ABSTRAKSI
Skripsi ini membahas tentang “huruf lam dan artinya dalam kitab ta’lim muta’allim”, objek penelitian adalah kitab ta’lim al-muta’allim, karena
didalamnya banyak mengandung huruf apalagi huruf lam, begitu pula karena banyaknya macam huruf lam sehingga sulit bagi siswa untuk membedakannya, terakhir karena banyaknya macam huruf lam menjadikan siswa tidak faham tentang arti atau makna huruf lam. Jadi dengan pelaksanaan penelitian ini, dapat membantu siswa dalam memahami kitab yang berbahasa Arab. Adapun rumusan masalah yang dijawab dalam penelitian ini yaitu: (1) apa makna huruf lam yang
ada dalam kitab ta’lim muta’allim (2) apafungsi huruf lam yang ada dalam kitab
ta’lim muta’allim.
Pada penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan ilmiyah yaitu penelitian kualitatif, dan teori yang digunakan adalah
ilmu nahwu dengan menggunakan sumber data yaitu kitab ta’lim muta’allim.
Hasil penelitian ini adalah dari 47 huruf lam yang ada dalam kitab
ta’lim muta’allim, peneliti menemukan data, sebagai berikut: pertama tentang
makna atau arti huruf lam: (1) lam “li al-milk” ada 6 tempat, (2) lam “li al-ikhtishosh” ada 9 tempat, (3) lam “li al-istihqoq” ad di 3 tempat, (4) lam “li
at-tabligh” ada di 4 tempat, (5) lam “li at-ta’lil atau as-sababiyah” ad adi 8 tempat,
(6) lam“li al-a’qibah”ada 5 tempat , (7) lam“al-jawab”ada di 1 tempat, (8) lam
“li i-ntihau al-gayah”ada di 1 tempat, (9) lam“li atta’lilatauas-sababiyah”ada
di 8 tempat, (10) lam “li at-taukid atau al-ibtida’” ada di 2 tempat. Sedangkan yang kedua tentang fungsi huruf lam yang ada dalam kitab ta’lim muta’allim,
sebagai berikut: (1) lam yang menunjukkan“amil al-jar”ada pada 36 tempat, (2)
5
.ﺎﲰرﺎﺣ ﻮﻴﻬﲡ ﺪﲪأ :ﺎﻴﻧ 2015
. .ﺔﻴﻣورﻮﺟﻷا بﺎﺘﻛ ﰱ ﺔﯩﻴﻓﻮﻜﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﳌا
ﻟﺎﻜﺒﻟا ةدﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﻪﻣﺪﻗ ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﺚﲝ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﺴﻗ ﰲ ﺎ دأ و ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ سﻮﻳرﻮ
ارﻮﺳ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊا ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﻴﺒﻣأ ﻦﻧﻮﺳ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ بادﻷا ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﺎ دأ و ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا –
.ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧوﺪﻧإ
ﺮﻈﻨﻟا رﺎﻃﻹا ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﻳ ى
ﻰﻔﻴﻜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻪﺟﺎﻬﻨﻣو .ﺔﻳﻮﺤﻨﻟا ﺦﻳر ﰱ
ﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺻﻼﳋاو .ﺔﻴﻣوﺮﺟﻷا بﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻩرﺪﺼﻣو .ﺔﺒﺘﻜﳌاو تﺮﺜﻛ :ﻲﻫو ﺚﺤ
ﺐﺼﻨﻟاو ﻊﻓﺮﻟا ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﰱ ةدﻮﺟﻮﳌا ﺔﻴﻣوﺮﺟﻷا بﺎﺘﻛ ﰱ ﺔﻴﻓﻮﻜﻟا ﺢﻣﻼﳌا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻣوﺮﺟﻷا بﺎﺘﻛ ﻚﻟﺬﻟو ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻩﺮﻛذ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟاو ﲎﺒﳌاو بﺮﻌﳌاو ﺾﻔﺧاو .ﰲﻮﻜﻟا ﻮﺤﻨﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ
.ﺔﻳﲑﺧ ﺎﻴﻟ :ﺎﺜﻟ 2007
. ."ةأﺮﳌا ﺮﻳﺮﲢ" ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﰱ ﲔﻣأ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻋ ةأﺮﳌا ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ
ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﺚﲝ ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﻢﺴﻗ ﰲ ﺎ دا و ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰲ سﻮﻳرﻮﻟﺎﻜﺒﻟا ةدﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﻪﻣﺪﻗ
ارﻮﺳ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊا ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﻴﺒﻣأ ﻦﻧﻮﺳ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ بادﻷا ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﺎ دا و ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا –
.ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧوﺪﻧإ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﺟﺎﻬﻨﻣو .ﺔﻴﺑدﻷا ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﰱ ﺮﻈﻨﻟا رﺎﻃﻹا ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﺗ
ا ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺎﻫرﺪﺼﻣو .ﺔﺒﺘﻜﳌاو ﻰﻔﻴﻜﻟا :ﻻوأ :ﻲﻫو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺻﻼﳋاو .ةأﺮﳌ
."ةاﺮﳌا ﺮﻳﺮﲢ" بﺎﺘﻛ ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ﻢﻈﻋا ﻦﻣو .ةاﺮﳌا ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﻦﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﻜﻔﳌا ﺪﺣأ ﻮﻫ ﲔﻣأ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﻦﺴﺴﳝ ﻻ ﻦﻬﻨﻣ ﲑﺜﻛو .ﺔﺌﻴﺳو ﺔﻣﻮﻠﻈﻣ ﲔﻣأ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﺮﺼﻋ ﰱ ةأﺮﳌا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ :ﺎﻴﻧ
ﺮﳌا ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ :ﺎﺜﻟ .ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟا ﲑﻏ ﺔﻴﺑﱰﻟا ﻦﻠﺒﻘﻳ ﺎﳕإو ﺔﺳرﺪﳌا ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﺼﻣ ﰱ ةأ
ارﺎ و ﻼﻴﻟ ﺔﺑﺮﺷﻷاو ﺔﻤﻌﻄﻟا مﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﺨﺟوز ﻒﻠﺧ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻩﺮﺼﻋ ﰱ ةأﺮﳌا نأ ﻰﻫو ﲔﻣأ .ﻩدﻻوأ ﻞﻤﲢو
ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ بﺎﺘﻛ ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟا ثﻮﺤﺒﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ نأ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﺖﻈﺣ ﻻ . ﺔﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ لوﻷا ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺎﳍوﺎﻨﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺐﻧاﻮﺟ ﺔﻴﺿﺎﳌا ثاﺪﳊا ةدﺎﻌﺘﺳا
،
ﺔﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﺎﳍوﺎﻨﺗو ﺔﯩﻴﻓﻮﻜﻟا
ﺔﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺎﳍوﺎﻨﺗو , ةأﺮﳌا ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ
6
ﲑﺧﻷا نأ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﺎ مﻮﻘﺗ يﺬﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﲣ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟا ثﻮﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ بﺎﺘﻛ ﺖﻟوﺎﻨﺗ ﲏﻌﻳ ﺎﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﻣو مﻼﻟا فﺮﺣ
مﻼﻟا فﺮﺣ"
"ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﰱ ﺎﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﻣو .
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﻜﻴﻫ .ح
:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﺎﻬﺜﲝ ءاﺮﺟإ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻊﺒﺘﺗ
لوﻷا بﺎﺒﻟا
،ﺔﺑﺎﺟﻹا ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﻷا ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ: ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗو ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺔﻴﳘﻷا ﻊﺿوو ،فاﺪﻫﻷا ﻊﺿوو تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﻊﺿوو ،ﺎ اﺰﻛﺮﻣو ﺎﻬﺜﲝ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢو ،تﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌا ،ﺎ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﳍ ﱵﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا .ﺚﺤﺒﻟا لﺎﻜﻴﻫ ﺮﺧﻵاو
ﱏﺎﺜﻟا بﺎﺒﻟا
،ت رﺎﻈﻨﻟا تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ: فوﺮﳊا ﻦﻣ مﻼﻟا فﺮﺣ ﻦﻋ ﺔﶈ :ﺎﻴﻧ ،فوﺮﳊا ﻦﻋ ﺔﶈ :ﻻوأ ﻦﻋ ﺔﶈ :ﺎﻌﺑار ،ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﻰﻋ ﺔﶈ :ﺎﺜﻟ ،ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﳌا .ﻰﺟﻮﻧرﺰﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا نﺎﻫﺮﺑ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ
ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا بﺎﺒﻟا
ﻘﺗ: اﺬﳍ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌا جﺎﻬﻨﳌا ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﻮ
.ﺚﺤﺒﻟا
ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا بﺎﺒﻟا
.ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﺑ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ:
ﺲﻣﺎﳋا بﺎﺒﻟا
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺻﻼﳋا نﺎﻴﺗ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ :
ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﻘﺗ ﰒ .ﺎﻫﺪﻴﻠﲡو ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻠﻐﺘﺑ ﺎﻬﺜﲝ ﻞﻤﻜﺗو عﺎﻓﺪﻠﻟ
8
:دﻮﻫ) ةﺪﺣاو ﺔﻣا سﺎﻨﻟا ﻞﻌﳊ ﻚﺑر ءﺎﺷﻮﻟو :ﻮﳓ 118
(
-4 ﺾﻴﻀﺤﺘﻟا ﲔﺑ قﺮﻔﻟاو ((ﻻﻮﻟو ّﻼﻫو ﻻأ)) :ﻰﻫ ،ﱘﺬﻨﺘﻟاو ﺾﻴﻀﺤﺘﻟا فﺮﺣأ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺾﺤﻠﻟ ﻰﻬﻓ عرﺎﻀﳌا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻠﺧد نإ ،فﺮﺣﻷا ﻩﺬﻫ نأ ﱘﺪﻨﺘﻟاو نإو .نوﺎﻬﺘﻟا ﻩرﺬﲢو ﺪﻬﺘﺟﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻀﲢ !ﺪﻬﺘﲡ ﻼﻫ :ﻼﺜﻣ ،ﻪﺑ نوﺎﻬﺘﻟا كﺮﺗو ﻰﻠﻋو ﻞﻤﻌﻟا تاﻮﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ُمٍّﺪَﻨَـﺘَـﻳ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﻟا ﻞﻌﳉ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،ﻰﺿﺎﳌا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻠﺧد .ﻪﻟﺎﳘا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻋّﺮﻘﺗ !َتﺪﻬﺘﺟا ﻼﻫ :ﻼﺜﻣ ،ﻪﺑ نوﺎﻬﺘﻟا 7
.ﻪﺒﻴﻏ ﻦﻋ نﻼﻓ عﺪﺗ ﺮﻳ ﻼﻫ :ﻮﳓ -5 ﻰﻛو ّنأو نأ)) :ﻲﻫ ،ﺔﻳرﺪﺼﳌا فﺮﺣأ ﻞﻳو ﰱ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻌﲡ ﱴﻟا ((ﺎﻣو ﻮﻟو
َﺐﺴﺣ ،اروﺮﳎ وأ ، ﻮﺼﻨﻣ وأ ،ﺎﻋﻮﻓﺮﻣ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ لوﺆﳌا رﺪﺼﳌاو .رﺪﺼﻣ .ﻪﻠﺒﻗ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟا 8
:تﺎﻓﺎﺼﻟا) نﻮﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﺎﻣو ﻢﻜﻘﻠﺧ ﷲو ﻮﳓ 96
(
-6 ﻻو ،ﺮﻣﻷا مﻻو ،عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺻاﻮﻧو ،فﻮﺳو ﲔﺴﻟا)) :ﻰﻫ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳﻹا فﺮﺣأ
((ﺔﻣزﺎﳉا نإو ،ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻨﻟا 9
.ﺐﺘﻜﻴﻟ اﺪﻴﻌﺳ نإ :ﻮﳓ -7 ﱂ ﻦﻐﻓ .ءاﺪﻨﻟا ﻒﺣ ﺎﻬﻠﺻأ" " نأ ﻢﻠﻋا (( و ﺎﻫو ﺎﻣأو ﻻأ)) :ﻰﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟا فﺮﺣأ نأ ﻞﻴﻗو .ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ ﱃإ ﻊﻣﺎﺴﻟا ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺼﻘُﻳ ﺎﻓﺮﺣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،ىدﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻜﻳ
ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺗ فﺮﺣ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻻإو .فوﺬﳏ ىدﺎﻨﳌا ،ءاﺪﻧ فﺮﺣ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺮﻣأ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ءﺎﺟ . ﺮﻛذ ﺎﻤﻛ 10
أ :ﻮﳓ ﻮﻳ) نﻮﻧﺰﳛ ﻢﻫ ﻻو ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ فﻮﺧ ﻻ ءﷲ ءﺎﻴﻟوأ نإ ﻻ :ﺲﻧ
62 (
-8 ﻪﻴﻓ ﻊﻣ ﻻ ﺎﻣ ﺐﻟا ﻮﻫو .ﲎﻤﺘﻠﻟ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻠﻓ .ﻞﻫو ،ﻮﻟو ،ﺖﻴﻟ :ﲎﻤﺘﻟا فﺮﺣأ ﺖﻳ :ﻮﳓ لوﻷﺎﻓ .(لﻮﺼﳊا ﺮﺴﻋ نﺎﻛﺎﻣ ىا) ﺮﺴﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻣ وا ،(ﻞﻴﺤﺘﺴﻣ ىأ)
ص .ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا رﺪﺼﳌا . 182
7
رﺪﺼﳌا . ص .ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا 182 8
ص .ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا رﺪﺼﳌا . 182
9
ص .ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا رﺪﺼﳌا . 184
9
ﺪﻴﻔﺗ ﺪﻗ ،ﻞﻫو ﻮﻟ ﺎﻣأو .ﱂﺎﻋ َﻞﻫﺎﳉا ﺖﻴﻟ :ﻮﳓ ﱏﺎﺜﻟاو ،دﻮﻌﻳ بﺎﺒﺷا ﻻ ،ﲎﻤﺘﻟا
ةﺮﻛ ﺎﻨﻟ نأ ﻮﻠﻓ) ﻮﻟ :ﻞﺜﻣ .ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻬﻔﺘﺳا ﱏﺎﺜﻟاو ﺔﻳﺮﺷ ﱃوﻷا نﻷ .ﻊﺿﻮﻟا ﻞﺻ (ﺎﻨﻟ اﻮﻌﻔﺸﻴﻓ ءﺎﻌﻔﺷ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻨﻟ ﻞﻬﻓ) ﻞﻫو (ﲔﻨﻣﺆﳌا ﻦﻣ نﻮﻜﺘﻓ 11
-9 ﻰﺟاﱰﻟﺎﻓ .قﺎﻔﺷﻹاو ﻰﺟاﱰﻠﻟ ﺔﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻰﻫو ﻞﻌﻟ ﻮﻫو :قﺎﻔﺷﻹاو ﻰﺟاﱰﻟا فﺮﺣ
ذ ﺪﻌﺑ ثﺪﳛ ﷲ ﻞﻌﻟ) :ﻞﺜﻣ بﻮﻏﺮﳌا ﻦﻜﻤﳌا ﺐﻠﻃ ﻮﻫ قﺎﻔﺷﻹاو .(اﺮﻣا ﻚﻟ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻊﺧ ﻚﻠﻌﻠﻓ) :ﻞﺜﻣ .ﻪﺛوﺪﺣ ﻦﻣ فﻮﺨﺘﻟاو ،ﻩوﺮﻜﳌا ﺮﻣﻷا ﻊﱡﻗﻮﺗ ﻮﻫو (.ﻢﻫر آ 12
10 ،نﺄﻛ ﺎﻣأو .رﻮﻨﻟﺎﻛ ﻦﻠﻌﻟا :ﻮﳓ فﺎﻜﻟﺎﻓ (نﺄﻛ و فﺎﻜﻟا) ﺎﳘو :ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺘﻟا ﺎﻓﺮﺣ
َﻢﻠﻌﻟا نﺄﻛ :ﻮﳓ
.رﻮﻧ 13
-11 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺧﺪﺗ ﱴﻟا مﻼﻟا ﻰﻫو) (اﺪﺘﺑﻻا مﻻو ّنأو ّنإ)) :ﻰﻫ ،ﺪﻴﻛﻮﺘﻟا فﺮﺣأ
ّنإ ﻢﺳاو أﺪﺘﺒﳌا
ﱴﻟا مﻼﻟاو ،(ﺮﻣﻷاو عرﺎﻀﳌا نﺎﺘﻠﻟا) ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟا نﻮﻧو ،(ﺎﻫﱪﺧو
((ﻢﺴﻘﻟا باﻮﺟ ﰱ ﻊﻘﺗ 14
:ﻒﺳﻮﻳ)ﻦﻳﲑﻐﺼﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻮﻜﻴﻟو ﻦﻨﺠﺴﻴﻟ :ﻮﳓ 32
(
12 -ﺄﺘﻠﻟ داﺰﻳ يﺬﻟا ﲎﻌﳌا فﺮﺣ :ﻰﻫو ،ﺔﻠﺼﻟا فﺮﺣأ ﺪﻴﻛ
:ﻰﻫ ﺔﻠﺼﻟا فﺮﺣأو .
ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻛ ﻪﻤﻴﻤﻌﺗو ﻩﺪﻴﻛﺎﺘﻟ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻰﻔﻨﻟا ﰱ (ﻦﻣ) ﺎﻣأ .ءﺎﺒﻟا ،ﻦِﻣ ،ﺎﻣ ،نأ ،ْنإ :ﻪﻧﺎﺤﺒﺳ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻛ ،ﻰﻔﻨﻟا ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺘﻟ ءﺎﺒﻟا ﺎﻣأو .ﺮﻳﺬﻧ ﻻو ﲑﺸﺑ ﻦﻣ ءﺎﺟ ﺎﻣ :ﻪﻧﺎﺤﺒﺳ .ﲔﻤﻛﺎﳊا ﻢﻜﺣ ﷲ ﺲﻴﻟأ 15
،ﲎﻴﻳﻼﻐﻟا ﻰﻔﻄﺼﳌا ﺦﻴﺸﻟا .
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا سورﺪﻟا ﻊﻣﺎﺟ
ص ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا :سﺪﻘﻟا . 11
213
ص ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا رﺪﺼﳌا . 213
. 12
13 ص ،ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ءﺰﺟ ،ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا رﺪﺼﳌا . 214
11
-3 :ﻰﻠﻳﺎﻤﻛ فﺮﺣأ ةﺮﺸﻋ عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺻاﻮﻧ :عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺼﻧ فﺮﺣأ
ﻻوأ .لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺴﺳاو ﺐﺼﻧو ﺔﻳرﺪﺼﻣ فﺮﺣ _ْنأ : ﺎ ﻷ رﺪﺼﻣ ﺎﻓﺮﺣ ﺖﻴﲰو
(ﻢﻠﻌﺗأ نا ﺐﺣأ) :ﺖﻠﻗ اذﺈﻓ رﺪﺼﻣ ﻞﻳو ﰱ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ىﺬﻟا ﻞﻌﻔﻟا ﻞﻌﲡ ،ﺐﺼﻧ فﺮﺣ ﺖﻴﲰو .(ﻰﻛ) ﰱ لﺎﻘﻳ اﺬﻜﻫو (ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺐﺣأ) ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟﺎﻓ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﻞﻌﻔﻟا نﻷ ،لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳا فﺮﺣ ﺖﻴﲰو .عرﺎﻀﳌا ﻞﻌﻔﻟا ﺐﺼﻨﺗ ﺎ ﻷ ﻮﻜﻳ ﻻ مزاﻮﳉاو ﺐﺻاﻮﻨﻟا ﻊﻴﺟ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻻإ نﻮﻛ ﻻ ﻞﻌﻔﻟا ن
.ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻻإ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻴﻧ .لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳاو ﺐﺼﻧو ﻲﻔﻧ فﺮﺣ _ﻦﻟ :
ﺎﺜﻟ ﻻ ﺎ ﻷ باﻮﺟ فرﺮﺣ ﺖﻴﲰو ،لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳاو ﺐﺼﻧو باﻮﺟ فﺮﺣ _نذإ :
.ﻖﺒﺴﻟا مﻼﻛ باﻮﺟ ﰱ ﻻإ ﻊﻘﺗ
ﺎﻌﺑار .(((نأ)) ﰱ مﺪﻘﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ) .لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳاو ﺐﺼﻧو ﺔﻳرﺪﺼﻣ فﺮﺣ _ﻰﻛ :
ﺎﺴﻣﺎﺧ ﺖﻴﲰو .عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺼﻨﻳ فﺮﺣ _ﻰﻛ مﻻ : نإ ﻚﻧﻷ (ﻰﻛ مﻻ)
ﻞﺼﺣﻷ ﺖﺌﺟ :ﺖﻠﻗ اذإو .ﺎﺤﻴﺤﺻ ﲎﻌﳌا نﺎﻛ (ﻰﻛ) ﺎ ﺎﻜﻣ ﺖﻌﺿو .اﺪﺣاو ﲎﻌﳌا نﺎﻛ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻞﺼﺣأ ى وأ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا
ﺎﺳدﺎﺳ ﺔﻌﻗاﻮﻟا مﻼﻟا ﻰﻫ دﻮﺤﳉا مﻻو .عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺼﻨﻳ فﺮﺣ _دﻮﺤﳉا مﻻ : اﺬﻫ ﺖﻴﲰو .ﻲﻔﻨﻟاو رﺎﻜﻧﻹا ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻣ دﻮﺤﳉاو .ﻦﻜﻳ ﱂ وأ نﺎﻛﺎﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻷ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ مﻼﻟا .ﻲﻔﻨﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻإ ﻊﻘﺗ ﻻ ﺎ
.ﻢ ﻒﻌﻴﻟ ﷲ نﺎﻛﺎﻣ :ﻮﳓ
12
ﺎﻨﻣ ﲎﻌﻣ ﺪﻴﻔﺗ ﱴﻟا ﻰﻫ ﺔﻴﻌﳌا واوو .عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺼﻨﻳ فﺮﺣ _ﺔﻴﻌﳌا واو :
ﻻ ﲎﻌﳌﺎﻓ ﻪﻨﻋ ضﺮﻌﺗو ﲑﳋ ﺮﻣ ﻻ :ﺖﻠﻗ اذﺈﻓ (ﻊﻣ) ﻣ
ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮ ﻊ
.ﻪﻨﻋ ﻚﺿاﺮﻋأ
ﺎﻌﺳ ﻞﻋ ﱪﺻا :ﻞﺜﻣ (ﱃا) ﲎﻌﲟ نﻮﻜﻳو .عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺼﻨﻳ فﺮﺣ _ﱴﺣ :
ﲟو .ﻪﺑ ﰐ نا ﱃا ىأ .حﺮﻔﻟ ﷲ ﰐ ﱴﺣ ةﺪﺸﻟا ﲎﻌ
) (مﻼﻟا :ﻞﺜﻣ
.ﻢﻠﻌﺗﻷ ىأ ﻢﻠﻌﺗأ ﱴﺣ ﺖﺌﺟ
ةﺮﺸﻋ ﻎﻠﺒﺗ وا ﱪﺻا :ﻞﺜﻣ ﱃا ﲎﻌﲟ نﻮﻜﻳو .عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺼﻨﻳ فﺮﺣ _وأ : ﻻإ ىأ ﻞﺴﻜﻳ وأ اﺪﻴﻌﺳ مﺮﻛأ :ﻞﺜﻣ ﻻإ ﲎﻌﲟو .ﻪﻐﻠﺒﺗ نأ ﱃإ ىأ جﺮﻔﻟا .ﻞﺴﻜﻳ نأ 19
:ﻰﻫو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﰱ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌا عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺻاﻮﻧ ﰱ فوﺮﺣﻷا نذإ
عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺼﻧ فﺮﺣأ ﺼﺣﻷ ﺖﺌﺟ :ﻮﳓ ،(دﻮﺤﳉا مﻻ) و (ﻰﻛ مﻻ)
ﻟا ﻞ ،ﻢﻠﻌ
.ﻚﺘﻣﺮﻜﻟ تﺪﻬﺘﺟا ﻮﻟو -4 ﺔﻣﺰﺟ فﺮﺣأ مﻻ ،ﺮﻣﻷا مﻻ ،ﺎﳌ ،ﱂ :فﺮﺣأ ﺔﻌﺑرأ اﺪﺣاو ﻼﻌﻓ مزﺎﳉا :عرﺎﻀﳌا مزاﻮﺟ
(كﲑﻏ ﺎﻴﻧﺪﺑ ﻚﻨﻳد ﻊﺒﺗ ﻻ) و (ﻩﺪﺣ نﺎﺴﻧا ﻞﻛ مﺰﻠﻴﻟ) :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻨﻟا 20
ﺮﺣا ﺔﻌﺑرأ عرﺎﻀﳌا مﺰﳚ ىﺬﻟا :موﺰ ا عرﺎﻀﳌاو :ف
ﱂ) :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﻰﺿﺎﳌا ﱃإ عرﺎﻀﳌا نﺎﻣز ﻞﺒﻘﺗو ﻲﻔﻨﻠﻟ ﱂ :ﻻوأ ﺪﻠﻳ
ﻳ ﱂو ةرﻮﺳ ،ﺪﻟﻮ
ﺔﻳﻷا :صﻼﺧﻹا 3
.(
ُﺖﻔﻄﻗو) :ﻞﺜﻣ ، ﻰﺿﺎﳌا ﱃإ عرﺎﻀﳌا نﺎﻣز ﻞﺒﻘﺗو ﺎﳌ :ﺎﻴﻧ ﻟا
و َﺮﻤﺜ (ْﺞُﻀﻨﻳ ﺎﳌ
ﻞﺜﻣ ، ﻰﺿﺎﳌا ﱃإ عرﺎﻀﳌا نﺎﻣز نﻼﺒﻘﺗو ﺮﻣﻷا مﻻ :ﺎﺜﻟ ﻟ) :
أ مﺪﺨﻨ (ﺎﻨﺘﻣ
،ﲎﻴﻳﻼﻐﻟا ﻰﻔﻄﺼﳌا ﺦﻴﺸﻟا.
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا سورﺪﻟا ﻊﻣﺎﺟ
ص .ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ءﺰﺟ ، ةﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟا :سﺪﻘﻟا . 19
74
.ﲎﻴﻳﻼﻐﻟا ﻰﻔﻄﺼﳌا ﺦﻴﺸﻟا .
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا سورﺪﻟا
نﺎﻨﺒﻟ توﲑﺑ :ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راد: ص .ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ءﺰﺟ .
14
13 ﲎﻌﻣ ﰱ ﺎﲟ ﺔﺼﺘﳐ ((ْنأ)) ف .((ْنأ)) و ((ىأ)) :ﻮﻫ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟا فﺮﺣأ
.لﻮﻘﻟا 27
14 -ﱃإو ﻦﻣو ءﺎﺒﻟا)) :ﻰﻫ ﺮﳉا فوﺮﺣ فﺮﺣأ واوو مﻼﻟاو فﺎﻜﻟاو ﰱو ﻰﻠﻋو ﻦﻋو
((ﺬﻨﻣو ﺬﻣو ﱴﺣو برو ﻩؤ و ﻢﺴﻘﻟا ﻢﺳﻹ ﺺﺘﳜ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ فوﺮﳊا ﻩﺬﻫو .
)) :ﻰﻫو ،ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺧﺪﻳ ﺎﻬﻨﻣز .((ﱴﺣو برو ﻩؤ و ﻢﺴﻘﻟا واوو فﺎﻜﻟا
:ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﻼﺼﺘﻣ اﲑﻤﺿ ﺮﳉا فﺮﲝ رﻮ ا نﻮﻜﻳ :ﻰﻗاﻮﺒﻟا ﻰﻫو .ﲑﻤﻀﻟاو ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟا َﻢﺳاو .ﻩوﺮﻜﳌا ﻚﻨﻋ ُﺖﻌﻓد َﻢﺳاو .ٌﻦﺴﺣ ٌﻖﻠﺧ ﻞﺟﺮﻟا اﺬﳍ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ةرﺎﺷإ
؟ُﻖِﺜَﺗ ﻦﲟ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،مﺎﻬﻔﺘﺳا ﻢﺳاو .ﷲ ﻰﻘﺘﻳ ﻦﲟ ْﻖِﺛ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،لﻮﺻﻮﻣ 28
:ﻻوأ :ﻰﻫو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﰱ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌا فوﺮﳊا ﺔﻴﻘﺑ ﰱ فوﺮﺣﻷا نذإ
ﺼﺣﻷ ﺖﺌﺟ :ﻮﳓ ،(دﻮﺤﳉا مﻻ) و (ﻰﻛ مﻻ) عرﺎﻀﳌا ﺐﺼﻧ فﺮﺣأ ا ﻞ
،ﻢﻠﻌﻟ
ﺎﻴﻧ .ﻚﺘﻣﺮﻜﻟ تﺪﻬﺘﺟا ﻮﻟو ﺎﻨﺘﻣا مﺪﺨﻨﻟ :ﻮﳓ ،ﺮﻣﻷا مﻼﻟا :
. ﺎﺜﻟ أ : فﺮﺣ
.ﻦﺴﺣ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻞﺟﺮﻟا اﺬﳍ :ﻮﳓ ،ﺮﳉا
ب
.
ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﳌا فوﺮﳊا ﻦﻣ مﻼﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﶈ
فوﺮﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟاو ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا فﺮﳊا ﻮﻫ مﻼﻟا نأ ﲔﺒﻳ ﺪﺠﻨﳌا ﰱ نﺎﻛ
،ﺮﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻋ :مﺎﺴﻗا ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻰﻫ ﲔﺛﻼﺛ ﻦﻋ ةرﺎﺒﻋ ﻞّﻤﳉا بﺎﺴﺣ ﻦﻣ مﻼﻟاو ،ﱏﺎﺒﳌا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻋو .ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﲑﻏو ،مﺰﺠﻠﻟ
29
1 -إ .ﺬﻳﺰﻟ :ﻮﳓ ،ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟا ﻢﺳﻻا ﻊﻣ ةرﻮﺴﻜﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ :ةرﺎﳉا مﻼﻟا ﻣ ﻻ
ﳌا ﻊ ثﺎﻐﺘﺴ
ﻊﻣ ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻣ نﻮﻜﺗو . َّ :ﻮﳓ ،ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻣ :ﻰﻬﻓ ﺎﻴﻟ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌا ﻀﻟا
إ ﲑﻤ ءﺎﻴﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻻ
.ﱄو ﻚﻟ :ﻮﳓ ،ةرﻮﺴﻜﻣ ﻰﻬﻓ
ص .ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا رﺪﺼﳌا 240
. 27
،ﲎﻴﻳﻼﻐﻟا ﻰﻔﻄﺼﳌا ﺦﻴﺸﻟا .
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا سورﺪﻟا
ص (ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راد :توﲑﺑ) ، 28
99
29
.
،ﻰﻋﻮﻴﺴﻟا فﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺲﻳﻮﻟ
مﻼﻋﻷاو ﺔﻐﻠﻟا ﰱ ﺪﺠﻨﳌا
ص (ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﻌﺒﻃ ،قﺮﺸﳌا راد :توﲑﺑ) ، 708
15
ةﲑﺜﻛ نﺎﻌﻣ ﺎﳍ ﻢﺳﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻞﻌﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو ﻢﺳﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺧﺪﺗو
:ﺎﻬﻨﻣ .ﲔﻨﻣﺆﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻨﳉا :ﻮﳓ ،صﺎﺼﺘﺧﻻا :ﻻوأ
. ةﺰﻌﻟا :ﻮﳓ ،قﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳﻻا :ﺎﻴﻧ
.ضرﻷاو تاوﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﰱ ﺎﻣ :ﻮﳓ ،ﻚﻠﳌا :ﺎﺜﻟ
.ﻪﻟ ﺖﻠﻗ :ﻮﳓ ،ﻎﻴﻠﺒﺘﻟا :ﺎﻌﺑار
.وﺮﻤﻌﻟ ﺪﻳز ﺐﺣ ﺪﺷا ﺎﻣ :ﻮﳓ ،ﺔﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟا :ﺎﺴﻣﺎﺧ
.اﺬﻫ ﻦﻠﻌﻓﻷ :ﻮﳓ ،ﻢﺴﻘﻟا :ﺎﺳدﺎﺳ
ا ﺪﻟو :ﻮﳓ ،ةروﲑﺼﻟا :ﺎﻌﺑﺎﺳ ﺔﻳﺪﺑا ةﻮﻴﳊ نﺎﺴﻧﻻ
،صﺎﺼﺘﺧﻻا :ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﰱ مﻼﻟا ﱏﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﺗ اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣو
.ﻎﻴﻠﺒﺘﻟا ،ﻚﻠﳌا ،قﺎﻘﺤﺘﺳﻻا
ةﺮﻤﻀﻣ ﺔﻳرﺪﺼﳌا ن ﺐﺼﻨﻳ ﺎﻫﺪﺑ ﻞﻌﻔﻟا نﺈﻓ ،ﻞﻌﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﺎﻣأو
:ﻮﳓ ،ﻞﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﻣإ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻩﺬﻫو .مﻼﻟ روﺮﳎ رﺪﺼﻣ ﻞﻳو ﰱ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣو نا نﻮﻜﺗو .ﲎﻤﻠﻌﺘﻟ ﻚﺘﺌﺟ ﺪﻳز نﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ :ﻮﳓ ،دﻮﺤﳉا مﻻ ﻰﻤﺴﺗ اﺬﳍو ﻲﻔﻨﻟا ﺪﻴﻛﻮﺘﻟ ﺎﻣإو
.ﻚَﻣﺮﻜﻴﻟ
.ﻞﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا مﻼﻟا ﻰﻫو ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﰱ مﻼﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﺗ ﻂﻘﻓ اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣو
2 ﻢﻜﺤﻴﻟ :ﻮﳓ ،ةرﻮﺴﻜﻣ نﻮﻜﺗو .ﺐﻠﻄﻟا مﻻ ﻰﻤﺴﺗو ﺮﻣﻷا مﻻ :ﺔﻣزﺎﳉا مﻼﻟا
ﻟا ﰱ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﻬﻜﻳﺮﲢ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ واﻮﻟاو ءﺎﻔﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎ ﺎﻜﺳإو ﺢﺘﻔﺗ ﺪﻗو .ﷲ :نآﺮﻘ
17
3 -ﺔﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﻰﻫﻮﯨ_ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟا مﻻ ﻰﻤﺴﺗو ﻚﻠﳌا ﻪﺒﺷ ،ﻚﻠﳝ ﻻ ﺎ ﻮﺤﺼﻣو ،ﲔﺗاذ ﲔﺑ
.سﺮﻔﻠﻟ مﺎﺠﻠﻟا :ﻮﳓ
4 ﻦﻣ ،((ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻗ ﺎﳌ لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﺎ ﻮﺤﺼﻣ نأ)) ﲔﺒﺗ ﺎ ﻷ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺒﳌا مﻼﻟا ﻰﻤﺴﺗو ﲔﻴﺒﺘﻟا ﲎﺒﺣأ ﺎﻣ .ﺪﻴﻌﺳ ﻦﻣ ﱃ ﺐﺣا ﺪﻟﺎﺧ :ﻮﳓ ،ﻞﻴﻀﻔﺗ ﻢﺳا وأ ﺐﺠﻌﺗ ﻞﻌﻓ .ﻪﺑ لﻮﻌﻔﳌا ﻮﻫ مﻼﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻤﻓ .!ﻢﻠﻌﻠﻟ
5 إ :ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻛ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻟاو ﻞﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا سﺎﻨﻟا ﲔﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟ ﻖﳊ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻚﻴﻟإ ﺎﻨﻟﺰﻧأ
.ﷲ كارأ ﺎﲟ
6 -.بﺮﺤﻠﻟ سﺆﺑ :ﻮﳓ ،مﻼﻜﻟا ﺪﻴﻛﻮﺗ دﺮ باﺮﻋﻹا ﰱ ةﺪﺋاﺰﻟا ﻰﻫو _ﺪﻴﻛﻮﺘﻟا
7 ﲑﻏ ﻪﻧﻮﻜﺑ وأ ،ﲑﺟﺄﺘﻟ ﻒﻌﺿ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻳﻮﻘﺘﻟ ةﺪﺋاز ﺎ ءﺎﳚ ﱴﻟا ﻰﻫو _ﺔﻳﻮﻘﺘﻟا
ﻘﻛ ﱏﺎﺜﻟاو .نﻮﺒﻫﺮﻳ ﻢ ﺮﻟ ﻢﻬﻨﻳﺬﻠﻟ :ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻛ لوﻷﺎﻓ .ﻞﻌﻓ ﺎﻗﺪﺼﻣ :ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮ
.ﻢﻌﻬﻣ ﺎﳌ
8 -.ﻰﻤﺴﻣ ﻞﺟﻷ ىﺮﳚ ﻞﻛ :ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻛ _"ﱃإ" ﲎﻌﻣ :ىأ _ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟا ءﺎﻬﺘﻧا
9 :ﻮﳓ ،ﻪﻟ ثﺎﻐﺘﺴﳌا ﻊﻣ ةرﻮﺴﻜﻣو ،ثﺎﻐﺘﺴﳌا ﻊﻣ ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﺗ :ﺔﺛﺎﻐﺘﺳﻻا
.َﺮﻜﺒﻟ ﺪﻟﺎﳋ
10 -.حﺮﻔﻠﻟ :ﻮﳓ ،ﻪﻨﻣ ﺐﺠﻌﺘﳌا ءاﺪﻧ ﰱ " " ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﺣﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﺗ :ﺐﺠﻌﺘﻟا
11 ﻰﻤﺴﺗو ةروﲑﺼﻟا ﺎﻣ نأ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺪﺗ ﱴﻟا ﻰﻫو ،ﺎﻀﻳأ لﺎﳌا مﻻو ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﻟا مﻻ
ﻞﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا مﻼﻟا ﻒﻟﺎﲣو .ﻪﻟﻮﺼﺣ ﰱ ﺔﻠﻋ ،ﺎﳍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧو ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻗ ﺎﳌ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻋ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ نﻮﻋﺮﻓ لآ ﻪﻄﻘﺘﻟﺎﻓ :ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ ﻪﻨﻣو ،ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻞﺟﻷ ﻦﻜﻳ ﱂ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻗ ﺎﻣ نأ ﰱ . ﺰﺣو اوﺪﻋ ﻢﳍ نﻮﻜﻴﻟ
23
ﻞﻣﺄﺘﻟ وأ ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا ﻦﻋ ﻢﻬﻔﻟا ﰱ ﺪﻬﺘﳚ نأ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳ نذإ
ﺮﻜﺘﻟا ةﺮﺜﻛو ﺮﱡﻜﻔﺘﻟاو ﻞﺑ ﻢﻬﻔﻟا ﰱ نوﺎﻬﺘﻳ ﻻ نأ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو .را
ةﺮﻇﺎﻨﳌاو ةﺮﻛاﺬﳌا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﺪﺑﻻو .ﻪﻴﻟا عﺮﻀﺘﻳو ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﷲ ﻮﻋﺪﻳو ﺪﻬﺘﳚ ﻖﺋﺎﻗد ﰱ تﺎﻗوﻷا ﻊﻴﲨ ﰱ ﻼﻣﺄﺘﻣ نﻮﻜﻳ نا ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﻚﻟﺬﻛو .ﺔﺣرﺎﻄﳌاو .ﻢﻠﻌﻟا
7 -ﻞﻛﻮﺘﻟا ﰱ
ﰱ ﻞﻛﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﺪﺑﻻ
ﻻو قزﺮﻟا ﺮﻣﻷ ﱠﻢﺘﻬﻳ ﻻو ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻃ
.ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﻪﺒﻠﻗ ْﻞِﻐﺸُﻳ
ﻞﻐﺘﺸﺗ ﻻ ﱴﺣ ﺔﻳﲑﳋا لﺎﻤﻋ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻞﻐﺘﺸﻳ نأ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳ نذإ
ﻞﺑ ﻊﻔﻨﻳ ﻻو َﺔﺒﻴﺼﳌا ﱡدﺮﻳ ﻻ نﺰﳊاو ﱠﻢﳍا ﻦﻟ ﺎﻴﻧﺪﻟا ﺮﻣﻷ ُﻞﻗﺎﻌﻟا ﱠﻢﺘﻬﻳﻻو ﺎﻫاﻮ ﻪُﺴﻔﻧ .نﺪﺒﻟاو ﻞﻘﻌﻟاو َﺐﻠﻘﻟا ّﺮﻀﻳ
8 -ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟا ﺖﻗو ﰱ
نأ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳ نذإ .ﺪﺤﻠﻟا ﱃا ﺪﻬﳌا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺖﻗو ﻞﻴﻗ
.ﺮﺧآ ﻢﻠﻌﺑ ُﻞﻐﺘﺸﻳ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﱠﻞﻣ اذﺈﻓ ﻪﺗﺎﻗوأ ﻊﻴﲨ قﺮﻐﺘﺴﻳ 9 -ﺔﺤﻴﺼﻨﻟاو ﺔﻘﻔﺸﻟا ﰱ
َﲑﻏ ﺎﺤﺻ ﺎﻘِﻔﺸﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳ نذإ
.ﻊﻔﻨﻳ ﻻو ﺮﻀﻳ ﺪﺴﳊﺎﻓ ﺪﺳﺎﺣ
10 -بدﻷا سﺎﺒﺘﻗاو ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻹا ﰱ
ﻨﻳ
ُﻞﻀﻔﻟا ﻪﻟ ﻞُﺼﳛ ﱴﺣ ﺖﻗو ﻞﻛ ﰱ اﺪﻴﻔﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻃ نﻮﻛ نأ ﻰﻐﺒ
ﻦﻣ ُﻊﻤﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ َﺐﺘﻜﻳ ﱴﺣ ٌةﱪ ِﳏ ﺖﻗو ﻞﻛ ﰱ ﻪﻌﻣ نﻮﻜﻳ نأ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻹا ُﻖﻳﺮﻃو ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻠﻃ ﰱ ﺔّﻟﺬﳌاو ﺔﱠﻘﺸﳌا ﻞﱡﻤﲢ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﺪﺑﻻو .ﺪﺋاﻮﻔﻟا
.لﺎﺣو ﺖﻗو ﻞﻛ ﰱ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻶﻟ اﺪﻴﻔﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟ ﻰﻐﺒﻨﻳ نذإ
26
ﻧرﺰﻟا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟ ﻩﺪﻴﻛ ﰱ ﺪﻤﺘﻋا ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ىأ ﻰﻠﻋ ىرﺪﻧ ﻻ ﻪﲰرو ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟا ﻰﺟﻮ
ﺄﺸﻧو ﺪﻟو ﺎﻨﺒﺣﺎﺻ نﺈﻓ ،ﲔﺑ ﻢﻫو اﺬﻬﻓ ﺎﻴﺑﺮﻋ ﻰﺟﻮﻧرﺰﻟا نﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﺎﻣأ ،فﻮﺴﻠﻴﻔﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛو ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻢﻏر ﺎﻴﺑﺮﻋ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻮﻬﻓ كﱰﻟا دﻼﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺎ ﻒﺻﻮﺗ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﰱ
.مﻼﺳﻹا دﻼﺑ ﻞﻛ ﰱ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ةرﺎﻀﳊا ﺔﻐﻟ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﱴﻟاو
2 -ﻪﻋﻮﻴﺷ
ﻦﻣ دﺪﻋ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻰﺟﻮﻧرﺰﻟا ﺬﺧأ
ﻩﺮﺼﻋ ءﺎﻤﻠﻋو ﻪﳜﺎﺸﻣ
كﱰﺸﻣ ﻢﺳﺎﻗ ﻢﻬﻌﻤﳚ ،بدﻷاو ﻪﻘﻔﻟا ﰱ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺜﻜﳌاو ﻦﻳرﻮﻬﺸﳌا ﻦﻣ ةﺪﻳﺪﻋ ﻊﺿاﻮﻣ ﰱ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻞﻘﻨﻟا ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻬﺷأ ﺎﻣأو .فﺎﻨﺣﻷا ﻦﻣ ﻢ ﻮﻛ ﻮﻫو ﺔﻳاﺪﳍا بﺎﺘﻛ ﺐﺣﺎﺻو ،ﱏﺎﻨﻴﻏﺮﳌا ﺮﻜﺑ ﰉأ ﻦﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا نﺎﻫﺮﺑ ﻮﻬﻓ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻮﻫو ﻒﻴﻧﺎﺼﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛو ﻪﻘﻔﻟا ﰱ
.ﻩﺮﺼﻋ ﰱ فﺎﻨﳊا ءﺎﻬﻘﻓ رﺎﺒﻛ
:ﻢﻬﻨﻣ نوﺮﺧﻵاو
1 ( ﻞﻫأ ﱴﻔﳑ ،ﻩداز مﺎﻣإ وأ ﻩداز ﺮﻫاﻮﲞ فوﺮﻌﳌا ﺮﻜﺑ ﰉأ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﳏ مﻼﻳﻹا ﻦﻛر
مﺎﻋ ﰱﻮﺗ ،ﺮﻋﺎﺷو ﺐﻳدأو ﻪﻴﻘﻓ ﻮﻫو ىرﺎﲞ 573
/ه 1177 .م
2 ( مﺎﻋ ﰱﻮﺗ ،ﻢﻠﻜﺘﻣ ﺐﻳدأو ﻪﻴﻘﻓ :ﻢﻴﻫاﺮﺑإ ﻦﺑ دﺎﲪ 576
/ه 1180 .م
3 ( ﻦﻈﻟا ﺐﻠﻏأ :ﱏﺎﺷﺎﻜﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺮﺨﻓ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﱏﺎﺷﺎﻜﻟا دﻮﻌﺴﻣ ﻦﺑ ﺮﻜﺑ ﻮﺑأ ﻪﻧأ
مﺎﻋ ﰱﻮﺗ ،ﻪﻘﻔﻟا ﰱ (ﻊﺋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻊﺋاﺪﺑ) بﺎﺘﻛ 587
/ه 1191 .م
4 ( نﺎﻛو ﺔﻴﻬﻘﻔﻟا تﺎﻔﻟﺆﳌا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟا ﻪﻟ ،ىﺪﻨﺟزوﻷا نﺎﺧ ﻰﺿﺎﻗ ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﺮﺨﻓ
ﰲﻮﺗ ،اﺪﻬﺘﳎ 592
.ه
5 ( ﰲﻮﺗ ،ﺮﻋﺎﺷو ﺐﻳداو ﻪﻴﻘﻓ :ﱏﺎﻏﺮﻔﻟا ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻦﻛر رﺎﺘﺨﳌا ﺐﻳﺪﻟا 594
.ه
27
نﺎﻫﺮﺑ نأ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺮﻬﺘﺸﻳ ﱂو ،ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﻒﻟﺆﻣ ﻰﺟﻮﻧرﺰﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا
بﺎﺘﻛ ﻒﻨﺼﻣ) ﻪﻧ ﺪﺣاو ﲑﻏ ﻪﻟ ﻢﺟﺮﺗ ﺪﻗو ،ﲔﻔﻨﺼﳌا ﻦﻣ ﺲﻜﻋ ﻪﻴﻟإ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ (ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا 42
ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ىﺬﻟا ﺪﻴﺣﻮﻟا ﻒﻨﺼﳌا ﻮﻫ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ نا ﻚﻟﺬﻛو .
ﰱ ﻻو ﺔﻴﺑﱰﻟا ﰱ ﻻ ،ﺮﺧآ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻟ ﻦﻜﻳ ﱂو ﻰﺟﻮﻧرﺰﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻩﲑﻏ وأ ﻪﻘﻔﻟا
.مﻮﻠﻌﻟا
4 -ﻰﺟﻮﻧرﺰﻟا ﺮﺼﻋ
ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻜﻟا ﻼﲪ ﲔﻳﺮﺠﳍا ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟاو سدﺎﺴﻟا ﲔﻧﺮﻘﻟا ﻞﻌﻟ ﻣ
ﺢﻣﻼ وﺮﻘﻟا ن
ﲔﺑو ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا عﺎﺿﻮﻟا ﲔﺑ ﺎﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻻﺎﺼﻔﻧا تﺪﻬﺷ ﱴﻟا ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا دزا
ﳌا رﺎﻫ ﺔﻨﻳﺪ
ﻚﻜﻔﺗو ﻰﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا عاﺮﺼﻟا ﻪﻴﻓ ىﺮﻧ ىﺬﻟا ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻰﻔﻓ .ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ا
ﻟوﺪﻟ ﻈﻌﻟا ﺔ ﻰﻤ
و تارﺎﻣإ ﱃإ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﳌا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻪﺘﺠﺘﻧأ ﺎﳌ ﺶﻫﺪﻧ ،ذﺔﻔﻧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ
أ رﺎﻜﻓ مﻮﻠﻋو ء دأو ،
.ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌا ﻰﺣاﻮﻧ ﱴﺷ ﰱ
،ةزرﺎﺒﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻼﲪ نإ (ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟاو سدﺎﺴﻟا) ن ﺮﻘﻟا ناﺬﻫو ﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﺪﻘﻓ
ﻦﻣ ﺎﻣاو .ةرﺎﻀﳊا ةﺮﺠﺷ ﺖﺑﺮﺿ ﱴﻟا ﺔﻴﺗﺎﻌﻟا ح ﺮﻟا ةﺮﺻﺎﻌﲟ ﺔﻴﺣ
ﻳﺪﳌا ﺔﻨ
ﻫدزاو ﺎ ﲑﺴﻣ ﺪﺌﺘﻗو ﺖﻌﺑ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻛ ﻢﻏر ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﻘﺛ تﺮ
ﻟا ﻞ ا فوﺮﻈ ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻟ
ﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟاو ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻜﻟا ﺐﻫاﺬﳌا دﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻣو ةﺮﻣﺪﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﺧاد بوﺮﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻛو ﺔ
ﻟا ةﺮﺜ قﺮﻔ
.ﺐﻫاﺬﳌاو
.
ﺔﺌﻴﻀﳌا ﺮﻫاﻮﳉا 2
/ 364 ،
ﺔﻴﻬﺒﻟا ﺪﺋاﻮﻔﻟا 54
ص ةﺮﺴﻴﳌا ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﺳﻮﳌا ، 923
29
ه .
ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﻖﻳﺪﺼﺗ
ﱃإ جﺎﺘﲢ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﲢو ﺎﻬﻌﲨ ﰎ ﱵﻟا ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا نإ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻊﺒﺘﺗو ،ﻖﻳﺪﺼﺘﻟا
ﻖﻳﺪﺼﺗ : ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟا ﻖﺋاﺮﻄﻟ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﳍ ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا
1
فﺮﺣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺖﻠﺧد ﱴﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻫو ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ردﺎﺼﻣ ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣ .مﻼﻟا
2
مﻼﻟا فﺮﺣ ﻦﻋ ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﻂﺑر يأ .ﺎﻫردﺎﺼﲟ ﺎﻬﻌﲨ ﰎ ﱵﻟا ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﲔﺑ ﻂﺑﺮﻟا .ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﰱ
3
-ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﰱ مﻼﻟا فﺮﺣ ﻦﻋ ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ يأ .فﺮﺸﳌاو ءﻼﻣﺰﻟا ﻊﻣ
.فﺮﺸﳌاو ءﻼﻣﺰﻟا ﻊﻣ (ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﲢ و ﺎﻬﻌﲨ ﰎ ﱵﻟا) ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ
و.
ﺚﺤﺒﻟا تاﻮﻄﺧ
:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟا ثﻼﺜﻟا ﻞﺣاﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺜﲝ ءاﺮﺟإ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻊﺒﺘﺗ
1 -ﲎﻌﻳ ،ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﻊﻤﲜ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ :ﻂﻴﻄﺨﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ أﺮﻘﺗ نأ
.ﺎﻫﺪﻳﺮﺗ ﱵﻟا ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ جﺮﺨﺘﺴﺘﻟ تاﺮﻣ ةﺪﻋ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا بﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ّﰒ
.مﻼﻟا فوﺮﺣ ﻦﻋ ت ﺎﻴﺑ كﺎﻨﻫ نﻮﻜﺘﻟ ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻢﺴﻘﺗ 2 ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﲎﻌﻳ ،ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﺑ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ :ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻣو ،فوﺮﳊا ﺔﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﲟ ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا نﺎﻴﺑ ﻊﻣ ةﺪﺣاﻮﻓ ةﺪﺣاو ت ﺎﻴﺒﻟا .ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻇو ﻚﻟﺬﻛو
3 ﲎﻌﻳ ،ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻂﺒﻨﺘﺴﺘﺑ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌا ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا مﻮﻘﺗ :ءﺎ ﻹا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﻴﺒﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻛ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟا ﻂﺒﻨﺘﺴﺗ ،ﺐﺼﻨﻟا فﺮﺣ،ﺮﳉا فﺮﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺪﺗ ﱴﻟا ت ﺎ
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50
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أ ( مﻼ ﻟا ف ﺮﺣ ﺔﻔﻴﻇو ﺮﺠ ﻠﻟ
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مﻼ ﻟا ﺔﻔﻴﻇو (ج ﺮﺠ ﻠﻟ
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مﻼ ﻟا ﺔﻔﻴﻇو (و ﺮﺠ ﻠﻟ
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/
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ج اﺮﺨ ﺘﺳ ﻻ
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رﺎﻬﻇ ﻹ
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مﻼ ﻟا ﺔﻔﻴﻇو (ز ﺮﺠ ﻠﻟ
:ﻰ ﻠﻳ ﺎﻤ ﻛ ﻰ ﻫو ،
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þ ✁✂ ✄☎✆ ✝ ✞✟✠ ✡ ✝ ☛ ☞✌ ✍ ✎✏ ✑ ✒✓ ✎✔ü ✠ ✒✕ ✓✎✔✟✠ ✖ ✝✔✗✘ ✙ ✚✛✜✛ ü✠ ✢✣ ✟✠ ✤✥✆
✦ ✧✞✟ ★ ✩✓✪ ✝✫ ✗✑ ✬ ✝✕ ✞✟✠ ✄ ✭✕ ✔✮ ✄ ☎✆ ✝ ✞✟✠✍ ✭✔✯ ✑ ✝ ✰✱✲✝
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✴✵ ✶✷✸ ✹✵✺ ✷✸
✻ ✵✼✽ ✾✿ ❀❁✼ ❂ ❃✵❄❅❆ ✷✸ ❇❈❉ ❊ ❋
✻● ✸❍ ✷✸ ■ ❏❑✶▲ ✻
✻■▼◆✷ ✸ ❖❁P◗ ✻❘✵❙❉✺ ✷ ✸
❚✽❁❯ ◆✷✸ ❱❁❲❳▲ ❨❩❁ ✷ ●
( : )
54
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923
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❬8
❭❪❫ ❴❵❛ ❜ ❝❞
❡❢ ❣❛❤ ✐❤ ❥ ❦❧♠♥♦ :♣qrs t❵ ✉✈
❦✇①❛❤
❜❝❞ ②❜③ ④⑤⑥❢ ❛❤ ❜ ❧③
✐❤ ❥ :⑦❪ ❝③
⑧q ⑨❜ ✈
⑩99⑩
❶
❦❝❷ ❴ ❥❤❸❹ ❦⑤♦❺ ❻❼❤ ❦ ❹❪❽❾❛❤ ✐❤ ❥ :♣qr s
❦⑤s❢ ❷❛❤ ❦❿➀❛❤ ➁❝✈ ❦❷s❤❢ ❛❤ ❦❷❧❫❛ ❤ ❦⑤❛q❜ ❛❤ ❡q❢ ❣❛❤ ❦❧♠♥♦ :❢➂♦
➃ ➄ ➄➅ ➆
2
.
Lexy Moleong, 1990 :Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, (Bandung: Remaja
