Perencanaan dan Administrasi Lingkungan

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Perencanaan dan Administrasi

Lingkungan

By

Mukhtar Ahmad

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Goals

• Ahli dan pakar dalam penelitian perencanaan dan administrasi lingkungan dan pengembangannya; • Kompeten menyusun rencana lingkungan dalam

pembangunan, melaksanakannya, dan

menyelenggarakan administrasi lingkungan mulai dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan mau pun

pemantauan dan penyeliaannya.

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Agenda

• Introduction

• The Concept of Planning

• The Theory of Administration

• Environment Administration

• Environmental Planning

• Environmental Strategic Planning dan its administration

• Analysis of Environmental Planning and its administration

• Planning for Sustainable Development

• Methods and Procedures for Planning

• Strategic Planning and Action Plan

• Environment Planning Evaluation and its Administration

• Preparing and guiding implementation of planning

• Implementation of Planning and its administration

• Organization and Management

• Controlling: Monitoring, Evaluation, and Supervision

• Case Study of Environment Planning

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Evaluation and Mark

Lecture attendance 10% Assignment:

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Assignment

• Individual: 5 pages, A4, one space 5 references

Group team: 3 persons

10 pages, A4, one space 10 references

• Contents: Opening Substance Closing

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1. Introduction

*Scope: Ecology; Ecosystem; Environment; Administration; Strategic

Management, Strategic Planning.

* Objective of the Course:

Concept: Strategic or Conventional planning Approach: Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology Value System: Ecological efficiency,

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Scope and Concept

• Ecology

* interrelationship life and environment

* efficient resources utilization but conservation

• Ecosystem

• Environment and resources

• Planning: teleology; futurology, statistics.

* Administration: government, policy, effective

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Issues and Problems

Apakah keadaan pengelolaan lingkungan ciri keterbelakangan Apakah keadaan administrasi lingkungan merupakan sumber? Apakah sejarah selalu berulang dengan cara yang sama?

Apakah yang terjadi di Eropa juga akan berlaku di Indonesia? Kenapa perlu perencanaan lingkungan dan administrasinya? Mengapa suatu lingkungan digunakan tanpa perencanaan? Apakah arah pengelolaan lingkungan selama ini benar?

Benarkah perencanaan dan administrasi lingkungan kini?

Bagaimanakah memilih alternatif pengelolaan dan administrasi lingkungan?

Bagaimanakah suatu lingkungan yang krisis dan kritis dapat dipulihkan?

Bagaimanakah perencanaan dan administrasi lingkungan yang mantap itu?

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Administration Concept

• Process

• Policy

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Administration

• Administrare (L): ad = to; ministrare = serve

 to give service (Webster Dictionary). • The executive officials of government or

institution and their policy  conduct, direct. • The management of institutional affairs; the

executive parts of government serve any kind • Elements of administration: objective,

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POLICY

• One of the determinants of policies is

ideologies  its content of ideals and idea. • The ideology is viewed as a theory. It is

tested in regard to its logical consistency, the adequacy to reality of its ideas about facts

and about the causal relations between facts, and the significance and relevance of its

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Criteria and Function

Criteria:

• Rationality  common sense • Effectiveness 

• Efficiency Function:

• Policy formulation

• Regulation and supervision

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Administration: act & process

• Government Administration: the body direct • Public Administration: service to public

• State Administration:

• Development Administration: • Environment Administration

Coordination and Collaboration Organization/Bureaucracy

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Planning Administration

• Administrasi perencanaan adalah suatu mekanisme analisis, kegiatan dan proses pembentukan kebijaksanaan perencanaan, yang mencakup sistem perencanaan dan penganggaran.

Fungsi Administrasi Perencanaan • Administrasi program dan proyek • Administrasi mobilisasi dana

• Administrasi pembiayaan

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Environment Administration

Administration: accountable & responsible

* Related to authority, politic/policy, services

and government  process and act

Management: related to leadership,

decision, practices, and governance.

Policy: effectiveness of decision to support the execution of planning in order to

achieve the objective

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Environmental Planning

* Ecology: efficiency >< inefficient

Ratios between energy flow at different points along the food chain

Ecological development><maximum product

* Ecosystem: balance, equilibrium, stable

Ecosystem development><maximum protect

• Environment: health ><pollution, hazard

• Carrying capacity: threshold to destruct.

• Planning: efficiency and certainty nearby

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Ecological Development

Organism development

Environmental development

Organism & environmental relationship development

A process to develop the relationship between

organism (human, fauna, flora) and environmental to achieve ecological efficiency

Insight and detail consideration of the effect and Impact of development to the ecology.

In the process eco-technological principle is well consider.

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Eco-technology Concept

Sustainable development requires the implementation of appropriate environmentally-friendly technologies which are both efficient and adapted to local

conditions.

• Ecotechnology represents a new way of thinking about environmental conservation and restoration. Rather than simply abating threats and waiting for ecosystems to recover (in cases, something that might not ever happen if damage is too severe), it can actively manipulate specific life processes in a “green” manner to help speed up the process.

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Environmental Development

The ecosystem unit for management must include for every square meter of water at least 20 times an area or terrestrial

watershed.

Problem-based approach: pollution,

hazardous, deterioration  remedial, recovery, healing, conservation.

Value-based optimistic approach  ecological efficiency, ecosystem balance,

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Ecosystem Development

• _{Ecological succession parameters:} 1. It is an orderly process of community

development that involves changes in species

structure and community processes with time; it is reasonably directional and predictable.

2. It results from modification of the physical

environment by the community; succession is community controlled even though the physical environment determines the pattern, the rate of change, and often sets limits as to how far

development can go.

3. It culminates in a stabilized ecosystem in which maximum biomass and symbiotic function

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Environmental Development Planning

– Environmental Planning Development

– Environmental Development Planning

– Action Plan of Environmental Development

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What is planning?

• Suatu proses dalam usaha mencapai tujuan tertentu dengan efektif dan secara efisien. • Suatu kegiatan penyusunan rencana upaya

dalam mendayagunakan sumber-sumber yang terbatas secara efisien untuk

menghasilkan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan • Gambaran keadaan masa depan yang

hendak diwujudkan secara efektif dengan mengalokasikan sumber-sumber yang

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Planning Concept

Conventional Planning: Problem-based = berdasarkan masalah ditetapkan tujuan dan cara pemecahannya.

Strategic Planning: Value-based = berdasarkan suatu nilai.

Teleologi: (telos = ujung + logos = nalar): Mencari keterangan yang dapat membenarkan mengapa sesuatu hal terjadi

(Hull, 1974).

Metoda yang dipakai untuk pemecahan masalah sehari-hari secara praktis. Jika hendak mencapai suatu tujuan,

ditunjukkan dulu tujuan itu. Difikirkan secara rasional

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The Ideology of Planning

• The basic principle in the ideology of economic planning is that the state shall take an active,

indeed the decisive, role in the economy; by its own acts of investment and enterprise, and by its

various control – inducements and restrictions –

over the private sector, the state shall initiate, spur, and steer economic development. The public policy measures shall be rationally coordinated, and the coordination be made explicit in an over-all plan for a specified number of years ahead.

• In all its manifestation is essentially rationalist in approach and interventionist in conclusions.

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Ecological Planning

Methodology of ecological planning

• An ecological survey of the ecosystem

• Determine the possibilities of the milieu base on the ecological survey. Describe the various activities

envisaged (development and protection of the site). Each category is translated in terms of potentialities for the various possible uses.

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Why Plan?

• Maksimasi manfaat dan keuntungan bersih pembangunan ekonomi dengan perduli pada terjaminnya keberlanjutan mutu sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan sepanjang waktu.

1. Pemakaian sumberdaya terbarukan dalam

tingkat yang rendah atau sama dengan tingkat pembaruan sumberdaya alam tsb.

2. Optimalisasi efisiensi pendayagunaan

sumberdaya alam tidak terbarukan dengan

substitusi antara sumberdaya alam dan teknik 

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Planning Approach

• Planning from Above (PfA) * Centralized

* Decentralized * Autonomy

• Planning from Bottom (PfB) * Sectoral Planning

* Community-based Planning (Participatory) • Local Planning (LEP)

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Planning From Above

• Perencanaan pembangunan diatur dari atas dan bersifat sentralisasi.

• Berjalan dengan kerjasama antara modal asing dan pemerintah yang memihak pada kepentingan penanam modal dalam

industrialisasi.

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Planning From Bottom

• Bertujuan utama memenuhi kebutuhan semua lapisan penduduk.

• Mengandalkan sepenuhnya pada

sumberdaya alam dan keahlian setempat. • Semua surplus dikembalikan lagi ke

wilayah untuk mendiversifikasi ekonomi wilayah.

• Agropolitan development.

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Local or Regional Planning

• Perencanaan pembangunan ekonomi yang menekankan perlunya menciptakan

lapangan kerja bagi penduduk lokal dengan mendayagunakan lingkungan dan sumber daya (alam, insani, modal) setempat.

• Merupakan upaya bersama antara

masyarakat, pemerintah, dan sektor swasta dalam mendayagunakan ‘comperative

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The Type of Planning

• Business Planning

• Strategic Planning: * Environmental Planning * Development Planning * Ecological Planning

• Long-term Planning • Mid-term Planning

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Value System

• Materialistic  GDP and Growth • Physical Effect  Aesthetics

• Value and Utility  Benefit, Time/Future, Work, Discipline, Ecosystem orientation • Moral-Spiritual  Rohaniah

• Democratic and Civic  liberalism • Arts, Social, Politics, Religious,

Economics, Scientific Values

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Filsafat



Nilai



Produksi

Filsafat

Etika Epistemologi

Nilai Ilmu

Sikap Teknologi

Prilaku Rekayasa

Kegiatan Industri

Kerja Manajemen

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Wawasan: Environmental Vision

Ecosystem Development  Change and improvement impact

• 1. Ecological Efficiency

• _{2. Ecosystem Balance}

• _{3. Environmental Stability}

• 4. Environmental Carrying Capacity Vision: Penglihatan gambaran abstraksi

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Development Action Plan

• Action Plan

• Plan implementation

Institution (Political and Tradition) Organization

Personal

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Plan Implementation

• Planning Administration

• Implementation: Institution Strategy Policy

Program Action

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Planning Policy and Policy Planning

– Policy studies on planning – Environmental Policy

– Development Policy – Policy Implementation

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References

Bintoro Tjokroamidjojo. 1987. Manajemen Pembangunan. CV. Haji Masagung. Jakarta. 209p.

E.P. Odum. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology.. W.B. Saunders. J.G. Zielinski. 1968. On the Theory of Socialist Planning.

Oxford University Press. Ibadan (Nigeria). 170p

Jan Tinbergen. 1987. Rencana Pembangunan. UIPress. Jakarta. 239p.

John Glasson. 1977. Pengantar Perencanaan Regional. Terjemahan Paul Sitohang. LPFE-UI. Jakarta. 172p.

Siti Sutriah Nurzaman. 2002. Perencanaan Wilayah di Indone- sia pada masa sekitar krisis. Penerbit ITB. Bandung. 133p. W. Arthur Lewis. 1994. Perencanaan Pembangunan.

Dasar-dasar Kebijaksanaan Ekonomi. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta. 359p. ---. 1959. The Principles of Economic Planning.