy 535 PAPER F15 - Tree species composition in lowland mixed Dipterocarp forest of Samboja
Research Forest three decades after initial major fire... 544 PAPER F16 - Optimizing Management for Fragmented Production Forest Area with
Multisystem Silviculture; Simulation in ITCI Forest, East Kalimantan ... 553 PAPER F17 - Causal Factors for The Absence of Ampupu (Eucalyptus urophylla) Seedlings in Mutis Strict Nature Reserve (CAM) Analysis ... 564
TOPIC I: FOREST, AGRICULTURE AND PEOPLE ... 569
POSTER A3 - Apis dorsata Fabricius and Trigona itama Cockerell Bee Bread Pollen As Alternative Protein for Human and Suplementin Bee Farming (Apis mellifera) . 570 POSTER A4 - Optimizing The Role of Local Community Knowledge in Managing Farm Forestry Towards Food, Firewood and Water Adequacy ... 578
POSTER A5 - Integrated Bio-Cycles Farming System For Green Prosperity ... 589
POSTER A6 - The study of the zoning function of urban forest in the low laying coastal city and landlocked city ... 596
POSTER A8 - A pest on Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb in Agroforestry System ... 605
POSTER A9 - Ethnobotanical Study of the Medicinal Plant Known by Dayak People in Paser, East Kalimantan ... 612
POSTER A10 - Reintroduction of Local Plants Species on Agroforestry Plantation as Habitat of Local Insect ... 620
POSTER A15 - Issue and Gender Equality Improvement Effort in Production of Weaving with Natural Dye in East Sumba District ... 627
POSTER A19 - Assessing the Implementation of KBR Policy in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province ... 635
POSTER A20 - Optimizing the Use of Teak Forest Area to Increase Forage Availability to Support Higher Cattle Production ... 643
POSTER A21 - Soil Degradation in Riau: The Implication to the Sustainable Income of Agricultural Sector ... 649
POSTER A23 - 70% Agroforestry Land Cover Is Able to Replace 30% Forest Land Cover in Hydrology Function of Watershed ... 654
POSTER A25 - Daily Behavior of Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) in Captive Deer Lampung University ... 663
POSTER A26 - Food Sources of Forest Vegetation Can Potentially Support The National Food Security... 667
POSTER A31 - The Suitability of Agroforestry Waste as Cultivation Media for White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus) ... 671
TOPIC II: FOREST BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY ... 680
POSTER B1 - Characterization Compound Cacao Waste with Pyrolysis Process by Biomass Energy Resources ... 681
POSTER B2 - Tengkawang Shell Potential as Raw Material of Energy ... 687
TOPIC III: FOREST AND WATER INTERACTION ... 691
POSTER C1 - The Role of Pine and Teak Forest on Low Flow at Central Java ... 692
POSTER C4 - Water Yield of Jupoi River and Erosion in Austral Byna Consession, Central Kalimantan ... 702
POSTER C5 - Prediction of Streamflow and Sedimentation in Sawangan Sub Watershed using SWAT Methods ... 709
POSTER C6 - 6+10+20=23+32+45=Collective Participation The Cascade Microhydro Power System in Bulukumba ... 716
TOPIC V: FORESTS AND NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS .... 721
POSTER E7 - Medicinal Plants of Ranu Pani Village, an Enclave of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park ... 725
TOPIC VI: FOREST BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
... 731
POSTER F1 - Mangrove Rehabilitation Using Silvofishery System in Telang Protection Forest, South Sumatra: Opportunities and Challenges ... 732 POSTER F2 - The Effect of Nyamplung Plantation on Soil Fertility in Pangandaran Sandy Beaches ... 740 POSTER F3 - Planting Technique of Rhizophora mucronatas Lamk on High Wave Prone
Areas at Alow Beach of Talaud Island ... 746 POSTER F4 - Diameter Class Distribution of Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B.) on
Customary Forest of Mambang, South Sumatera ... 755 POSTER F7 - Recycled Genetic Resource as An Optional Strategy in Advanced Generation
Breeding for Tropical Species: A Case Study in Optimizing Genetic Resource for Acacia mangium Breeding Program ... 762 POSTER F8 - Rejuvenation as Explant Source of Micro Propagation in Gall Rust Tolerant
Falcataria moluccana ... 773 POSTER F13 - Alternative Propagation of Petung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper Schultes f.
Backer ex Heyne) without Taking Apart of Clump ... 780 POSTER F14 - Development of Bambu Petung (Dendrocalamus asper) Cluster in Bondowoso,
East Java Province ... 786 POSTER F15 - The Outbreak of Sap Sucker Tingis beesoni on Gmelina: Comparison in
Different Geographical Condition ... 793 POSTER F16 - The Effect of Some Fungal Root Endophyte Isolates on Sengon Growth
... 798 POSTER F19 - Application Techniques Buds Culture and Somatic Embryogenesis in
Tissue Culture of Sandalwood (Santalum Album L.)... 803 POSTER F21 - Growth Characteristic of Sandalwood(Santalumalbum Linn.) from Western
Part of Timor Island ... 812 POSTER F26 - Prediction on Density for Seed Sowing of Jelutung (Dyera Polyphylla) to
Reach Successfull Germination ... 818 POSTER F27 -Survival and Growth Variation of Merbau from Several Provenances at Ex
Situ Conservation Plot in Bondowoso ... 823 POSTER F29 - Stemborer attacks on mulberry plantation in Sukabumi ... 830
APPENDICES ... 835
APPENDIX 1. List of Participants – The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III – 2015 ... 836 APPENDIX 2. International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III – 2015
REMARKS MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND
FORESTRY
at the
OPENING CEREMONY
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF INDONESIA FORESTRY RESEARCHERS III - 2015
Bogor, 21 Oktober 2015
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
1. Her Excellency Minister of Environment and Forestry,
2. His Excellency Minister of Research Technology and Higher Education,
3. His Excellency Head of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),
4. His Excellency Chairman of Commission IV House of Representatives,
Distinguished Guests:
5. Vice President International Union Forestry Research Organization (IUFRO)
6. Governor of Special Region of Yogyakarta Province
7. Governor of West Java Province
8. Director General of Research, Development and Innovation Agency, and all Head of
Representatives from Ministry of Environment and Forestry 9. Invited Guest Speakers on the International Conference 10. Research Profesors and all forestry researchers
11. Representatives from partners, government, non-government and companies.
Excellencies,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Let us pray together to the Almighty for all the blesses given so that we can be present today at the special event of the 3rd International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers
2015 which is conducted by Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia. The theme for the conference is Forestry Research to Support Sustainable Timber Production and Self-Suficiency in Food, Energy, and Water.
I believe this theme was selected by considering that forest has its potential and many
functions including supporting food security, providing renewable energy, providing biomass, balancing ecosystem function, providing water security, providing oxygen, and providing shelter for animals and plants.
Excellencies,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
1. This great event is conducted and is expected to facilitate people to share ideas that can be used to formulate important policies regarding forest management in the middle of notoriously disasters that happen nowadays such as forest fire and environment degradation.
2. Scientists from Indonesia and all around the world need to think beyond, in order to solve problems specifically concerning forest management in Indonesia. Scientists are expected to provide assistance to decision makers in preparing regulation and helping them to make the correct decision in addressing various forest management problems. 3. Research institutions in the field of forestry, including Research, Development and
Innovation Agency, and other institutions, certainly have produced various results of knowledge and technology besides policy brief. Applicable research results should be disseminated to publics. On the other hand, scientists are encouraged to share their knowledge and expertise so that basic research can be established.
4. I hope that this meeting can formulate a research topic which is based on the actual need of the community. Therefore research into forestry management is expected to support Indonesian people in order to enhance their quality of life.
5. This is event is organized internationally with the intention of researchers can have the benefit of experiencing to take part in an international event. I hope by participating in this event, they can have experience and knowledge from invited guest speakers. In view of this I hope this valuable experience can be shared amongst participants in order to increase their capacity and the quality of forestry research results in Indonesia.
Excellencies,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I greatly appreciate to Director General Research, development, and Innovation Agency and all his subordinates who have perfectly prepared so that this event could take place.
Excellencies,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Allow me to use this forum to express my conviction that the future of our forests rests with the people like us who concern about environment and forestry including scientists who gather in this forum.
Therefore, in the Name of Allah the Merciful and the Compassionate, Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, I declare the 3rd International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers 2015 officially open.
May God Bless Us All. Thank You.
Billahitaufiq wal hidayah,
wassalamu ‘alaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
REMARKS DIRECTOR GENERAL RESEARCH
DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION AGENCY
at the
OPENING CEREMONY
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF INDONESIA FORESTRY
RESEARCHERS III – 2015
Bogor, 21 October 2015
1. Her Excellency Minister of Environment and Forestry
2. His Excellency Minister of Research Technology and Higher Education or
Representative,
3. His Excellency Chairman of Commission IV House of Representatives
4. His Excellency Head of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI);
5. Head of Representatives from Ministry of Environment and Forestry
6. Our distinguished Guests from International Institutions:
- Vice President IUFRO
- Director General Tropenbos
- Executive Secretary APAFRI/FRIM
- Director General CIFOR
- Chief Science Advisor ICRAF
- Divisional Director KISHUGU
- Representative of GIZ-FORCLIME, FCPF, and FORIS
7. All participants
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi wabarakatuh,
Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
To begin with, let us express our most gratitude to God the Almighty for allowing us
attending this special event, The 3rd International Conference of Indonesia Forestry
Researchers 2015 in good health.
Please accept my warmest welcome to Invited Guest Speakers and all presenters and participants from overseas. I Hope you have a good time during your stay in Bogor.
Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
On behalf of 3rd INAFOR 2015 Committee as well as Research, Development and Innovation
Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, please allow me to report the conduct of this special event:
1. In regards to knowledge sharing amongst scientists, Research, Development and
Innovation Agency conducting International Conference of Indonesia Forestry
Researchers III – 2015 (3rd INAFOR 2015): τForestry research to support sustainable timber
production and self-sufficiency in food, energy, and water” which will be held in two consecutive days, 21-22 October 2015 at IPB International Convention Center – Bogor.
2. INAFOR is held once every two years. We have conducted two conferences, the first and
the second were conducted in 2011 and 2013, respectively.
3. This conference is intended to provide a forum for forestry scientists nationwide in
Indonesia including government and non-government, private sectors, and worldwide.
The 3rd International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers 2015 is also a
significant meeting for forestry researchers within Research, Development and Innovation Agency in Indonesia and/or other research institutions national or worldwide.
4. The 3rd INAFOR 2015 is also conducted as part of Indonesia involvement in the
International Union Forestry Research Organization (IUFRO).
5. In this special event, 82 papers and 77 posters in the field of forestry will be presented in sub plenary sessions. Presenters are originally from various backgrounds and research institutions from Indonesia and worldwide including Vietnam, Philippine, Malaysia, Australia, Jepang, and New Zealand.
6. In this event we are honored to invite His Excellency Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education and His Excellency Chairman of Commission IV House of Representatives to give speech remarks in the opening ceremony.
7. His Excellency Head of Indonesian Institute of Sciences is also invited primarily to
provide keynote speech in the topic of τPromoting researchers’ ethical and strength
character” (Mewujudkan Peneliti yang Beretika dan Berkarakter), which will benefit to
enlighten Indonesian researchers.
Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
8. Six international guest speakers are invited to provide knowledge and experience sharing for all participants comprising: IUFRO, Tropenbos Internasional, APAFRI/FRIM, CIFOR, ICRAF dan KISHUGU.
9. This morning we are also welcoming approximately 600 participants including forestry
researchers, scientists, students, lecturers, foresters, forestry practitioners from private and government, NGO, and other research and development institutions related to forestry.
Excellences, Ladies and Gentlemen,
We do hope that all researchers who are attending this conference can have great advantages and always in high spirit to continuously conduct research into forestry in order to maintain sustainable forest management and conservation. In this regards, we would be grateful if Her Excellency Minister of Environment and Forestry could officially open the 3rd International
Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers 2015.
that through this conference, open-mindedness teamworks, and the adventure of finding new solutions to old problems will emerge. But it does not just happen on its own. It is a process, and through that process, people bring all their personal experience and expertise to the table. Therefore we can ensure synergized research in the future.
In that case, in this Conference we would like Her Excellency Minister of Environment and Forestry to witness MoU signing between Research, Development and Innovation Agency and partners.
During this event we will also launch three research result books with the titles of (1) Atlas Jenis-Jenis Pohon Andalan Setempat untuk Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan di Indonesia; (2) Taxus sumatrana – Mutiara Terpendam dari Zamrud Sumatra; and (3) Jelutung Rawa Teknik Budidaya dan Prospek Ekonominya. We greatly appreciate if Her Excellency Minister of Environment and Forestry could symbolically handover the books to His Excellency Chairman of Commission IV House of Representatives.
Lastly, we would like to express our sincere thanks and appreciation to all who continuously support and to our sponsors so that this event can take place in this beautiful venue.
May God bless us all so that this event could run smoothly.
Billahi taufiq wal hidayah,
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatulahi wabarakatuh
Director General,
RESUME
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF INDONESIA FORESTRY RESEARCHERS III - 2015
“Forestry Research to Support Sustainable Timber Production and Self-Sufficiency
in Food, Energy and Water’’
The conference statements:
TOPIC 1. FOREST, AGRICULTURE AND PEOPLE
1. The success of community forest based management is determined by three elements of
social capital which include trust, social network and social norms.
2. Smallholder timber generally undervalued by the industry due to its small size and
lowquality. They need to be supported by the governments in strengthening farmers’ ability to apply better silvicultural techniques, collective marketing, and developing business link between farmers group with industry.
3. The sustainable forest management has positive relation with community based forest
management, gender equality, smallhoder timber, agroforestry and bush-meat for food security.
4. Forest, Agriculture, People are closely related and play a significant role in local
community.
5. Customary practices play important roles in sustaining natural resources and formal rules could not replace the existing practices.
6. Farmers with different wealth class has different priority to use different assets, people in high and medium wealthy level tend to use financial and physical asset, while low wealthy farmer tend to use social asset (like gotong royong) to manage forest community.Women have no influence over many important decision related to forest management due to low education level and culture, eventhough in many cases women access to the forest is
more intensive than men. This women participation can be improved by inviting τthe women” to attend the meeting to express their opinion.
7. Agroforestry has been practiced in Indonesia for decades. But this system can still be improved by understanding the capacity of land. More land is allocated to natural forest and plantation forest and few land is allocated to community. It is still a big challenge to get equitable and optimal allocation of state forest area for production, conservation, and community livelihood. Perception of local communities to plantation forest is more towards benefits including environmental services, access to land and provision of goods.
TOPIC 2. FOREST BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY
material for bio-ethanol production using pulping process with concentration of 7.92% in single culture.
3. Reducing emissions from deforestation and tropical forest degradation or enhancing
forest carbon stocks (REDD+) has been promoted to ensure participation of developing countries. The accurate estimation on aboveground forest biomass in peat swamp forest enhances the important role of forests and its significance in climate change mitigation. The change of land use from mixed into plantation forest diminishes the carbon stock due to the change of tree biomass.
4. Bioenergy needs innovations in genetic tree improvement, fermentation process by
organism, and pyrolysis, especially for tree species of Acacia, Calliandra, Paraserianthes, cacao, and tengkawang). The availability of wood waste residues for energy will be decreasing in the future and innovations from alternative sources are still needed.
TOPIC 3. FOREST AND WATER INTERACTIONS
1. Biological approach using biological agent in combination with physical and chemical
approach to purify polluted water is significantly important for future water management.
2. There are various digital technique to be implemented in watershed and forest
managements.
3. Conservation versus production drainated system should be done carefully, considering
the plant response to aerobic or reduction condition. It is important to understand on how much forest cover should be managed in order to yield water in term of quality and quantity, other than wood production.
4. P is in ready established essential macro nutrient, which should be put into account for better plant growth. It is important to examine the toxicity and deficiency levels of P.
5. Education for community is important for better understanding of forest vegetation in
relation to water and/or energy. Soil erosion is critical problem, then smart strategy should be applied. Integrating land suitability and site class is suggested for estimating timber production.
TOPIC 4. FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Several studies have been conducted to address the climate change issues on the ground, including identifying the sources of uncertainties/risks in REDD+ implementation, land use change, and carbon loss. However, they were no clear inputs how the results can be contributed to climate change mitigation.
2. Currently, fires have been a big issue everywhere in the country. All stakeholders
(government, provate sector and non-state actors) must work together for effective fire prevention and control management.
TOPIC 5. FOREST AND NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS
1. Conventional old teak extractive impregnation effectively improves dimensional stability, mechanical strength and durability of inferior woods. The extract which contains of 2-methyl anthraquinone is also potential for larvicide of Aedes aegypti. Murishage and skoog (MS) medium supplemented with sucrose and combination of growth hormone have been successfully implemented for calluses formation as alternative method.
bioeconomy and environmental value should be included in the dipterocarp’s forest
preservation.
3. Isocyanate laminated lumber of Mayan bamboo (Gigantochloa robusta) had high bonding
quality. However, physical and mechanical properties of the timber were significantly affected by pre-treatments of preservation and bleaching which both reduced the strength of lumber.
4. Moisture distribution of the E. saligna board during intermittent drying is depended upon position in the board. Except cupping, other distortions and checking were found to develop in this species.
5. Development of jelutung in the agroforestry practice is considered effectively improve the degraded peat land both technically and environmentally. Similarly, coffee plantation in the agroforestry system has effectively improved income for local farmers.
TOPIC 6. FOREST BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
1. Overall, native species that has a very limited distribution and it is likely to be the most threatened by environmental changes should have the highest priority for conservation. The most significant activities lead to current environmental changes includes over exploitation of natural resources, habitat destruction, forest fires, natural calamity, climate changes, excessive logging, and invasive alien species infestation. However, those disturbance factors are in fact interrelated and identifying which one is the most influencing to the changes in forest biodiversity and ecosystem service requires a thorough and in depth study on various aspects.
2. This INAFOR forum held in October 2015 brings at least 19 papers on various topics
related to forest biodiversity and ecosystem services. In general, there are three challenges that need to be tackled by Indonesian government to save its forest biodiversity and ecosystem service such the following:
3. Serious efforts to increase community awareness on the negative impact of reduced forest biodiversity including reduce native species due to invasive alien species infestation either intentionally or unintentionally, and other human induced disturbance. National strategy to comprehend this biodiversity issues should involve all stakeholders covering local communities, ecosystem managers, government staff and decision makers, scientists and civil society organization. Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services due to invasive alien species has now become the second biggest threat after climate change. One of the noticeable examples is the presence of invasive alien species that stimulate more high risk of fire in some places. This frequent forest fires, indeed, will affect the natural forest regeneration over the long term period. Thus, fire risk could be strongly correlated to the density of the weeds or invasive alien species.
4. Under current forest management situation, some important native flora and fauna
species might not be able to survive and in-situ conservation action is the only way to anticipate more loss. In term of genetic conservation, there is still lack of genetic information from all native flora and fauna species in Indonesia.
PAPER PRESENTATIONS
PAPER A1 - Importance of Social Capital for Community
Empowerment to Ensure Household Food Security of the
Agroforestry Farmers in Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park
Arzyana Sunkar1, Windy Mardiqa Riani2, Leti Sundawati3
1Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural
University, Bogor Indonesia
2Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Lampung Indonesia
3Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor Indonesia
Corresponding Email: arzyanas@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Ensuring food security is a fundamental challenge facing the government. Empowering the local people to be able to secure access to food - as an important condition to ensure food security - is another challenge. Hence, the inherent power of the local communities to adapt and manage their own resources for their survival is important to be highlighted. In such case, social capital is an important concept that deserves attention and should become an emerging issue in community empowerment. This paper examined the potential relationship between social capital and food security. Research was conducted in the Villages of Sumber Agung, Batu Putu, and Talang Mulya within the Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park Protected Area of Lampung Province. Data was collected employing the methods of interviews, field observation and literature studies. Respondents were selected among agroforestry farmers using random sampling. Results of the research indicated that among the three elements of social capital studied, i.e., trusts, norms and social networks, trust and social networks formed the two most crucial factors in determining the success of household food security for the agroforestry farmers of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park. The presence of local leaders, maintenance of good relationship between the local people, with the manager of the Grant Forest Park as well as increased level of networking proved to enhance food security of the villagers. The results also indicated the necessity to provide enabling conditions where community could build social capital and using social capital to empower themselves.
Keywords: agroforestry, community empowerment, household food security, social capital,
social network, trust
1. INTRODUCTION
Food is one of the factors that determine why the poor take decisions to spread risk and how they finally balance competing needs in order to survive. Many of the rural poor are subsistence producers, family farmers or landless agricultural workers, including fishermen, pastoralists, and forest-dependent peoples with limited access to productive means. Poor on-farm resources such as limited productive land and low access to agriculture inputs, have driven rural families to increasingly depend on off-farm incomes, which is their way out of poverty when the rural economy is thriving. Hence, it can be said that sustainable development in rural areas, is actually about food security (Sunkar, 2008).
dependent on the ability of the community to access food, not only from own production but also food purchased from the market using its own assets. In the same line, EIU (2012) states that food insecurity in Indonesia is not necessarily due to unavailability of food, but rather due to lack of affordability and vulnerability to food price shocks. High prices make food less affordable for consumers. Those, for whom food consumption makes a significant portion of household expenditure, are the most vulnerable to higher prices (EIU, 2014).
The ability to purchase food links to income. Most rural households’ incomes in developing countries depend directly or indirectly on agriculture. Hence, for these households, income plays a very important means to secure food. A relatively small temporary reduction of income would mean that the household would consume less food than is required to maintain a healthy and active life (Zeller et al., 1997). This is one of the important condition enabling food security as stated in Rome Declaration on World Food Security at World Food Summit
(1996), i.e., τFood security exists when people at all times have physical, social and economic
access to sufficient and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for a healthy and active life”.
The nexus between income and food security is thus important for a rural community survival, specifically where local food crop production is not an option. Such condition can be found among the agroforestry farmers of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park who are given the rights to practice agroforestry inside a state protected area. The agroforestry lands are only allowed to be planted with cash crops and cannot be planted with food crops. Thus, cash crops are an integral part of strategies to improve food security for the households in this area. By selling their cash crops on markets, the households generate income that improves their accesses to food. On the other hand, communities with increased specialisation in cash crops will face a drop in incomes during harvest failure, when prices fall, or lack or minimum access to market. Such income slump will have consequences for their food security status (Achterbosch et al., 2014), which could eventually lead to food insecurity.
Food insecurity is an indicator of poverty and social capital is said to be able to significantly alleviate poverty. Research by Dzanjaet al. (2013) specifically concludes that social capital has positive influence on household food security. The linkage between social capital and food security, is however, has not been extensively studied. This paper will look at the importance of social capital in ensuring food security of the cash crops agroforestry farmers of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park of Lampung Province in Indonesia, with focus on the contribution of agroforestry to the local income-generation.
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
2.1 Time and location of research
The research was conducted in Wan Abdul Rachmad Grand Forest Park, Lampung Province of Indonesia from May-July 2014. Specifically, the research took place on the social forestry and reforestation block within the Grand Forest Park.
2.2 Sampling procedure and size
unit of population sampled selected was agroforestry household. A simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents out of all the agroforestry farmers. To determine the minimum amount of population that must be acquired, Paul Leedy formula (Arikunto, 2010) was used (Equation 1), while the total number of respondents within each village followed Walpole formula (Equation 2) as follows:
(1)
Where:
n : size of sample
p : the estimated proportion of cases in the population
e : the proportion of sampling error in a given situation
z : the standard score corresponding to a given confidence level
(2)
Where:
Nvillage : number of individuals in each village
Ni : number of ith population in a village
N : total population
n : population size
The use of Equation 1 and 2 gave the total number of respondents as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Total number of samples
No. Village name Sub-district No. of
household
No. of household sampled
1. Sumber Agung Kemiling 499 43
2. Batu Putu Teluk Betung 251 22
3. Talang Mulya Padang Cermin 398 34
Total 1148 99
2.3 Data Collection Technique
Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data included household income, social capitals comprised of trust, norms and networks elements, expenses from both agroforestry and non-agroforestry practices, and agroforestry plants composition, which were collected from direct observation and interviews. Secondary data included social-economic condition of the village samples collected through literature studies from periodic reports and publications from local authorities, institutions, government offices and websites.
2.4 Data Analysis
Data collected were analysed to determine agroforestry contribution on the farmers’
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Agroforestry Practice in Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park
Prior to its establishment as a Grand Forest Park, Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park was previously a protection forest. Due to the increasing pressure on expansion of local monoculture and settlement, the protection forest was converted to a Grand Forest Park. As a result, the increasing surrounding local population faced limited productive land. Population density followed by low ability to purchase land, have triggered them to occupy the productive land inside the Grand Forest Park. The transmigration programme to place these people to other areas has produced no results, due to low land productivity of the new place. Instead, they came back to occupy their old land and demanded that they were given the rights to work the land inside the Grand Forest Park under the Social Forestry Scheme. Responding to this, since 2000, the Provincial Forestry Office of Lampung in collaboration with NGO and local university has helped the local communities to work the land inside the Park, employing
agroforestry practices on the Park’s block that is intended for social forestry and reforestation
development.
Agroforestry practice inside the Grand Forest Park was realized by lending a total of 2,304.03 ha of land or 10.45% of the total Grand Forest Park to the surrounding agroforestry communities, to be planted with forest trees and cash crops. Since it is a protected area, food crops are not allowed to be planted. Fruits were the main commodities for trade while forestry trees were used for reforestation and shades. The tree species planted were mostly comprised of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), durian (Durio zibethinus), clove (Cinnamomum burmanii), tangkil (Genetum gnemon), petai (Parkia speciosa) and calliandra (Caliandra sp.), with durian and tangkilas the dominating tree species, while the dominating cash crops are coffee (Coffea arabica) and kakao (Theobroma cacao).
3.2 Agroforestry and Off-farm Contributions to Household Income
Dawson et al. (2013) observed that among the benefits that agroforestry supports is raising
farmers’ income. Similarly is the conclusion by Idumah & Akintan (2014) who urged the
young to go into farming based on their study that agroforestry is very profitable and a ready source of food supply. In the studied villages, agroforestry also contributed to the household income as depicted in Table 2. Table 3 clearly indicated that Talang Mulya has the highest dependency on agroforestry, owing to a total of 62.79% of the total income and the least dependency on agroforestry for Sumber Agung Village with only 31.32%. Asmi et. al., (2013), in their research, conclude that as much as 91.44% of the total income of the agroforestry farmers in Pesawaran Indah Village of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park were attained from agroforestry.
Table 2: Contribution of agroforestry on total annual household income
Village Income from agroforestry [Rp/household/year]
Total income [Rp/houehold/year]
Agroforestry contribution [%]
Sumber Agung
9,592,732 30,632,848 31.32
Batu Putu 5,376,137 11,685,682 46.01
Talang Mulya 7,512,647 11,965,647 62.79
Average 7,493,839 18,094,726 41.41
Figure 1: Distribution of non-agricultural occupation among the three studied villages
Figure 1 indicates that trading is the most common occupation found in Sumber Agung Village which suggested that Sumber Agung Village is the most accessible to markets. This is also justified by the fact that Sumber Agung Village received the highest total income, with significant non-agroforestry (Table 3) sources, and enjoyed the highest income from agroforestry as compared to Batu Putu and Talang Mulya Villages (Table 4).
Table 3: Total annual household income
Village
Total annual income from agroforestry [Rp/household]
Total annual income from non-agroforestry [Rp/household]
Total Income [Rp/household]
Sumber Agung 9,592,732 21,040,116 30,632,848
Batu Putu 5,376,137 6,309,545 11,685,682
Talang Mulya 7,512,647 4,453,000 11,965,647
As depicted in Table 4, it is clear as to the reason that Sumber Agung Village received the highest income from agroforestry practice. Unlike Batu Putu and Talang Mulya Villages, Sumber Agung Village has the most diverse cash crops with various harvesting periods. This would allow the households to be able to receive income. Table 4 also indicated that coffee and cacao are the two most main prime commodities in all villages. This was due to the fact that both commodities have good market prices. The close distance to the market that
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00
Sumber Agung Batu Putu Talang Mulya
P
e
rc
e
n
ta
g
e
(
%
)
Village
Labour
Trader
Sumber Agung enjoyed, also provided other benefits such as easier access to education and less transportation expenditures (Table 5).
The results were in line with previous research on the contributions of off-farm incomes. Babatunde & Qaim (2010) showed that off-farm income contributes to improved calorie supply at the household level. Owusu et al. (2011) also showed that off-farm work can exert positive effect on household income and food security status. These views indicate that off-farm work is crucial to attain food security.
Table 4: Total annual household income from agroforestry crops in each village sample
One important result depicted by Table 5 was that Sumber Agung people were able to have savings, implying that the total income exceeded the total expenses, signifying that Sumber Agung Village as the most prosperous among the three village studied. Table 5 revealed that most of the expenses were on food, suggesting that access to food is very important. Table 5 also showed that Talang Mulya Village has the highest expenses. Talang Mulya is located furthest from market which resulted in a higher transportation cost to sell agroforestry produces. Furthermore, such long distance has resulted in the increase of food prices and other commodities. This has made the population of Talang Mulya Village to spend of their income for food as seen in Table 5.
Table 5: Details of household expenses in the three villages studied
Type of expenses Sumber Agung [Rp/household/year]
Batu Putu [Rp/household/year]
Talang Mulya [Rp/household/year]
Food 12,302,326 11,528,409 14,922,059
Clothing 856,977 477,273 538,235
Health 353,953 561,182 348,824
Education 1,051,093 40,909 194,412
Transportation 1,664,150 2,991,409 3,044,324
Electricity &water 877,195 1,084,636 633,618
Agroforestry maintenance
481,212 239,818 682,353
Savings 233,721 - -
Recreation& social 83,333 - -
Crop Sumber Agung [Rp/household/yr]
Batu Putu [Rp/household/yr]
Talang Mulya [Rp/household/yr]
Coffee 3,278,488 1,677,273 3,518,382
Cacao 2,503,605 2,176,136 2,973,529
Tangkil 988,837 270,455 711,765
Rubber 2,180,640 1,161,364 128,824
Clove 362,791 - 180,147
Petai 50,930 90,909 -
Jackfruit 33,953 - -
Durian 60,465 - -
Duku 55,814 - -
Avocado 77,209 - -
Candle nut 69,767 - -
matters
Total 17,903,960 16,923,636 20,363,825
Markets and trade increased access to food thus contribute to achieving food security (Hebebrand et. al., 2010). As illustrated by Simmonds (2006), one major causes of food insecurity in Malawi is long distances to markets. On the contrary, research by Tembo & Simtowe (2009) found that most of the rural households in Malawi that were food secure had no market access. Unfortunately, in the face of lacking food crop own production, one way to ensure food security in Talang Mulya Village is to increase access to market.
3.3 Social Capital and Community Empowerment to Enhance Food Security
There are two most obvious solutions to increase food security in the villages studied, i.e., to increase access to market through development of infrastructures and diversification of off-farm works. Both would require financial resources, which often not cheap. Tibesigwa et. al. (2014) suggest that an easier, cheaper and more accessible alternative to household coping strategy is to strengthen their social capital. Similar suggestion was also forwarded by Chen et al. (2013) that higher social capital in a farm household has significantly increases their adaptive capacity against environmental perturbation. Social capital is believed to enable households to gain access to needed supplies and allowing them to work together for increased efficiency and security. Therefore, social capital is an important concept underlying socio-economic and its broader context of food insecurity (Misselhorn, 2014). Various forms of collective action, as one form of social capital, have also been a central mechanism for improving market access and productivity of smallholder producers, (Ahuja & Staal, 2013).
Strengthening a community social capital would mean empowering the community, because social capital is about building community confidence of their own power to manage their environment. Community empowerment involves all efforts made by a group of people, with or without external support, to be able to continue to develop their capacity or potential for the improvement of their quality of life, independence and sustainability. It can be interpreted as a process that builds community through the development of human or community capacity. In order to be successful in empowering the community, it is important to have some basic understanding of the social organisation, social levels, and the community itself. It is also important to recognise the relationships between individuals, between individuals and community groups, and between communities (social capital).
In all the three village studied, trust, norms and social networks were observed. One of the
most fundamental needs of human beings is development of the sense of trustσthe belief
Although maintenance of group norms will strengthen the communities’ social capital, the norms found within the three villages were similar and thus insignificantly related with food security within each village. The social capital that showed the strongest effect was social networks. Although in all three villages, they have established certain networks, however, the location of Sumber Agung Village which is the most accessible, has given it more advantages. Trading of cash crops accelerated the building of local association and thus empowers the individual within the group. The trust toward outsiders proved to enhance the communities to develop networks, such as easier network for trading due to easy access to markets, networking with the University of Lampung were also more frequent. Social networks are indispensable for increasing food security. Strong positive relationships within and between social groups could significantly increase collective action. Hence, social capital would build on community empowerment, which in turn will increase food security.
4. CONCLUSION
Food security for local people with lack of productive lands and lack of land tenure would depend on the income of the people and their access to food, including affordability to purchase food. The results of the study showed that although agroforestry is practiced on the state land and intended only for cash crops, it has the potential to be a profitable activity that can help the local community to become food secured.
In all three villages, access to food determined the status of their food security. Cash crops like cocoa and coffee, and also vegetables, offer income and employment opportunities to the rural economy. In addition, cash crops accelerate the build-up of institutions that enable further commercialisation. It has been argued that local institutions functioning at community level and social capital have their role in maintaining food security at household level. As any farming activity, cash crop agriculture requires the management of various types of risk such as soil degradation and price variability. The agroforestry farmers employ several adaptive and risk reducing strategies, for instance in Sumber Agung Village, by diversifying crops to cope with risks of harvest failures, price slums or loss of market access.
Social capital has positive influence on household food security through strengthening of community empowerment. These are especially necessary to enhance the capacity of the villagers to stand against any environmental and economic changes. Apart from increased market access, off-farm work and incomes play crucial roles in enhancing food security for all agroforestry farmers of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park.
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Ahuja, V., & Staal, S. (2013). Poverty, food security, livestock and smallholders: Issues and options for the Asia and Pacific Region. In V. Ahuja (Ed),Asian Livestock: Challenges, opportunities and the response: Proceedings of an international policy forum held in Bangkok, Thailand, 16-17 August 201 (pp. 97-106).
Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktik (p.413). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Asmi, M.T., Qurniati, R., & Haryono, D. (2013). Komposisi Tanaman Agroforestry dan
Babatunde, R. O., & Qaim, M. (2010). Impact of Off-Farm Income on Food Security and Nutrition in Nigeria. Food policy, 35(4), 303-311.
Chen, H., Wang, J., & Huang, J. (2014). Policy Support, Social Capital, and Farmers’ Adaptation to Drought in China. Global Environmental Change, 24, 193-202.
Dawson, I.K., Place, F., Torquebiau, Malézieux, E., Iiyama, M., Sileshi, G. W.,Kehlenbeck, K., Masters, E., McMullin, S. & Jamnadass, R. (2013). Agroforestry, food and nutritional security:Background paper for the International Conference o Forest for Food Security and Nutrition. FAO, Rome 13-15 May, 2013 (pp.
Dzanja, J. L., Christie, M., Fazey, I., & Hyde, T. (2013). The Role of Social Capital on Rural Food Security: The Case Study of Dowa and Lilongwe Districts in Central Malawi. Access International Journal of Agriculture Science, 1, 46-56.
Hebebrand, C., Wedding, K., & Elliott, K. A. (2010). The Role of Markets and Trade in Food Security: A Report of the CSIS Global Food Security Projects. CSIS
Idumah, F.O., & Akintan, A.O. Contribution of Agroforestry to Food Production and Income Generation in Sapoba Forest Area, Edo State, Nigeria. (2014). Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 6(8), 64-71.
Jamnadass, R., Place, F., Torquebiau, E., Malézieux, E., Iiyama, M., Sileshi, G. W., Kehlenbeck, K., Masters, E., McMullin, S., & Dawson, I. K. (2013). Agroforestry for Food and Nutritional Security. Unasylva, 241(64), 22-29.
Misselhorn, A. (2014). Is a Focus on Social Capital Useful in Considering Food Security Intervensions? Development Southern Africa, 26(2), 189-208.
Owusu, V., Abdulai, A., & Abdul-Rahman, S. (2011). Non-Farm Work and Food Security among Farm Households in Northern Ghana. Food policy, 36(2), 108-118.
Sen, A. (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Simmonds, C. (2006). Questioning the Road: Local Perception and trends along the highway, Malawi, Working Paper Series: Yale University.
Sunkar, A. (2008). Sustainability in karst resources management: the case of the Gunung Sewu in Java. Doctoral thesis. New Zealand: the University of Auckland.
Tembo, D., & Simtowe, F. (2009). The effects of market accessibility on household food security: Evidence from Malawi. Proceeding of International Conference on Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development, October 2009(pp. 6-8).
The Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU]. (2012). Global food security index 2012: An assessment of food affordability, availability and quality (p. 68). The Economist Intelligence Unit.
The Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU]. (2014). Global food security index 2014: An annual measure of the state of global food security (p. 35). The Economist Intelligence Unit. Tibesigwa, B., Visser, M., Twine, W., & Collinson, M. (2014). Investigating the Sensitivity of
Household Food Security to Agriculture-related Shocks and the Implication of Informal Social Capital and Natural Resource Capital: The Case of Rural Households in Mpumalanga, South Africa (No. 470).
PAPER A2 - Effect Filter Cover of Seedlings in Direct
Inoculation Screening of
Uromycladium tepperianum
for
Falcataria moluccana
Disease Tolerant
Asri Insiana Putri1, Liliana Baskorowati1, Nurhidayati1, Toni Herawan1, Siti Husna Nurrohmah1
1Center of Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Research, Jl. Palagan Tentara Pelajar Km. 15,
Purwobinangun, Pakem, Sleman,Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55582, Corresponding E-Mail: asriip@yahoo.co.id
ABSTRACT
Effectively of direct inoculation screening of F. moluccana to gall rust disease tolerance in nursery needs to be proved in un-cultured pathogen like U. tepperianum. This technique requires accurate simulation of natural environmental conditions for disease infection to host target. The aim of this study is to observed effect of filter clear poly bag cover in direct inoculation screening of F. moluccana by fresh U. tepperianum spores as inoculums. Three months old of F. moluccana seedlings were used as host target. This research was designed as four groups of cases, seedlings with cover and non-cover, gall rust from 400 m asl and from 800 m asl altitudes sites. Each group comprises three families with 10 individual seedlings as replication. There were significant differences in percentage of galled formation at all treatments among family 1 and total families, but no significant effect at family 2 and 3 on NC400 and NC800 treatments. The highest seedlings percentage of gall rust formation (94.2480 % ± 1.97468) was in Family 2 with source of inoculums from 400 m asl. U. tepperianum spores from lower altitude site source can more able to formed gall rust than the higher altitude site.
Keywords: F. moluccana, U. tepperianum, gall rust, filter paper, direct inoculation, screening
1. INTRODUCTION
Use of disease tolerant/resistant plants is the ideal method to manage plant diseases, if plants of satisfactory quality and adapted to the growing region with adequate levels of durable tolerance are available. The use of disease tolerance plants eliminates the need for additional efforts to reduce disease losses unless other diseases are additionally present. Tolerant plants are usually derived by standard breeding procedures of screening (Fry, 1982; Arneson, 2001; Maloy, 2005).
gall-forming rust give rise to pycnia, recognized as small brown pustule which breaks through the epidermis. The typical symptom of gall rust disease on the seedlings is the bending of the stem or shoot, either with or without the formation of a dark red necrotic lesion (Rahayu, 2007).
Symptoms of the disease begins with local swelling (tumefaksi) in the affected part of the plant (leaves, branches and stems), further swelling turned into lumps which then became a small pimple or called gall. Arising galls have varied from round to form irregular diameters ranging from a few millimeters to greater than 10 cm. The galls can be grouped or spread on the affected areas. Young gall green light brownish covered by a layer of powdery slightly reddish color which is a collection of spores. Old gall reddish brown to black, usually the gall is porous or perforated, and is used as a nest of ants and other insects. When the diseased section of the petiole compound or canopy, that part a little bent because of thickening and swelling, then roll up the canopy leaves change shape (malformations) no longer leaves. If the plants have severe attacks, then the whole plant is filled by the gall, then the leaves dry up experiencing hair loss, followed by the trunk and branches of trees and plants eventually die (Anggraeni, 2008).
The germplasm screening methods can be classified into (i) direct intact or live plants, (ii) direct detached plant organs, and (iii) indirect approaches (Steadman et al., 1997; Olivier et al., 2008). Excised common inoculation of F. moluccana has been performed on direct inoculation using fresh gall rust spores suspensions (Morris, 1987; Kull et al., 2003). Effective screening for disease resistance requires accurate simulation of natural environmental conditions where plants are exposed to the inoculums (Porta-Puglia & Aragona, 1997). Optimum inoculation and incubation conditions should be established so that susceptible and resistant genotypes can be easily differentiated (Infantino et al., 2006).
Limited availability of space is often the major constraint to screening in environment control. Disease evaluation in controlled conditions is often used to identify resistant breeding material during non-crop periods, but may also be used to confirm the reaction of tolerant/resistant genotypes identified in the field or for characterization of pathogen variability (Infantino et al., 2006). Screening in the greenhouse or nursery without plastic cover allows challenging inoculums in interaction with other phytopathogenic organisms. Even though a major problem using plastic covers are high moisture, low respiration and the opportunity for cross-contamination via the wet surface (Narciso, 2008).
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
2.1 Seedlings and gall rust spores material
Sengon seeds were collected from Wamena, Papua. Seedlings direct inoculations were observed in tissue culture nursery, Center of Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement at Kaliurang, Yogyakarta (7035’50.44” SL and 110025’35.54” EL), 800 m asl. altitude, 21 0C daily average temperature, 85 % daily humidity, 28-9200 lux daily light and daily win speed 0-0.4 m/s. Gall rust as U. tepperianum as spores source collected from 2 site of sengon society forest, Kaliurang, Yogyakarta (7035’50.44” SL and 110025’35.54” EL), 800 m asl, altitude and Tridadi,
Yogyakarta (7041’83.28” SL and 110021’97.82” EL) 800 m asl. Research activities were observed from 2012 until 2014.
2.2 Filtered nursery direct inoculation
Direct inoculation in this research was based on Morris (1987) and Kull et al. (2003) method with some modifications. Fresh spores were inoculated directly into all parts of healthy 3 months old seedling, two times for a week. Concentration of spores predetermined by
