OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL CONSIDERATION (PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF POLITENESS.

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Apriani Mulyawati, 2013

OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL CONSIDERATION (PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF POLITENESS

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL

CONSIDERATION (PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE

PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF POLITENESS

(A Case Study of Interview between Indonesian Journalist and United States’ President)

A Research Paper

Submitted to fulfill one of requirements for a Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Apriani Mulyawati

0708013

Department of English Education

Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu PAGE OF APPROVAL

OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL AND CONSIDERATION

(PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF

POLITENESS

A Research Paper by

Apriani Mulyawati 0708013

Approved by,

Supervisor,

Prof. E. Aminudin Aziz, M.A., Ph.D NIP: 196711161992031001

Co-Supervisor

R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, S.Pd., M.Hum NIP: 198110242005012001

Department of English Education Indonesia University of Education

Head,

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Lembar Hak Cipta

OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL

CONSIDERATION (PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE

PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF POLITENESS

(A Case Study of Interview between Indonesian Journalist and United States’ President)

By

Apriani Mulyawati

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Januari 2012

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

The study entitled “Observance of PMC and Its Relation to the Presence of Three

Levels of Politeness” investigates politeness realizations according to Principles of

Mutual Consideration (PMC) between two different cultures and its relation to the presence of three levels of politeness: pre-event, on-the-spot, and post-event politeness as proposed by Aziz (2000). PMC works as a cause and effect logic wgich consists of four sub-principles: i.e. harm and favor potential, shared-feeling, prima-facie, and continuity principles. The main data of the study were retrieved from www.rcti.tv on 26th April, 2010 which contained the opening-part of an interview script between an Indonesian Journalist and the President of the Unites States. Using the PMC framework, the study found that there is balanced-order in observing PMC’s sub-principles. This is due to the fact that both the interviewer and the interviewee had the intention to favour one another. This was realized in their complete

observance of four PMC’s sub-principles. The study concluded that the observance of PMC together with its three levels of politeness is mainly motivated to balance and create harmony.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Versi Indoenesia

ABSTRAK

Kajian yang berjudul “Observance of PMC and Its Relation to the Presence of Three

Levels of Politeness” menginvestigasi realisasi kesantuanan berbahasa berdasarkan

teori Aziz (2000) “Prinsip Saling Tenggang Rasa (PMC)” diantara dua budaya yang berbeda dan hubungannya dengan tiga tingkatan kesantunan: sebelum komunikasi, pada saat komunikasi berlangsung, dan setelah komunikasi. PMC berfokus pada logika sebab-akibat yang mengandung 4 sub-prinsip yaitu prinsip daya sanjung dan daya luka, formulasi ujaran, realisasi ujaran, dan keberlanjutan komunikasi. Data di unduh dari www.rcti.tv pada tanggal 26 April 2010 yang mengandung bagian pembuka dari wawancara antara Jurnalis Indonesia dan Presiden Amerika Serikat. Dengan menggunakan PMC sebagai kerangka fikir, kajian ini menemukan bahwa ada keseimbangan dalam realisasi dari 4 sub-prinsip PMC. Ini berkaitan dengan fakta bahwa antara journalis dan yang diwawancacarai ingin saling menyanjung satu sama lain. Hal tersebut direalisasikan dengan kesempurnaan dalam memperhatikan 4 sub-prinsip PMC. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perhatian terhadap sub-prinsip kesantuanan berbahasa pada teori PMC dan hubungannya dengan tiga tingkatan kesantuanan berbahasa dimotivasi dengan adanya keselarasan satu sama lain untuk mencipatakan keharmonisan dalam berkomunikasi.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The present study investigates the realizations of Aziz’s Principle of_{Mutual Consideration} (PMC) (2000) and its relation to the presence of three-levels of politeness. The study aims to

evaluate the manifestation of PMC’s cause and effect logic. This chapter consists of five sections which include background (1.1), statements of problem (1.2), aims of the study (1.3), research

method (1.4) and organization of paper (1.5).

1.1Background

Human-beings are social creatures that have the need to communicate with others.

Communication is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meanings in an attempt

to create shared understanding, both the speaker and hearer should hold to general rules or

principles. An often used principle to achieve this is politeness.

Leech (1983: 15) defines politeness as “a form of behavior that establishes and maintains

comity”, that is, “the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an

atmosphere of relative harmony”. In many ways, politeness theory has been developed time by

time.

There are language researchers who have been interested in politeness phenomena, such as

Goffman (1967), Brown and Levinson (1978;1987), Grice (1975), and Leech (1983). Firstly

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new concept about face. They came with the strategies to minimize face-threatening acts (FTAs)

which refers to individual freedom. Unfortunately, two preceding language researchers only

focus on speaker or hearer (social or individual) . As a result Grice (1975) describes his

Cooperative Principles (CP) as a characteristic of such cooperative communication between

speaker and hearer, but its maxims are too rigid. Furthermore, Leech (1983) describes Grice’s CP in more detail which was formulated in what he calls Politeness Principle (PP). PP is treated

as tautological principles because of its repetition. Chalenging this idea, Aziz then proposed a

new horizon in looking into the phenomena of politeness realizations; namely Principle of

Mutual Consideration (PMC) which consist of four sub-principles: i.e. harm and favor potential,

shared-feeling, prima-facie, and continuity principle that should be observed by speaker and

hearer. Rather than formulated as a tautology, this theory is described in a cause and effect

model.

PMC is chosen as framework because politeness in oral communication should be realized

in order to create harmony as suggested in PMC itself. Four sub-principles in PMC are grasped

into a cause and effect logic. It means that speaker will automatically observe all four

sub-principles when he/she has the intention to favor the hearer or he has good outset toward hearer.

Beside that, PMC assumes that there are three-levels of politeness in communication: pre-event ,

on-the-spot, and post-event politeness. Those three levels of politeness are aimed to maintain a

good relationship between speaker and hearer under language exchange or cross-cultural

communication. In a nutshell, PMC tells people how to manage a conflict in a communication to

achieve social harmony, individual freedom, and Godlines contentment. In determining which

sub-principles has been observed or not, PMC cannot stand alone as it assumes analysis of other

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Presupposition analysis is used in the present study in order to investigate what

sub-principles are observed by speaker or hearer through utterances since it is a way to reveal what

meaning behind each utterance. According to Yule (1996:25) “presupposition is something the

speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance”. The PMC and presupposition analysis can be combined in oral-communication likewise in an interview.

The interview between an Indonesian Journalist and the President of the United States

America has attracted the researcher because the interview involved two people in two

different cultures, social status, and power . Beside that, the President of the USA once lived in

Indonesia during 1967 and Putra Nababan is the first Indonesian journalist who had the

opportunity to conduct an interview with the President of USA in a face-to-face interaction.

Thus, it can be a representation of communication of different cultures. The interview was

conducted on 23rd of March 2010 at the White House. It was mainly intended to clarify the news

around the postponement of his trip to Indonesia.

Previous studies by using politeness theory have been conducted in many years.

Khalimatus (2005) applied politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) in social

media “Internet Relay Chat” (IRC). She found that most people/chatters tend to use bald-on-record in their chatting.

Next, Holtgraves and Yang (1990,1992) extends the validity of Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory by investigating the non-linguistic aspects of politeness in two cultures. The

study found that politeness strategies were communicated non-linguistically as well as

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Next, Chen (1993) from California State University investigated politeness strategies of

American English Speakers (AES) and Chinese Speakers (CS) used to respond to compliments

within the framework of Leech’s (1983). The two groups were found to use largely different

politeness strategies: the AES’s strategies are mostly motivated by Leech’s Agreement maxims, whereas the CS’s strategies are motivated by his Modesty Maxim. This difference is then related

to differences of social values between the two cultures, particularly in their respective beliefs

about what constitutes self-image.

Since there is no study about politeness within framework of Principle of Mutual

Consideration (PMC), in this present study, the researcher tries to investigate what sub-principles

of PMC are observed by interviewer and interviewee as well as how those observances relate to

the presence of three levels of politeness. All those things are grasped in Principles of Mutual

Consideration (PMC) proposed by Aziz (2000) through presupposition analysis.

1.2Statements of Problem

Based on the background that has been mentioned, the issues of the study are formulated as

follows:

1) What sub-principles of PMC are observed by the Indonesian Journalist when interviewing

President of United States America?

2) What sub-principles of PMC are observed by President of USA when responding to the

questions from Indonesian Journalist?

3) How were the three levels of politeness in PMC observed by the Indonesian Journalist and

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.3Aims of Study

Related to three main problems above, there are three specific aims that appear in this study,

namely:

a) Revealing what Indonesian Journalist and United States’ President presupposed by their utterances during the interview.

b) Examining sub-principles of PMC that were observed in the interview between Indonesian

Journalist and United States’ President.

c) Investigating relationship between Principle of Mutual Consideration (PMC) and

three-levels of politeness; Pre-Event, On-the-Spot, and Post-Event Politeness.

1.4Research Method

The research design of this study was descriptive qualitative. The researcher tried to report and

describes the data of the information in detail as the way the things are.

Generally, the study applied pragmatics framework. One framework that has been

chosen for the study is Principle of Mutual Coonsideration (PMC) as proposed by Aziz (2000). It

is chosen because it is a principle which provides causality mechanism through four

sub-principles in three-levels of politeness and PMC is proposed to achieve three dimensions: i.e.

social harmony, individual freedom, and Godlines contentment.

The data, in the form of transcipt of interview as a text, were retrieved from website of

RCTI at www.rcti.tv. The interview was chosen because it is such a phenomenon interview when

the first Indonesian’s Journalist was able to conduct an interview with the United States’ President. After that, the transcript was divided into three parts by order of opening, main, and

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there are too many utterances and it has connection to the main topic of the interview to confirm

the pospontment President Obama’s visit to Indonesia.

The method was conducted through three steps. The first was the analysis of

presuppositions which identify meaning of each utterance both of interviewee and interviewer.

The second one was the classifying to the observance of PMC’s sub-principles which was looked from presupposition analysis. The last step was identifying the relation of those sub-principles

that have been observed to the three levels of politeness; pre-event, on-the spot, and post-event

politeness.

1.5Organization of Paper

The study consists of five sections. The first section is Introduction which provides the

background of the study. The second is Literature Review which explains the history of the

theory and states super quality for chosen theory in the study. The third is Methodology which

tells about how the researcher conducts the study. The fourth is Finding and Discussion which

shows the findings and discussion in order to find answer for three main problems of the study.

The last is Conclusion and Suggestion which concludes the result of the study and gives some

suggestions for next researcher endeavors.

1.6Concluding Remarks

This chapter has provided five sections which includes background of the study, statements of

problem, aims of the study, methodology, and organization of the paper . The literature reviews

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

Previous chapter has explained the theoretical background for the study. This chapter provides

the methodology of the present study. It consists of five sub-chapters. First, it describes research

design (3.1). Then, it elaborates data collection and data analysis (3.2) and (3.3). The last, it

clarifies several key terms (3.4).

3.1Design of the Study

The research design of the study was descriptive qualitative. The researcher tried to report and

describes the data or the information in detail as the way the things are. It is in line with Strider

who pointed out that:

Descriptive research provides a detailed profile of an event, condition or situation using either quantitative, qualitative or a combination of methods. Data gathering techniques such as field research and case studies are for qualitative descriptive research (Strider, 1999-2000: 2)

Moreover, this study is categorized into a case-study since the study is aimed at revealing

politeness behaviors between two different cultures; Putra Nababan represents „Indonesia‟ and

President Barrack Obama represents „United States of America (USA)‟.. It is in line with

Silverman (2010:138) who stated that “case studies seek to preserve the wholeness and integrity

of the case” likewise in cross-cultural communication. Its purpose is only to recognize and

interpret the behaviors of the individual with particular culture through single case about

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.2Data Collection

Main data of the study is interview script between Putra Nababan and President Barrack Obama,

which was retrieved from: Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.on May 26, 2010. The researcher

chose the interview as an object investigation because researcher believes that the interview has

involved two people in different culture, social status, and power. It is due to the fact the the first

Indonesian journalist was able for having a great opportunity for conducting an interview with

President of United States and he had lived in Indonesia long time ago. The interview happened

when Presient Obama postponed his trip to Indonesia in March 2010.

When collecting the data, the interview was divided into three parts; opening with11 parts

of question-answer (18 utterances for Putra Nababan‟s question and 43 utterances for President

Barrack Obama‟s responses), main part consists of 7 parts of question-answer, and closing part

consists of 19 parts of question-answer. The researcher only chose the first part because that part

stated the reason why President Obama postponed his trip to Indonesia as the main topic of the

interview itself. Beside that, the opening part touched on memories of President Obama when he

had lived in Indonesia in 1967.

After that, the researcher printed out the script as written data that can be easier to be

analyzed. Afterwards, the data are analyzed utterance by utterance through presupposition

analysis.

3.3Data Analysis

Data analysis and data collection in qualitative research cannot be separated. While collecting the

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The researcher classified and interpreted the data according to the Principle of Mutual

Consideration (PMC) as its frameworks as proposed by Aziz (2000).

In this case, the study investigated what kind of PMC sub-principles that have been

observed by Indonesian Journalist when interviewing United States‟ President and what kind of

PMC sub-principles that have been observed by United States‟ President when responsing

Indonesian Journalist‟s questions. After that, the researcher described the data which contained

PMC sub-principles observed, and explain it. In obtaining data, the researcher will see the result

of presupposition analysis to get answer for the first and second problems. Later, the researcher

interpreted the relation of those observances to the presence of three levels of politeness, it is

supposed to answer the third problem.

3.3.1 Presupposition Analysis and Categorizing PMC sub-principles Observance

First step of analysis is to find out the sub-principle observed whether by interviewer or

interviewee through the presupposition analysis. Presupposition analysis applied here because it

is so close related to PMC as a principle of politeness which shows someone‟s politeness over

his/her utterances. It is shown in the following example:

Putra

Nababan’s

question

Potential presupposition

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Table 3.1 Example of Presupposition Analysis and Categorizing Observance of Sub-Principles

of PMC

From the example above, it is found that PN (Putra Nababan) was observing Harm and Favor

Principle as he thanks to President Barrack Obama for his first time for RCTI and asking in

Bahasa Indonesia “Apa Kabar?”. It presupposed that President Baraack Obama already knew

Bahasa Indonesia and he never had an interview with RCTI/Indonesian Journalist before.

Because of its cause-effect logic, each utterance can contain more than one sub-principles

observed. In PMC, at least one sub-principle is observed if the utterance is presupposed to harm

the hearer. Meanwhile, at least three sub-principles observed if the speaker has favored his/her

hearer, care about hearer‟s feeling, and holding on his/her prima-facie. It can be totally 4

sub-principles observed if continuity potential between speaker and hearer are realized through their

utterance, for example by giving compliment, salutation, thanking up, and say sorry for his faults

along communication takes place.

3.3.2 Calculating PMC Sub-principles Observed

Next step is calculating to the observance which belong to Indonesian Journalist (Putra Nababan)

and President of USA (President Barrack Obama) through a table. Table is divided into two

sides, the left side shows how many times Putra Nababan observed Harm and Favor,

Shared-feeling, Prima-facie, and Continuity principles out of 18 utterances. It is supposed to make easier

in classifying and calculating observance of sub-principles PMC for Indonesian Journalist‟s

questions. After analyzed on Putra Nababan‟s question, the right side of the table shows the

result for PMC‟s sub-principles observed by President Barrack Obama‟s responses. The table is

aimed to show how many times President Barrack Obama observed sub-principles of PMC each

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No.

Sub-Table 3.2 Example of the Findings of PMC Sub-principles Observed

The last step after calculating PMC‟s sub-principles observed is the findings were related to the

presence of the three level politeness; pre-event, on-the-spot, and post-event politeness.

3.4Clarification of Key Terms

There are several terms that need to be clarified in this research, such as:

a) Interview

Likewise in useabilityfirst.com, interview can be defined as to ask question to obtain

opinions, ideas, explanations or specific information on a topic of interest. Interview script

used in the present study was original version of the interview between Putra Nababan and

President Barrack Obama. This interview happened when President Obama postponed his

trip to Indonesia in March 2010.

b) Presupposition

Presupposition is a part of felicity condition in speech act theory which proposed by Searle

(1969). As cited in Yule (1996), “ A presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu c) Principle of Mutual Consideration (PMC)

PMC is a principle for doing politeness which conducted by Aziz (2000). It grasped three

dimensions and three levels of politeness. This point of view has grasped before, on-the-spot,

and after politeness in one package. Furthermore, PMC focuses on social harmony,

individual freedom, and Godlines contentment.

d) Levels of Politeness

Three levels of politeness as proposed by Aziz (2000) relate to pre-event politeness means

politeness before act take place. It consist of two sub-principles: “harm and favor and shared

-feeling”. Then, on-the-spot politeness means when an act take place. It relates to “prima

-facie” or first impression hearer toward speaker. The last is post-event politeness which

means politeness after an act take place. It relates to “continuity principle”

3.5Concluding Remarks

This chapter has provided the methodology of the study. It consists of description of the design

of the study, procedure of data collection and data analysis, and clarification of key terms. To be

sure, the method described in this chapter will be applied in undertaking the aimed study under

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This final chapter presents the conclusions of the study based on the data discussed in the

previous chapter. Yet, in the first part of this chapter some main findings of the study are

presented (5.1). Then, some suggestions to follow-up this study are also provided (5.2).

5.1 Conclusion

Refering to the first chapter, the study is aimed to investigate the observance of sub-principles of

Principles of Mutual Consideration (PMC) which is proposed by Aziz (2000) and its relation to

the three levels of politeness. PMC has been realized in this present study since Indonesian

Journalist and United States’ President observed four sub-principles completely and three-levels

of politeness as presented on the findings and discussion in the previous chapter.

The main findings found that Indonesian Journalist and President of USA have observed

100% for harm and favor, shared-feeling, prima-facie, and continuity principles. It is proved by

both of them that they have presupposed good meaning behind their utterances, such as polite

greeting like “Mr.President”, thanking up, salutation like “Indonesians love their country so

much so that they usually go back”, and so many compliments such as “Indonesia is such a

beautiful places”. It may happen due to the interviewee and interviewer want to respect one

another and maintain good relationship between the two countries -- Indonesia and United

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Relation PMC and its three levels of politeness (pre-event, on-the-spot, and post-event

politeness) proposed by Aziz (2000) can be revealed in the present study. Indonesian Journalist

has observed those three-levels as well as United States’ President. First is “pre-event

politeness” which deals with “harm and favor” and “shared-feeling principle” or before an act

take place. In the findings, both of them have a good outset for favoring one another and care

about one another’s feeling. Second is “on-the-spot politeness” which deals with when an act

takes place which create “prima-facie”. In this case, whether Indonesian Journalist or United

States’ President have observed it well. They want to create good image and in front of thousand

people who watch the interview. The third is “post-event politeness” which deals with

“continuity” principle or after an act take place. It is a result for the three sub-principles observed

before. The continuity principle can be seen when someone has a desire to take a communication

with someone else again in the future. Both interviewee and interviewer show the desire for

maintaining the good relationship in the future.

The study concludes that there is balanced-order in observing sub-principles of PMC

when the interviewer and the interviewee had the intention to favor one another. It is due to the

cause-effect logic in PMC theory, when the first sub-principle is observed, automatically the

following sub-principles have to be observed too. It is related to the center of PMC: management

conflict and causality mechanism. In two different cultures, maintaining relationship in mutual

consideration is highly essential to achieve individual freedom, social harmony for a unity, and

Godlines contentment (relationship between human and his/her Lord).

5.2 Suggestions

There are still several weaknesses in conducting this study, whether for the data or the method.

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The main data of this study is only interview script. The study will be more valuable if

future researchers would like to analyze the realization of PMC in natural conversation among

members of family or friends in campus when they refuse something by doing recording directly.

Beside that, the data of this study is only different culture based, it will be more variative if

future reserachers would like to compare the observance of PMC between different ages or

gender-based. It can be done since gender also influence the politeness behaviour.

Future researchers can also improve this study by conducting a similar research which

took interview as an object of investigation. Since the interviewer is one of Indonesian journalist

who has humble and calm image, then the study will be more challanging if future researchers

can analyze the observance of PMC which is used by Indonesian journalist who has

tempramental image for example or future research can investigate an interview between

journalist and powerless person, such as public-transportation’s driver, parking man, or laborers

and investigate how they observe politeness principles of mutual consideration.

In addition, lecturers of pragmatics can help to improve the students’ awareness about the

differences among frameworks of politeness. Learning politeness principles can also be done not

only in the formal setting like interview but also in the informal setting like friend chat or family

talk.

Pragmatics is a quite popular subject taken as paper or thesis in Indonesia University of

Education. Yet, there is not much literature about pragmatics that is available in both faculty

library and main library. It is hoped that in the future the university can provide more literature

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 5.3 Concluding Remarks

This section has elaborated conclusion from the findings and discussion at the previuos chapter.

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OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL CONSIDERATION (PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF POLITENESS

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OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL CONSIDERATION (PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF POLITENESS.

OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL

CONSIDERATION (PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE

PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF POLITENESS

Department of English Education

Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

OBSERVANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF MUTUAL

CONSIDERATION (PMC) AND ITS RELATION TO THE

PRESENCE OF THREE LEVELS OF POLITENESS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

References