RELEASE Trends in Public Perception of Corruption in Indonesia 10 Dec 2018 eng

(1)

Jl. Cikini V No. 15A, Menteng – Jakarta Pusat Telp: (021) 31927996/98, Fax: (021) 3143867

Website: www.lsi.or.id, Email: [email protected]

Survey period

(2)

• The National Strategy for Corruption Prevention (Stranas PK) has been

announced. Based on Presidential Regulation No. 54 of 2018 signed by

President Joko Widodo on July 20, 2018, the National Strategy for PK is intended

to strengthen the government's efforts to prevent corruption from upstream

and have a broad impact on public life.

• In the National Strategy Committee, there are three focuses of synergy in the

context of preventing corruption, namely licensing and trade systems, state

finance, and law enforcement and bureaucratic reform.

• Although the National Strategy for the PK was only announced, efforts to

eradicate corruption have been going on since the beginning of the reform.

Therefore, it becomes a question about the extent to which corruption

eradication performance is known and evaluated by the public in general. Then,

how do people assess the performance of various institutions, especially the

KPK, in combating corruption. Furthermore, how is the attitude of society

towards corruption and how community participation in eradicating, or vice

versa, contributes to corruption.

Introduction

2

(3)

• To be able to answer these questions, a public opinion survey on anti-corruption

was carried out. The survey can be one measure of the success of eradicating

corruption in Indonesia according to the general public. In addition, surveys

have been conducted for three consecutive years, namely 2016, 2017 and 2018

so that the trend of public opinion on anti-corruption is obtained.

• Because the population of this survey is the general public, the type of

corruption that is asked more about experience is petty corruption. In the

Stranas PK, the experience of corruption is related to law enforcement and

bureaucratic reform.

• The results of this survey are used as one of the ingredients to make a more

effective anti-corruption strategy for the wider community.

Introduction

(4)

• The population of this survey was all Indonesian citizens who were 19 years older

when the survey was conducted.

• The number of samples were 2.000 respondents, with multi-stage random sampling

method, and margin of error (MoE) of

±

2.2% - assuming simple random sampling -

at 95 percent confidence level.

• Additional 380 respondents (over sample) were randomly selected in each of six

provinces namely Aceh, North Sumatera, Riau, Banten, East Java, and North Maluku.

The margin of error of this oversampled provinces were predicted

±

5.1% at 95%

confidence level.

• Selected respondents were interviewed face-to-face by trained interviewers, one

interviewer for one village which consists of 10 respondents.

• Quality control of interview result was done randomly to 20% from total samples by

supervisor by re-checking the selected respondents (spot check), to 10% from total

enumerators in 80 PSU by supervised the interview process, and to 10% of total

samples by called them back. In these quality control, no significant error found.

Method

4

(5)

Note

• In this report, trend data will be displayed from the results of the 2016 and 2017

surveys. Both of these results were obtained from surveys conducted by

institutions other than LSI, namely CSIS (2016) and Polling Center (2017).

• This presentation will cover the result of the national survey and its trends, and

not yet cover the oversample data.

(6)

Population of villages (Desa/Kelurahan)

in the national level

Villages in the province were randomly and

proportionally selected

2 households (KK) were randomly selected

from each neighborhoods

1 respondent was randomly selected from

each household, male or female

Vil 1 … Vil n

Prov 1

Vil 1 … Vil m

Prov k

…

RT1 RT2 RT3 …. RT5

HH1 HH2

Male Female

5 neighborhoods (RT) were randomly selected

from each village

Flow chart of sample selection

(7)

(8)

Comparison of Demographic Profile of LSI Sample

and Population from BPS

8 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

Sample Population

Male

50,1

Java

41,5

40,2

Female

49,9

Sunda

16,2

15,5

Betawi

3,2

2,9

Rural

49,5

50,2

Minang

2,9

2,7

Urban

50,5

49,8

Bugis

3,0

2,7

Madura

3,2

3,0

Islam

89,1

87,5

Batak

3,4

3,6

Protestan/Katolik

9,1

9,9

Other

26,6

29,4

Other

1,8

2,6

ETHNICITY

GENDER

RURAL-URBAN

(9)

National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

Comparison of Demographic Profile of LSI Sample and

Population from BPS

CATEGORY SAMPLE POPULATION CATEGORY SAMPLE POPULATION

Aceh 2,0 1,9 NTB 2,0 1,9

North Sumatera 5,5 5,5 NTT 2,0 2,0

West Sumatera 2,0 2,0 West Kalimantan 2,0 1,8

Riau 2,0 2,3 Central Kalimantan 1,0 0,9

Jambi 1,5 1,3 South Kalimantan 1,5 1,5

South Sumatera 3,0 3,1 East Kalimantan 1,5 1,3

Bengkulu 0,5 0,7 North Sulawesi 1,0 1,0

Lampung 3,0 3,2 Central Sulawesi 1,0 1,1

Bangka Belitung 0,5 0,5 South Sulawesi 3,5 3,4

Riau Islands 0,5 0,7 South East Sulawesi 1,0 0,9

DKI Jakarta 4,0 4,0 Gorontalo 0,5 0,4

West Java 18,0 18,1 West Sulawesi 0,5 0,5

Central Java 13,5 13,6 Maluku 0,5 0,6

DI Yogyakarta 1,5 1,5 North Maluku 0,5 0,4

East Java 16,5 15,8 Papua 1,0 1,2

Banten 4,0 4,5 West Papua 0,5 0,3

Bali 1,5 1,6 North Kalimantan 0,5 0,2

(10)

(11)

V_11. In the past year, how is the performance of government of President Jokowi in working to

overcome the following problems now compared to last year.?

… (%)

Government Performance

National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

Government performance is considered very good in infrastructure and services to the community. However, in preventing corruption and enforcing the law against perpetrators of corruption still

need to be improved.

34

Making prices for basic necessities to be affordable to the general public Prevent corruption Uphold the law against perpetrators of corruption Responding to public complaints regarding public services Providing public transportation facilities Making schools and colleges affordable for citizens Build trans / cross roads between provinces outside Java Building toll roads outside Java Build a power plant Make the health service in the puskesmas / hospital affordable for the

general public

Build public roads

(12)

Findings



Government performance is considered very good in infrastructure and

services to the community. However, in preventing corruption and enforcing

the law against perpetrators of corruption still need to be improved.

12

(13)

(14)

V_32. In the past two years, how do you think the level of corruption in Indonesia today, whether it

increases, decreases, or does not change? ... (%)

Corruption Rate in the Last Two Years

14 Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

The majority of respondents rate the level of corruption increases.

52

21

24

3

0 20 40 60 80 100

(15)

V_32. In the past two years, how do you think the level of corruption in Indonesia today, whether it

increases, decreases, or does not change? ... (%)

Trends in Corruption Rate

Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

The majority of respondents rate the level of corruption increases. But compared to the corruption trend in the past two years, the perception of corruption has declined. On the contrary, citizens who assessed the level of

corruption declined or did not experience more changes.

1 ₀ 3

Tahun 2016 Tahun 2017 Tahun 2018

DK/NA

Not change

Decreasing

(16)

V_68. Do you know that the following institutions are taking steps to eradicate corruption? If yes, has the activity been effective? ... (%)

Knowledge of the Steps to Eradicate Corruption

and Its Effectiveness in Various Institutions

58 Republic of Indonesia Ombudsman (ORI) Muhammadiyah Non-Governmental Organizations / Community Organizations Financial Supervisory Agency and BPKP Development Ministry / institution

House of Representatives (DPR) / Regional People's Representative…Mass media

Supreme Court Local government Court attorney General's Office Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) Police President Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)

AWARE Effective (from them who AWARE)

16 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

(17)

Findings



The majority of citizens consider the level of corruption to increase. But

compared to the corruption trend in the past two years, the perception of

corruption has declined. On the contrary, citizens who assessed the level of

corruption declined or did not experience more changes.



The KPK is the most widely known (81%) as institutions that carry out

corruption eradication measures and most are considered effective in doing so

(85%) of those who know it. Other institutions have begun to find out their

efforts to tackle corruption even though there are not yet very many people

who know.



Knowledge and assessment of citizens towards KPK's corruption eradication

steps and various institutions that are beginning to be felt contribute to a

decrease in the level of corruption perceived by citizens.

(18)

(19)

V_66A. In your opinion, is Central Government serious enough to fight corruption? ... (%)

Perception Trend on the Seriousness of the

Central Government Against Corruption

National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

8 12

24 19

68 69

0 20 40 60 80 100

2017

2018

DK/NA Not serious + Very not serious Very serious + Serious

(20)

V_66A-V_66C.

In your opinion, is …. Government serious enough to fight corruption? ...

(%)

The Government's Seriousness Against Corruption

62 63

69

20 20

19

18 17

12

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

District/Municipality Provincial Central

Very serious + Serious Not serious + Very not serious DK/NA

20 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

(21)

V_27. According to you, how widespread is the practice of corruption and bribery spread in the government ...? "There is no / almost no one who is corrupt or accepts bribes", "There are a small

number local government officials who are corrupt or accept bribes", "There are lots of local officials who commit corruption or accept bribes", or "All / almost all local government officials are corrupt or

accept bribes ”?...(%) one who is corrupt or

accepts bribes

There are a small number of employees / local government officials who

are corrupt or accept bribes

There are lots of local officials who commit corruption or accept

bribes

All / almost all local government officials are corrupt or accept bribes

DK/NA

Central Province District Sub-district Kelurahan/village

Spread of Practice of Corruption and Bribery in Government

National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

(22)

Findings



The majority of citizens consider the central government serious / very serious

against corruption, relatively the same as last year.



The Central Government is at most assessed Serious / very serious (69%) in

fighting corruption, only then the provincial government (63%), and the

District / City Government (62%).



The practice of corruption is valued more broadly at higher levels of

government. On the contrary, the closer the level of government to citizens,

the more judged to be cleaner than corruption.



This shows that corruption is considered a practice that is far from the citizens,

only at the center.

22

(23)

(24)

V_30. In your opinion, is it normal or unnatural for Indonesian people to give something like: money,

goods, entertainment, gifts outside the requirement/rules to expedite the process or as a form of

gratitude when dealing with government agencies?... (%)

Opinion about Bribery and Gratification

3 63

34

0 20 40 60 80 100

Acceptable

Unacceptable

DK/NA

Acceptable

Unacceptable

DK/NA

24 Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

Mayoritas warga, 63%, menilai pemberian uang atau hadiah ketika berhubungan dengan instansi pemerintah adalah tindakan yang tidak wajar. Yang menjawab wajar 34%, dan tidak tahu 3%. Dibanding tahun lalu toleransi

(25)

V_30. In your opinion, is it normal or unnatural for Indonesian people to give something like: money,

goods, entertainment, gifts outside the requirement/rules to expedite the process or as a form of

gratitude when dealing with government agencies?... (%)

Trends in Opinion about Bribery and

Gratification

30 ₂₆

34

69

63

1

5

3

0 20 40 60 80 100

2016

2017

2018

Acceptable

Unacceptable

DK/NA

Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

Mayoritas warga, 63%, menilai pemberian uang atau hadiah ketika berhubungan dengan instansi pemerintah adalah tindakan yang tidak wajar. Yang menjawab wajar 34%, dan tidak tahu 3%. Dibanding tahun lalu toleransi

(26)

V_31. What is your opinion about the use of personal relationships (through acquaintances or family)

to expedite the process of managing an interest? It is…

... (%)

Trends in Opinion about Collusion

26 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

The majority of citizens, 55%, argue that collusion is a negative act (12% crime + 43% unethical). While around 39% of citizens considered collusion was not a negative action (9% of actions that needed to be done

+ 30% were normal).

(27)

V_28. Are you or someone you know personally, have witnessed the practice of corruption or bribery

by a government employee or state official for the past year?

… (%)

4 6

I have never seen it myself, but someone I know

personally witnessed it

I and someone I know personally

have never witnessed it

Don't understand the question

Do not know Refuse to answer

Witness of Corruption Practices

National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

The majority of respondents (75%) claimed themselves and those who were known personally no one had witnessed the practice of corruption or bribery by a government employee or state apparatus in the past year. About 4% claimed to have witnessed it themselves, and 6% said that other people he knew had witnessed corrupt

(28)

V_29. If YES: Do you personally witness or you were told by family members or close friends who

personally witness it.

(answers can be more than one)

Base: Respondent who answers “YES”

… cont’d: Witness of Corruption Practices

28 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

Of the total 10% of citizens who know there is corruption, 40% of them witness themselves, 25% are told by family members, and 36% are told

by friends.

Witness it myself Told by family member who

(29)

Findings



The majority of citizens, 63%, consider giving money or gifts when dealing with

government agencies is an unnatural act. The answer is 34% reasonable, and does

not know 3%. Compared to last year, tolerance for bribery and gratification tended

to rise.



The majority of citizens, 55%, argue that collusion is a negative act (12% crime +

43% unethical). While around 39% of citizens considered collusion was not a

negative action (9% of actions that needed to be done + 30% were normal).



The majority of respondents (75%) claimed themselves and those who were known

personally no one had witnessed the practice of corruption or bribery by a

government employee or state apparatus in the past year. About 4% claimed to

have witnessed it themselves, and 6% said that other people he knew had

witnessed corrupt practices.



Of the total 10% of citizens who know there is corruption, 40% of them witness

themselves, 25% are told by family members, and 36% are told by friends

29

(30)

(31)

V_36. In the past 1 year, have you ever contacted government officials in the matter below? (Read A-I) ... (%) V_37. IF HAVE BEEN in contact with government employees, Have you ever been asked to give a gift / money to get the

services you need other than the official fee? ... (%)

V_40. IF HAVE BEEN in contact with government employees, Have you ever given gifts / money to get services that you needed without being asked by a government employee? ... (%)

Citizen Interaction with Government Employees and the

Probability of Extortion and Gratification

National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

Citizens mostly deal with government employees to obtain health services, administer administrative supplies, deal with public schools, and deal with the police. The probability of being asked for money outside the official costs is greatest

when dealing with the police.

25.7

Dealing with the court Looking for work in government agencies Dealing with the State University Dealing with the police Dealing with the administration department or the

teacher in a public school

Take care of administrative completeness (KTP, KK, Birth Certificate)

To obtain health services

Have been in contact with government employees

(32)

V_36. In the past 1 year, have you ever contacted government officials in the matter below? (Read A-I) ... (%) V_37. IF HAVE BEEN in contact with government employees, Have you ever been asked to give a gift / money to get the

services you need other than the official fee? ... (%)

V_40. IF HAVE BEEN in contact with government employees, Have you ever given gifts / money to get services that you needed without being asked by a government employee? ... (%)

Citizen Interaction with Government Employees and the

Probability of Extortion and Gratification

32 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

Citizens mostly deal with government employees to obtain health services, administer administrative supplies, deal with public schools, and deal with the police. the probability of giving money outside official fees without being asked the

most when arranging administrative completeness and dealing with the police.

3

Dealing with the court Looking for work in government agencies Dealing with the State University Dealing with the police Dealing with the administration department or the

teacher in a public school

Take care of administrative completeness (KTP, KK, Birth Certificate)

To obtain health services

Have been in contact with government employees

(33)

V_36. In the past 1 year, have you ever contacted government officials in the matter below? (Read A-I) ...

Interaction and Probability / Gratification when Obtaining

Health Services

V_37. IF HAVE BEEN in contact with government employees, Have you ever been asked to give a gift / money

to get the services you need other than the official fee? ... (%)

V_40. IF HAVE BEEN in contact with government employees, Have you ever given gifts / money to get services that you needed without being

asked by a government employee? ... (%)

Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

YES

(34)

Interaction and Probability / Gratification when Managing

Completeness of Public Administration (KTP, KK, Akta Kelahiran)

34 Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

YES

(35)

Interaction and Probability / Gratification when Relating to

Public Schools

Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

YES

(36)

Interactions and Probabilities of Bribery / Gratification when

dealing with the Police

36 Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

YES

(37)

Interaction and Probability / Gratification when dealing with

State Universities

Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

YES

(38)

Interaction and Probability / Gratification when Seeking

Work in Government Institutions (PNS)

38 Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

YES

As many as 5% of citizens have dealt with officers when looking for work in government institutions. Among those who had contact, 19% had been asked for money / gifts outside official fees, and 7% had given money

(39)

Interactions and Probabilities of Bribery / Gratification when

dealing with Courts

Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

YES

(40)

V_41. [Specifically for respondents who answered "have given" a gift / money when asked for one of the response between No. 38 A-I]. Earlier you answered that you gave gifts / money when asked to get the

services you need outside of official fees. What are the main reasons for giving gifts / money? ... (%)

(Answers can be more than one)

Reason to Give Money after Being Requested

0 I am not comfortable refusing because I know the officer The amount requested is not much I consider it as alms to the officer As far as I know, officers are used to asking and ordinary citizens give I was worried that my business would be complicated if I did not give the requested money So that my business will be finished quickly

40 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

(41)

V_44. [Specifically for respondents who answered "YES" to one of number 40 A-I]. Earlier you answered that you or your family had given a gift / money to get the services you need without being asked by government employees. What are the main reasons you give gifts / money to get services that you need without being asked

by government employees? ... (%) (Answers can be more than one)

Reasons for Giving Money without Being Asked

1

10 14 3

14

29 30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

RA DK Others My family or I have often heard that the agency is unfacilitating if you don't give

money

I or family are used to doing it No problem giving almsgiving to the officer who helped me So that the services that I or my family need can be administered faster

National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

(42)

Findings



Citizens mostly deal with government employees to obtain health services,

administer public administration facilities, deal with public schools, and deal with

the police. The probability of being asked for money outside the official costs is

greatest when dealing with the police. Whereas the probability of giving money

outside official fees without being asked the most when handling administrative

requirements and dealing with the police.



The reason for the majority of respondents who have given gifts / money when

asked is that the business be completed quickly (61%).



The reason for the majority of respondents who have given gifts / money without

being asked is that the required service be completed quickly (30%), then consider

the gift to be a rizki for assisting officers (29%).

42

(43)

(44)

V_67. In your opinion, who is responsible for dealing with the problem of corruption in Indonesia? ... (%)

(PROBING MAXIMUM THREE ANSWERS)

The Most Responsible Agency to Combat Corruption

44 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

The KPK is considered the most responsible for dealing with corruption (75%), then Police 29%, President 28%, BPK 17%, Attorney General's Office 10%, and Society 10%.

15 Republic of Indonesia Ombudsman (ORI) political parties Mass media Non-Governmental Organizations / Community Organizations Ministry / institution Myself Local government Supreme Court House of Representatives (DPR) Society attorney General's Office Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) President Police Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)

2018

(45)

V_82. How trustful are you with the institutions below? ... (%)

Level of Trust in State Institutions (1)

69 Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) Local government Indonesian Religious Leader Police President Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)

Strongly trust + Trust Distrust + Strongly distrust DK/RA

National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

The highest level of trust in the KPK (85%), then the President 84%, Police 75%, MUI 73%, Local Government 73%, NU 71%, BPK 70%, Courts 70%, and Ministry 70%, level of trust in other Institutions

(46)

V_82. How trustful are you with the institutions below? ... (%)

Level of Trust in State Institutions (2)

48

Republic of Indonesia Ombudsman (ORI) political parties Private companies DPR / DPRD Mass media Non-Governmental Organizations / Community Organizations Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP) Muhammadiyah Bawaslu attorney General's Office KPU

Strongly trust + Trust Distrust + Strongly distrust DK/RA

46 National Survey: Anti-Corruption, Oct '18

The highest level of trust in the KPK (85%), then the President 84%, Police 75%, MUI 73%, Local Government 73%, NU 71%, BPK 70%, Courts 70%, and Ministry 70%, level of trust in other Institutions

(47)

Findings



The highest level of trust in the KPK (85%), then the President 84%, Police

75%, MUI 73%, Local Government 73%, NU 71%, BPK 70%, Courts 70%, and

Ministry 70%, level of trust in other Institutions below 70%.

(48)

(49)

Perception of Corruption Levels and Perception of

Bribery / Gratification based on Socio-Demography

Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

Increasing Decreasing Not change DK/NA Acceptable Unacceptable DK/NA

Male 50,1 48,5 25,2 24,0 2,3 32,1 66,1 1,8

Female 49,9 55,4 16,3 24,8 3,6 35,6 60,0 4,4

19-25 year-old 8,2 57,2 16,1 25,2 1,6 27,6 71,1 1,3

26-40 year-old 32,3 55,2 19,4 24,1 1,3 32,0 65,6 2,4

41-55 year-old 38,1 51,4 21,6 23,8 3,2 33,4 63,9 2,7

>55 year-old 21,4 46,0 22,9 25,5 5,6 39,7 54,5 5,8

SEX

BASE PERCEPTION IN LEVEL OF CORRUPTION TOLERANCE OF EXTORTION/GRATIFICATION

AGE

The obvious pattern is that higher education and income increasingly assess corruption as unacceptable. However, higher education groups tend to be lower in perceptions of corruption.

Perception of corruption tends to be higher in women's groups, younger groups of citizens, Muslim, Sundanese and Betawi ethnicity, working as civil servants / BUMN / BUMD employees, living in urban areas, DKI + Banten and West Java. This perception is not always in line with the assessment of fairness / improper bribery / gratuity.

(50)

50 Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

Perception of Corruption Levels and Perception of

Bribery / Gratification based on Socio-Demography

Islam 89,1 53,5 19,1 24,3 3,1 35,0 61,8 3,2

Katolik/Protestan 9,1 43,5 28,6 26,5 1,4 25,4 73,8 0,7

Lainnya 1,8 14,9 63,0 19,2 2,8 18,3 70,4 11,3

Jawa 41,5 52,1 23,4 22,0 2,6 32,5 64,0 3,5

Sunda 16,2 62,2 13,2 21,5 3,1 49,3 48,9 1,7

Betawi 3,2 64,3 9,6 22,4 3,7 37,8 62,2 0,0

Minang 2,9 58,3 16,2 23,7 1,9 16,3 81,3 2,4

Bugis 3,0 51,6 16,6 30,1 1,7 17,4 80,8 1,7

Madura 3,2 41,8 12,6 37,5 8,1 30,4 62,4 7,2

Batak 3,4 48,5 23,5 24,3 3,7 24,5 68,9 6,5

Lainnya 26,7 45,1 24,1 28,0 2,9 31,4 65,6 3,0

ETHNICITY RELIGION

(51)

Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

Perception of Corruption Levels and Perception of

Bribery / Gratification based on Socio-Demography

<= Elementary 41,7 45,7 21,4 27,3 5,6 42,1 52,4 5,5

Junior High School 19,2 51,5 20,9 26,3 1,3 34,0 64,1 1,9

Senior High School 28,4 60,8 18,1 20,0 1,0 25,9 72,9 1,1

Higher Education 10,6 53,2 24,9 21,3 0,6 22,0 76,6 1,4

< 1 million 22,4 50,0 19,2 25,4 5,3 41,8 52,6 5,7

1 - 2.9 million 52,7 51,6 21,4 24,3 2,7 33,9 63,3 2,8

>2.9 million 24,9 54,4 20,7 23,6 1,3 26,5 71,9 1,6

PNS/Pegawai BUMN/BUMD 3,7 59,1 27,3 13,2 0,4 22,3 75,0 2,8

Wiraswasta/pedagang 19,7 49,1 25,0 24,2 1,7 30,7 66,6 2,7

Pegawai/buruh swasta 17,3 52,3 22,9 22,0 2,8 31,8 66,2 2,1

Petani/peternak 19,1 41,9 25,6 28,6 3,9 36,8 58,9 4,4

Lainnya 40,3 57,3 14,8 24,5 3,4 35,9 60,9 3,2

EXPENDITURE

JOB EDUCATION

(52)

52 Surnas Anti-Korupsi Okt '18

Perception of Corruption Levels and Perception of

Bribery / Gratification based on Socio-Demography

RURAL 49,5 47,3 22,3 26,1 4,3 37,0 58,4 4,6

URBAN 50,5 56,5 19,2 22,7 1,6 30,7 67,6 1,7

Sumatera 20,5 53,1 19,2 25,4 2,4 30,9 65,1 4,0

DKI+Banten 8,0 55,5 14,8 27,3 2,4 36,7 62,5 0,8

Jawa Barat 18,0 65,9 10,3 20,3 3,5 48,1 50,3 1,6

Jateng+DIY 15,0 44,8 32,1 20,5 2,6 34,0 63,7 2,3

Jatim 16,5 53,1 16,4 26,3 4,2 32,0 62,5 5,5

Tengah (Kalimantan+Bali+Nusa

Tenggara) 12,0 39,6 29,2 28,8 2,5 25,4 71,3 3,3 Timur (Sulawesi, Maluku,

Papua) 10,0 45,2 27,4 24,8 2,6 24,8 72,2 3,0

AREA RURAL-URBAN

(53)

(54)

Conclusion

Perception of the level of corruption and assessment of government

performance in combating corruption and the level of corruption

• At present the majority of citizens consider that the level of corruption has

increased (52%). However, compared to the corruption trend in the past two

years, the perception of corruption declined, from 70% in 2016 to 52% this

year.



This condition is related to people's knowledge that currently the existing

institutions have taken steps to eradicate corruption and these measures are

considered effective, even in varying degrees. The Corruption Eradication

Commission (KPK) is considered as the institution that has taken the most

steps to eradicate corruption and has a high effectiveness.

54

(55)

Conclusion



The majority of citizens now also consider the government serious about

fighting corruption, especially the central government. In the past year, this

perception has remained relatively unchanged.



However, perceptions of the level of corruption differ from the central,

provincial, district / city, sub-district and village / kelurahan governments. In

general, citizens consider corruption to be highest in the central government,

then decline to the least corruption at the village / kelurahan level. That is, the

farther away from citizens, the more perceived corruption. On the contrary,

the closer the people are, the more perceptions are not corrupt.



Government performance is considered very good in infrastructure and

services to the community. However, in preventing corruption and enforcing

the law against perpetrators of corruption still need to be improved.

(56)

Conclusion

Corruption as experienced and perceived by citizens

• At present, the majority of citizens consider bribery and gratuity to be

something that is not fair. However, in the past two years, those who

considered "unnatural" tended to fall, while those who considered

"reasonable" tended to increase.

• Regarding collusion, more people judge it as "unethical" and only a few judge

it as a "crime". Besides that, there are quite a lot of people who judge it as

"normal"

• When asked about the experience of witnessing corruption, very few people

have witnessed corruption directly. Likewise told by close people who have

witnessed, very little. The majority claimed that he and his close people had

never witnessed corruption directly.

56

(57)

Conclusion



However, actually quite experienced citizens dealing with government

employees in various public services and in such relations are also involved in

extortion and gratification with varying degrees.



This again shows that corruption is still understood as something happening at

the center, involving only large cases. While bribery or gratification

experienced in relations with government employees is considered not

corruption.



Citizens are most in touch with government employees to obtain health

services, then administer complete public administration, deal with employees

or teachers in public schools, and deal with police. Then, fewer people were

associated with the state campus, looking for work as civil servants, and

dealing with the court.

(58)

Conclusion



In these matters, the probability of citizens being asked for money / gifts

outside official fees is when dealing with the police and the court. In public

services, the probability of citizens being asked for money / prizes outside of

official fees is when managing public administration completeness (KTP, KK,

Birth Certificate). In addition, when looking for work in a government

institution (as a civil servant), the probability is also high even though only a

few are dealing.



Furthermore, citizens can also give money / gifts outside the official provisions

even without being asked when dealing with government employees. The

probability of citizens giving without being asked is greatest when managing

public administration and dealing with the police.



Citizens who gave money in these matters, both when asked and without

being asked, gave the most so that their affairs would be completed quickly.

58

(59)

Conclusion

Erradicating Corruption



The majority of citizens considered the Corruption Eradication Commission

(KPK) as the most responsible institution to tackle corruption in Indonesia.



The KPK appears to be the foundation of the citizens to eradicate corruption.

The KPK is the most trusted institution today.

(60)

Jl. Cikini V No. 15A, Menteng – Jakarta Pusat Telp: (021) 31927996/98, Fax: (021) 3143867