Slide SIF 311 km2 Nature of knowledge

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Chapter 2

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Becerra-Fernandez, et al. -- Knowledge Management 1/e --

Chapter Objectives

•Understand the difference between

knowledge, data, and information

•Explain the alternative views of

knowledge

•_{Understand the different types of}

knowledge

•_{Recognize the various locations of}

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What is Data?

•Data comprises facts, observations, or

perceptions

•Data represents raw numbers or

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What is Information?

•Information is processed data

•_{Information is a subset of data, only}

including those data that possess context, relevance and purpose

•_{Information involves manipulation of raw}

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What is Knowledge?

•A justified true belief (Nonaka and

Takeuchi)

•It is different from data & information

•Knowledge is at the highest level in a

hierarchy with information at the middle level, and data to be at the lowest level

•_{It is the richest, deepest & most valuable}

of the three

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Data, Information, and Knowledge

Information Data

Zero Low Medium High Very High

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Data, Information, and Knowledge:Example

H T H T T

Zero Low Medium High Very High

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Data, Information, Knowledge and Events

Kn owle

dge owle Kn dge

Information Data Information

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Subjective View of knowledge

•Knowledge as State of Mind

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Objective View of knowledge

•Knowledge as Objects

▫Can be stored, transferred, and manipulated

•Knowledge as Access to Information

▫Enabling access and utilization of information

•Knowledge as Capability

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Types of Knowledge

•Individual, social, causal, conditional,

relational and pragmatic

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Procedural and Declarative Knowledge

•Declarative knowledge (substantive

knowledge) focuses on beliefs about relationships among variables

•_{Procedural knowledge focuses on beliefs}

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Tacit and Explicit Knowledge

•Tacit knowledge includes insights,

intuitions, and hunches

•Explicit knowledge refers to knowledge

that has been expressed into words and numbers

•We can convert explicit knowledge to tacit

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General and Specific

Knowledge

•General knowledge is possessed by a

large number of individuals and can be transferred easily across individuals

•_{Specific knowledge, or “idiosyncratic}

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Technically and Contextually Specific

Knowledge

•Technically specific knowledge is deep

knowledge about a specific area

•Contextually specific knowledge

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Knowledge and Expertise

•Expertise can be defined as knowledge of

higher quality

•An “expert” is one who is able to perform

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Types of Expertise

•Associational Expertise

•_{Motor Skills Expertise}

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Types of Knowledge

• Simple knowledge focuses on one basic area

• Complex knowledge draws upon multiple distinct areas of expertise

• Support knowledge relates to organizational infrastructure and facilitates day-to-day

operations

• Tactical knowledge pertains to the short-term positioning of the organization relative to its markets, competitors, and suppliers

• Strategic knowledge pertains to the long-term positioning of the organization in terms of its

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Organizational Entities People

Knowledge Reservoirs

Groups

Individuals Organizational Units

Inter-organizational Networks

Organizations

Artifacts

Practices Technologies Repositories

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Characteristics of Knowledge

•Explicitness

•_{Codifiability}

•_Teachability

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Conclusions

•Knowledge is different from data &

information

•Knowledge in an area can be defined as

justified beliefs about relationships among concepts relevant to that particular area

•Knowledge can be of different types

•_{Knowledge has several characteristics}

•_{Knowledge resides is several different}

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