Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Disasters in Aceh

(1)

IOSR Journals a broad-based open access, was founded on two key tenets: To publish the most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our functional Journals... clear set of values for delivering our vision. These are:

IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)

UGC Approve d

IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

Approved by UGC

IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Science (IOSR-JPBS)

Impact factor 9.52 IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS)

Impact Factor 8.02 IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)

UGC

IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE)

MCI Approved IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

Impact Factor 9.58 IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)

Approved by UGC

IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP)

Impact Factor 8.23 IOSR Journal on Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA)

Impact Factor 8.62 IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE)

Impact Factor 7.85 IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE)

Approved by UGC

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)

Impact Factor 8.52 IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)

Approved by UGC

IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG)

Imp Fac 8.45 IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology

Impact Factor 7.95 IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

Approve d by UGC

IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)

Approved by UGC

IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)

Approve d by UGC

IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)

LIST OF JOURNAL

UGC APPROVED JOURNAL LIST

WELCOME ABOUT IOSR IOSR JOURNALS CONTACT US

IOSR JOURNALS FOR AUTHORS QUALITY REPORT SPECIAL ISSUE SUBSCRIBE JOURNALS

(2)

Impact Factor 8.59

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) Approve d by UGC

ABOUT IOSR

The International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR), an independent private organization. The IOSR provides support and services to education professionals and researchers around world, especially those from the developing countries.

IOSR is an association of scientists, researchers, professors, directors, managers, and engineers from various fields, including engineering, management, pharmacy, applied science, and mathematics.

IOSR helps researchers free of cost by providing research assistance and guidance with the help of its worldwide association members. For More Details visit :www.iosr.org

IOSR JOURNALS TIE UP

NASA @ IOSR Journals Crossref @ IOSR Journals

Index Copernicus @ IOSR Journals iThenticate @ IOSR Journals

IOSR JOURNALS ARE PUBLISHED BOTH IN ONLINE AND PRINT VERSIONS.

(3)

For Authors (IOSR-JHSS)

Governing Board (IOSR-JHSS)

Contents (IOSR-JHSS)

Downloads

Contact Us

IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)

IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)

IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (JESTFT)

IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

IOSR Journal of Agriculture and veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)

IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS)

IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)

Other Useful Journals

About IOSR-JHSS List of Topics Submit an Article Publication Charges

May - 2017

Version 1

Version 1 Version 2Version 2 Version 3Version 3 Version 4Version 4 Version 5Version 5 Version 6Version 6 Version 7Version 7 Version 8Version 8 Version 9Version 9

Version 10

Version 10 Version 11Version 11

Paper Type : Research Paper

Title : A Semiotic Analysis of portraying Gender in Magazine Advertisements

Country : India

Authors : Alok Kumar Jha || Amrita Raj || Dr. Rachana Gangwar

: _{10.9790/0837-2205110108}

Abstract:Media play a big role in people’s life. There are different kinds of media like television, cinema, advertisements etc. which are portraying and making images of Men and women. In this study, researchers find out how gender roles are portrayed as stereotypes in magazine advertisements. Researchers analyzed 12 advertisements which were taken from Magazine (Femina and cosmopolitan) from january2016 to December 2016. In this current study, the researchers found that how portrayal of Femininity and Masculinity as a form of sexual object and hegemonic nature in the magazine...

Keywords:-Women, Gender, Advertisement, Women in Advertisements, Men in Advertisements, Semiotics, Hegemony, Sexual object, Femininity, Masculinity, Goffman Theory

[1]. Belkaoui, A. & Belkaoui J.M. (1976). A comparative analysis of the roles portrayed by women in print advertisements:1958, 1970, 1972. Journal of Marketing Research, 13, 168-172.

[2]. Busby, L.J. & Leichty, G. (1993). Feminism and advertising in traditional and nontraditional women’s magazines 1950s-1980s. Journalism Quarterly, 70(2), 247-264.

[3]. Collins, Rebecca L. (2011). Content Analysis of Gender Roles in Media: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go? Sex Roles, 64:290–298.

[4]. Ducker, J.M. & Tucker, Jr., L.R. (1977). "Women’s lib-ers" versus independent women: A study of preferences for women’s roles in advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 469-475. advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 7, 92-95.

[5]. Jha Dang, P., & Vohra, N. (2005). Role portrayals of men and women in Indian television Advertising. Abhigyan. 23 (1), 36–44

Title : Living Conditions of Kota Tribal Women in Nilgiris District

Country : India

Authors : Dr. HemaSrikumar || Mrs. C. Athena

: _{10.9790/0837-2205110914}

Abstract:All over the world women occupy an unenviable position. They are denied of opportunities to develop their potentialities or to utilize them. The study of social status of women is important because it forms one of the most trustworthy and reliable indices of the state of society, and indicates the nature and direction of social change. In tribal society of India also, women were found to have been occupying

Volume 22 - Issue 5

(4)

a prominent place as a critical variable to understand the changing phenomenon. To work among the tribal’s is more challenging and difficult. Probably, these led social researchers avoid studying tribal women. As the tribal women are no less important and as many of them have already started toeing the line of caste Hindu women, the researchers have decided to study the Kota women of Nilgiri District with the objectives of knowing the demographic profile, socio economic status and Human Development Index.

Keywords:-Tribal Women, Human Development Index, Socio economic status

[1] Parthasarathy, Jakka (1994), ’Tribal Women and Development: A cross cultural study among the Toda, Kota and the Paniyan of Nilgiri Hills’, Mimeographed Report, Tribal Research Center, Palada.

[2] Arulsevam and Maheswari (2011), Demographic Profile and Living Conditions of Tribal Population, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 2, January 2012.

[3] Sinu (2013), Living Conditions of Irula Tribes in GingeeTaluk, Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu, Research Journal of social science and management, Volume: 03, Number: 02, June-2013.

[4] Emmanuel and Rajan (2013) Social Status of Conjugal Womanhood: A study with the Irula Tribe at Kunjapannai, Nilgris Region, IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science, Volume 9, Issue 4 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 65-69.

[5] Pallavi and Kusugal (2013) Economic Status of Tribal Women:A Case Study International Journal of Scientific Research, Volume : 2 | Issue : 11 | November 2013

Title : The Role of HUDA in the Implementation of Islamic Syari’ah in Aceh

Country : Indonesia

Authors : Firdaus || Hasbi Amiruddin || Amroeni Drajat

: 10.9790/0837-2205111522

Abstract:One of the ulama organizations that still exist to fight for the establishment of Islamic law in Aceh is HUDA. Since its birth, HUDA has participated in socializing Islamic Shari’a to the society and giving input for perfection of qanun of Shari’a implementation. HUDA is involved in each discussion about Shari’ah qanun by the government, because the ulamas in HUDA are considered to have high religious knowledge and have a strong influence in the society. The method used in this study is a qualitative method, with the data collection techniques through observation, interview and collection of documentation data. Meanwhile the results of research include: first, in the struggle for the implementation of Islamic Shari’ah in Aceh...

Keywords:- Al Quran; HUDA; Islamic Shari’ah; Aceh.

[1]. Abbas, Syahrizal. "Reposisi Syariat Islam di Aceh", dalam Eddy S. Soepadmo (Direktur Program), Aceh Serambi Bermartabat. Jakarta: Kota Kita Press, 2006.

[2]. Abbas, Syahrizal. Maqashid Al-Syariah dalam Hukum Jinayah di Aceh. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh, 2015.

[3]. Abubakar, Al Yasa’. Penerapan Syariat Islam di Aceh Upaya Penyusunan Fiqih dalam Negara Bangsa. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh, 2013.

[4]. Abubakar, Al Yasa’. Syariat Islam di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Paradigma Kebijakan dan Kegiatan. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, 2006. AD-ART HUDA, 2000.

[5]. Alfian, Teuku Ibrahim. Perang di Jalan Allah; Perang Aceh 1873-1912. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1987 107.

Title :

The Quality Development of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teachers through Dual Mode System at Tarbiyah and Education Faculty (FITK), State Islamic University of North Sumatra (UINSU), Medan, Indonesia

Country : Indonesia

Authors : Madaliya || Syafaruddin || Saiful Akhyar Lubis

: _{10.9790/0837-2205112331}

Abstract:The guidance of relevant academic qualifications conducted on the teachers will create qualified educators who are able to perform their primary functions effectively and efficiently in realizing the education and learning process to achieve the national education objective that is the developing potential of the students to become human beings who believe and be cautious, noble, healthy, capable, creative, independent and become democratic and responsible citizens. profession is the authority of the practice of a ministry that is the service of humanity in a very intellectual specific, supported by the mastery...

Keywords:- Quality development; madrasah ibtidaiyah; dual mode system; education Citation

Abstract

Reference

Full PDF

Citation

Abstract

Reference

Full PDF

(5)

[1]. Al-Hawary, Mahmud S, Al-Asri Al-Jadid, Ingklizikh wal Arabiyah, Beirut, Darul Fikr Jawahir Tanthowi, 1963 dalam Unsur-Unsur Manajemen Menurut Ajaran Al-Qur’an, Jakarta, Pustaka Al-Husna, 1983

[2]. Analisis Kebijakan Pendidikan Cet. 3 Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2014

[3]. Departemen Agama RI, Undang-undang RI No.14 Tahun 2005 Tentang Guru da Dosen,Tahun 2007

[4]. Departemen Agama, Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Islam, Undang-undang RI No.20 Tahun 2003 serta Undang-undang RI No.14 Tahun 2005 Tentang Guru dan Dosen, Jakarta: 2007

[5]. Depdiknas, Manajemen Peningkatan Mutu Berbasis Sekolah Jakarta: Dirjen Pendidikan Menengah Umum Direktorat Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, 2000.

Title : Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after_{Disasters in Aceh}

Country : Indonesia

Authors : Edi Yandra || Prof. Dr. Syukur Kholil, MA || Dr. Iskandar Zulkarnain, MS

: _{10.9790/0837-2205113239}

Abstract:The role of media in disaster management is enormous. This is due to the community’s dependence on information relating to major disasters so that what is informed by the media is true and accurate news. To encourage the community participation, it requires appropriate mass media to assist the process of channeling information from the organizers of BPBA to the community and disaster victims. The use of media to seize the influence of society, in recent centuries is a must, viewing the effectiveness of messages through the means. The problem is how to choose the right and cheap media, and reach the target area so that the messages we want to convey are effective to achieve the goals...

Keywords:- mass media communication; strategy; rehabilitation and reconstruction; disaster

[1]. Affeltranger, Bastian, dkk, Hidup Akrab Dengan Bencana, Jakarta, MPBI, 2007.

[2]. AG, Hamdani, Kebebasan Pers & Kekerasan terhadap Wartawan, Lhokseumawe: Sefa Bumi Persada, 2015. [3]. Arikunto, Suharsimi, Prosedur Penelitian, Jakarta, Rineka Cipta, 1993.

[4]. Bajari, Atwar & Tua Saragih, Sahala, Komunikasi Kontekstual, Ed, Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2011.

[5]. Belch, Michael A., & George E. Belch, Advertising and Promotion : An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, 5th Ed. New York : McGraw- Hill, 2001..

Title : The Political Behaviors of Muhammadiyah Elite of North Sumatera in 1995-2005, Medan, Indonesia

Country : Indonesia.

Authors : Tagor || Prof Hasyimsyah || Prof Katimin

: _{10.9790/0837-2205114045}

Abstract:The reformation era and the change of configuration of elite leadership in Muhammadiyah caused the changes in political behaviors, especially among the Elites either at the national or regional levels such as in North Sumatra. The configuration of the leadership of Muhammadiyah elites in North Sumatera in the period of 1995-2005 occurred with the alternation the leadership of ulama/scholar figure to the figure of the scientist and politician. This leadership configuration change caused the tendency of politics in the Muhammadiyah elites in the period of 1995-2005 in North Sumatra. The Muhammadiyah of North Sumatera Elites in the period of 1995 -2005 shows three political behaviors, first the accommodative political behavior, second the idealist political behavior and third is the pragmatic political behaviors...

Keywords:- behavior; politics, elite,Muhammadiyah; North Sumatera

[1]. Abdul Khalik Lubis, Ketua PDM Deli Serdang (MPP PAN), wawancara Pribadi. Perbaungan, Desember 2016.

[2]. Ahmad Safii Maarif, "Muhammadiyah Lebih Lentur Pada Perubahan Politik", Kedaulatan Rakyat, 6 April 1995. , Studi tentang Percaturan dalam Konstituante: Islam dan Masalah Kenegaraan, Jakarta: LP3ES, 1996.

[3]. Arbain Tanjung, Bendahar PDM Langkat/ 2005 (Anggota DPRD Kab. Langkat), wawancara Pribadi. Stabat, Desember 2016. [4]. Astrid S. Susanto, Pengantar Sosiologi dan Perubahan Sosial, Bandung: Bina Cipta,1979.

[5]. Bahdin Nur Tanjung, Wakil Keteua PWM Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara/ Wakil Ketua DPD Golkar Sumatera Utara priode 1996-2001, wawancara pribadi. Medan Desember 2016...

Citation

Abstract

Reference

Full PDF

Citation

Abstract

Reference

Full PDF

Citation

Abstract

Reference

Full PDF

(6)

Title : The Implementation of Improving the Quality of Islamic Religion Education at Samudera Langsa University

Country : Indonesia

Authors : Razali Mahmud || Dja’far Siddik || Syafaruddin

: _{10.9790/0837-2205114652}

Abstract:various indicators of educational quality have not shown any significant improvement. Some of the existing universities have not shown any encouraging improvement in quality, and some are still of concern. This research is focused on the planning, organizing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating in an effort to improve the quality of Islamic religion education at Universitas Samudera Langsa. To improve the mastery and practice of Islamic religion education done by means of extracurricular activities such as the five-time prayer together in mushalla of the faculties that have been available either among students or faculty and staff. The habit of Muslim dressing for the entire academic community, the implementation of the Islamic big days that involve the students are the activities that can improve the understanding and the practice of religious educationIt can be concluded that the implementation of improving the quality of Islamic religion education in Universitas Samudera Langsa has been running well.

Keywords – Al Quran; educational quality; Islamic religion; Samudra Langsa University.

[1]. Abbas, Syahrizal. Manajemen Perguruan Tinggi, Beberapa Catatan. Jakarta: Kencana, 2009. [2]. Asrul dan Syafaruddin (et.al). Manajemen Pengawasan Pendidikan. Bandung: Citapustaka Media, 2014. [3]. Arifin, M. Ilmu Pendidikan Islam. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 1996, cet. ke-4.

[4]. Abdullah, Nazaruddin. Al-Qur’an dan Manajemen Pendidikan. Bandung: Citapustaka Media Perintis, 2011. [5]. Al Barry, M. Dahlan. Kamus Modern Bahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Arloka, 1994..

Title :

Contribution of components of Green Supply Chain Planning as a Green Supply Chain Performance measure-A Pilot Empirical Study of the Indian Automobile Manufacturing Sector

Country : India

Authors : Mohd. Asif Gandhi

: _{10.9790/0837-2205115357}

Abstract:This paper is one of the several extensions of the research works done by [5]. Green Supply Chain Practices have been known to have an impact on Green Supply Chain Performance [5].This paper tests empirically through a pilot study of the Indian Automobile Manufacturing Sector, the contribution of the variables constituting the construct Green Supply Chain Planning in Green Supply Chain Performance measurement. Also the paper establishes the reliability of the questionnaire instrument developed previously for measuring the construct Green Supply Chain Planning and also for measuring the five variables that constitute the construct Green Supply Chain Planning. Further the paper establishes the correlation among...

Keywords – Automobile, CFA, Green Supply Chain Performance, Green Supply Chain Planning, Green Supply Chain Practices, Indian, Manufacturing Sector, Pilot Study.

[1] Emmett, S. and Sood, V., Green Supply Chains – An Action Manifesto. John Wiles & Sons, 2010, 29-56.

[2] Gandhi, M.A., A Review of the Indian Automobile Manufacturing Sector, IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(3), Ver II, 2017, 9-15.

[3] Gandhi, M.A. and Sharma, S., A Review of Research Methodologies Linking Green Supply Chain Practices and Green Supply Chain Performance, International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 3(4), 2014.

[4] George, D., and Mallery, M. Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. 2003.

[5] Sharma, S., and Gandhi, M.A., Exploring correlations in components of green supply chain practices and green supply chain performance, Competitiveness Review, 26(3), 2016, 332-368..

Citation

Abstract

Reference

Full PDF

(7)

For Authors (IOSR-JHSS)

Governing Board (IOSR-JHSS)

Contents (IOSR-JHSS)

Downloads

Contact Us

IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)

IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)

IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (JESTFT)

IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

IOSR Journal of Agriculture and veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)

Other Useful Journals

About IOSR-JHSS List of Topics Submit an Article Publication Charges

Managing Editor Board

Paper Publication in Int Journal : 04 Paper Publication in National

Journal : 18

Awards : 03

Dr. Nasir Rana Pakistan

Affiliation : Punjabi Univeristy, Lahore_(Pakistan)

Position : Director Research and Qality Assurance

Experiens : 25 Years.

Journal : 46

Awards : Best Researcher

Dr. Ajayi, Johnson Olusegun Nigeria

Affiliation : Ekiti State University,_Ado-Ekiti

Position : Lecturer 1 [Post graduate Coordinator]

Journal : 07

Awards : The Best student in Msc Class

Dr. W. A. Amir Zal

Journal : 09

Awards : N/A

International Editorial Board

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science(IOSR-JHSS)

(8)

Dr. Paul Terungwa JATO Nigeria

Affiliation : Veritas University, Abuja

Position : Lectuter

Affiliation : S.A. Jain College, haryana

Position : Head, Department Public Administration

Journal : 12

Awards : N/A

Dr. Irshad Hussain Pakistan

Affiliation : The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Position : Associate Professor/Chairman

Journal : 18

Awards : 6 awards of academic and

leadership excellence

Journal : 11

Awards : Two award received from

various organizations

Journal : 02

Awards : Best Graduate 2006

Dr. Okorie Ugochukwu Nigeria

Affiliation : National Youth Service Corps

Position : N/A

Experiens : Pr

Paper Publication in Int Journal : 30

(9)

Awards : N/A

Affiliation : PMAS Arid Agriculture_{University, Rawalpindi}

Position : Assistant Professor

Journal : 01

Awards : M.Phil degree in process

Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan Pakistan

Affiliation : University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir

Journal : 08

Awards : Best Faculty Award-2006_{from Rahul Faoundation.}

Dr. Malik M. Hafeez Pakistan

Affiliation : The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Affiliation : Dargahpur F. Degree M.

(10)

Affiliation : Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti

Position : Professor

Journal : 21

Awards : Federal Merit Award.

Position : Head of Department and Associate Professor

Journal : 10

Awards : N/A

Dr. Deb Dulal Halder India

Affiliation : Dept. of English, Kirori Mal College,Univ of Delhi Position : Assistant Professor

Journal : 05

Awards : N/A

Dr. Malachi Elisha Brown Nigeria

Affiliation : Nigerian Bar Association,_SIIA

Position : Research Fellow/Coordinator_(R&D)

Affiliation : The Open University of Sri_Lanka

Position : Senior Lecturer

Journal : 30

Awards : B.Com(Hons) (SL), MBA(IB)_{(AIT), PhD Scholar (ZJU)}

Dr. Amir Ahmed Khuhro Pakistan

Affiliation : Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Sindh.

Journal : 04

Awards : N/A

Dr Ravinder Singh India

Affiliation : Institute of Human Behaviour_{and Allied Sciences,}

Position : Associate Professor & Head

Journal : 11

Awards : JRF & SRF(UGC) 1990-1995 JRF(ICMR) 1988-90

(11)

Dr. Muhammad Arshad Pakistan

Affiliation : The Islamia University Bahawalpur

Position : Completed thesis for PhD

Journal : 40

Awards : Best of book from university

Dr. Diksha Sharma India

Affiliation : BITS Pilani , Rajasthan ,_India

Position : Faculty

Journal : 04

Awards : N/A

Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Pakistan

Affiliation : M A O College

Position : Registrar

Journal : 08

Awards : N/A

Dr. John Yeseibo India

Affiliation : University of Port Harcourt

Position : Senior Lecturer

Journal : 08

Awards : Grand Patron, Hall of Fame

Dr. Amita Puri India

Affiliation : GGSIP University

Position : Offg Principal

Journal : 25

Awards : PGI Fellowship

Dr. Michael Akintayo US

Affiliation : New York Department of Helath and Mental Hyigene Position : Public Health Advisor

Affiliation : Shaheed Benazir Bhutto_{University, Nawabshah}

Journal : 27

Awards : Gold Medalist, Certificates,_Shields

Dr shahida khalique Pakistan

Affiliation : University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Position : Lecturer in English

Journal : 00

Awards : N/A

(12)

Dr iyanda kamoru ahmed

Affiliation : Enugu State University of Sci. & Tech, Enugu

Position : senior lecturer

Journal : 14

Awards : best lecture & writer

Dr TAHIRA Pakistan

Affiliation : Queen Mary College Position : Head of legal cell

Position : Head, Doctoral Program,_{Business Administration}

Journal : 06

Dr Cristina-Georgiana Voicu Romania

Affiliation : Apollonia University of Iasi Position : Associate Professor

Journal : 15

Awards : 03

(13)

Awards : two gold medals

Journal : 03

Awards : Doctoral Scholarship

Dr Waheeda Khan India

Affiliation : Jamia Millia Islamia (a central University) Delhi

Journal : 06

Awards : Participant in 2011 religious_programme

Dr (Mrs.) Indu Swami

Position : Administration and teaching_{UG, PG & Ph.D scholars}

Position : Chairman, Kuki Research_{Forum, Manipur}

Journal : 04

Awards : Best Citizen of India, 2013

Dr Mawuloe Koffi Kodah

Affiliation : National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos

Position : Director, Lagos Study Center

(14)

Journal : 01

Awards : Nuffic felloship

Journal : 17

Awards : E. A. Dahunsi Award for New_{Testament Greek (1990)}

Dr Prasanta Kumar Panda India

Affiliation : Indian Institute of_{Technology(BHU), Varanasi.}

Journal : 14

Awards : N/A

Dr Jabreel Asghar Pakistan

Affiliation : King Abdulaziz University,_{Jeddah. Saudi Arabia}

Affiliation : College of Education, Warri, Nigeria

Position : Consultant on Research

Journal : 12

Awards : BEST THESIS AWARD BY

HEC

Dr. Benson Adesina Adegoke Nigeria

Affiliation : Institute of Education,_{University of Ibadan, Nige}

Position : Senior Research Fellow

Journal : 05

Awards : Awarded NET in 1993 and

JRF in 1994

(15)

Affiliation : University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh Position : Associate Professor

Journal : 01

Awards : Two Awards for higher study in Norway and Italy

Affiliation : National Institute of Technoloogy, Kurukshetra Position : Assistant Professor

Journal : 08

Awards : Young Scientist Award (2012)

If you want to join IOSR Journals as Associate Board Member. Fill Your detailsHere...

(16)

IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)

Volume 22, Issue 5, Ver. 11 (May. 2017) PP 32-39

e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.

www.iosrjournals.org

DOI: 10.9790/0837-2205113239 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page

Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation

and Reconstruction after Disasters in Aceh

Edi Yandra

1

, Prof. Dr. Syukur Kholil, MA

2

,

Dr. Iskandar Zulkarnain, MS

2

1_{Ph.D Student at State Islamic University of North Sumatra (UINSU), Medan, Indonesia} 2_{Postgraduate Lecturer at State Islamic University of North Sumatra (UINSU), Medan, Indonesia}

Abstract:

The role of media in disaster management is enormous. This is due to the community's dependence on information relating to major disasters so that what is informed by the media is true and accurate news. To encourage the community participation, it requires appropriate mass media to assist the process of channeling information from the organizers of BPBA to the community and disaster victims. The use of media to seize the influence of society, in recent centuries is a must, viewing the effectiveness of messages through the means. The problem is how to choose the right and cheap media, and reach the target area so that the messages we want to convey are effective to achieve the goals. The response of local mass media in Aceh Province to the news of disaster mitigation has been very positive, either in printed, electronic and other social media. It is just that the media coverage of the disaster mitigation program initiated by BPBA has received less attention from the media, mainly due to the low attractiveness of the news, the low quality of the program package, and often neglected by the BPBA itself when there is a socialization to the regions.

Keywords:

mass media communication; strategy; rehabilitation and reconstruction; disaster

I. INTRODUCTION

Mass media is a channel for people to know the disaster-related information which is happening in which disaster is news that related to human interest. Disaster news contains high news value so that the media are competing against the disaster news. Media information besides needed by the disaster victims for sharing the information of various emergency action, it is also needed by the government through Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Aceh or Aceh Disaster Mitigation Agency (BPBA) as information in making the policies and mitigation as well as the relief actions.

The role of media in disaster management is enormous. This is due to the community's dependence on information relating to major disasters so that what is informed by the media is true and accurate news. To encourage the community participation, it requires appropriate mass media to assist the process of channeling information from the organizers of BPBA to the community and disaster victims. In receiving the information from the mass media, many people are affected so that they do the same thing from what they have seen, read and heard.

The media which are currently in great demand by the people in Aceh are television, radio and newspapers. The audio-visual television is very influential on public audiences; this is because the information and the visuals heard and seen are easily understood. The people who watch television a lot will have the same view of "TV answers" if they are asked compared to the official data so that the assumption that television is a "messaging system" that instills or creates a false reality based on the picture shown by television is not based on the real reality.1 Currently broadcast television is affordable and accessible to all regions of Indonesia. Almost every house has a television, besides as a source of information, it is also a medium of fast, cheap and easily accessible entertainment. Television is also easily to be understood and does not require literacy as people read newspapers or hear radio. Television is an electronic medium that spreads certain images and sounds that are essentially the same as living images.2 Milton Chen says that watching television is a special activity, watching the television programs.3

1

Kamaluddin, Teori Kultivasi in Syukur Kholil, Teori Komunikasi Massa, (Bandung: Citapustakan Media Perintis, 2011), h. 201. Also read in Saodah Wok, et.al, Teori-teori Komunikasi, (Kuala Lumpur: PTS Publication & Distributors SDN BHD, 2003), p. 105.

2

Deddy Mulyana and Idi Subandy Ibrahim, Bercinta dengan Televisi, (Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 1997), p. 20.

(17)

Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Disasters..

DOI: 10.9790/0837-2205113239 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page Television can reach a large mass and the actuality value of information or the news delivered is very quickly. It is similar to the role of the radio in conveying the disaster information. Radio can build the resistance of the people in facing the disasters through the speed and accuracy in providing the disaster information through the education about disaster, early warning, disaster events and its mitigation. To prevent it, it is required to identify the areas that are prone to disaster, and then do the mitigation so that the disaster does not affect the disruption of life and livelihood of many people.

II. METHODOLOGY

Definition of Communication Strategy

Strategy is an overall plan in reaching the target even though there is no guarantee of the success. The term of strategy is widely used in the military world, but in many other fields it is also used even in different ways. In the communication study, strategy means a comprehensive plan in achieving the goal of communication effectiveness, so that messages conveyed the communicators give effect as expected, especially the changes in the communicant’s attitudes, behavior, mindset and views to something. The purpose of communication in this case may vary depending on the communications field, for example in the context of disaster management is instructional communication that has the goal of achieving interactive educational process on the communicant side.4

It can be argued that communication strategies include the activities of planning, organizing, actuating, accounting and controlling as well as the elements in a management, and the communication strategy has a wider scope than management. The planning, moving, implementing, financing and supervising in communication strategies are different from those in general management. Although, it can be ascertained the success or the failure of a goal is determined by the strategy and management used. Likewise with a communication strategy that determines the success or the failure of a goal or the communication effectiveness conducted by the communicators. The communication effectiveness can be measured by the achievement of communication goals such as the changes in the communicant’s attitudes, behaviors, mindsets and views to something that become the communicators’ target. Communication strategy is needed when the process to achieve the communication effectiveness encounters many obstacles and challenges, both internal challenges and external challenges, so it is necessary to take various methods, patterns, techniques, models, and communication approaches tailored to the communicant’s social and cultural conditions. As an example, in the communication strategy of disaster mitigation there are activities of preparation, implementation and concluding as well as various explanations of each of these activities. Motivating the goals to be always ready and interested in a subject and preparing the equipment used in communication activities. In the contemporary context, strategic issues are often linked to the method, technical, and tactical terms used. These three terms are actually still within the scope of the strategy, but they have more practical, detailed and detailed work. If it is linked in the issue of communication strategy to the disaster mitigation, then strategy can be said to be a comprehensive planning of the communication activities of disaster mitigation. The communication method has a more narrow meaning that is a coherent procedure used to solve and explain the aspects of communication, for example the things that can be expressed in communication methods are the methods of oral communication, interpersonal, group communication and mass communication.

The term method in this case is almost similar to the approach of a pattern or communication system that is considered effective to approach the communicant. Meanwhile technical problems and tactics in communication have a more limited understanding such as informative techniques, persuasive, cursive, pervasive, instructive and educative. Furthermore, tactics can be said as a certain way which is more practical in doing a momentary activity. In other words, many tactics relate to a person's ability to take advantage of the opportunities at times in doing a job.5

Marhaeni Dawn, identifies four determinants to achieve the effective communication, namely:

1. Knowing the audience

Knowing the audiences for communicators is the most principal for effective communication. Things that should be remembered the audience is not passive, but active, so that between the communicator and the communicant not only occur the interconnected but also affect each other. Between the communicators and the audiences there should be the same interest.

4

Pawit M. Yusup, Komunikasi Pendidikan dan Komunikasi Instruksional (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 1990), p. 73.

5

(18)

Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Disasters..

2. Composing the Messages

Composing a message is determining the theme and the material which is the main requirement in influencing the audience through arousing their attention. Things should be remembered that at the same time there are various messages received by the same audience, only those who attract the attention are effective at affecting them when the others just pass by.

3. Defining the Method

To achieve the effectiveness of a communication besides depending on the stability of the message content harmonized with the condition of the audience, it is also influenced by the method of delivery to the target. The method of messages delivery can be detailed from two aspects, namely in terms of implementation and in terms of the message contents. The execution way can be realized with two forms that is repitition method and canalizing as well as according to the form of its contents which are known as methods of informative, persuasive, educative and cursive.6

4. Selecting the Media Usage

The use of media to seize the influence of society, in recent centuries is a must, viewing the effectiveness of messages through the means. The problem is how to choose the right and cheap media, and reach the target area so that the messages we want to convey are effective to achieve the goals. While Hafied Cangara, argues that in message management techniques so that the communication is considered effective there are two models of messages compilation, namely the preparation of messages are informative and persuasive.7 The informative messaging model is mainly aimed at broadening the insight and the awareness of audiences are diffusion, simple, clear and not using the term. There are four kinds of informative messaging:

a. Space Order, the messages management viewing the condition of place or space, such as local, regional or national.

b. Time Order, the messages preparation based on time or period in chronological order. c. Deductive Order, the messages management from the general to the special.

d. Inductive Order, the messages management from the special to the general.

Model of persuasive managing messages can be detailed as follows:

a. Fear Appeal, the method of managing or delivering messages by scaring the audience.

b. Emotional Appeal, the way of managing or delivering messages with emotional awakening audiences, such as revealing the tribal, religious, discriminatory, economic issues etc.

c. Reward Appeal, the managing or delivery of messages by conveying promises, as in election campaigns. d. Motivational Appeal, the technique of preparing messages not with promises but by growing motivation psychologically.

e. Humorous Appeal, the delivery of messages accompanied by humor so that they become the main attractions for audiences, not saturated.

In the communication domain, strategy means a comprehensive plan for achieving the communication goals. The purpose of communication in this case can vary, depending on the communications field, for example, instructional communication has a goal of achieving the interactive educational process on the communicant. This is because in the strategy includes planning activities, then in practice it came out the operation of the activities.

In the message presentation is known technique of composing one-sided message (one sided issue) and two sides (two sided issue). The research on the technique of messages compilation like this was done in an experiment by Hovland, Lumsdein and Sheffild. From the experiment it was concluded that the one sided method is only suitable for low educated audiences and they already know the information earlier so that its function is only to strengthen (reinforcement) existing information.

Any activity that supports the achieving process of these objectives can be seen clearly. The communication strategy is the preparation activities, execution and conclusions and various explanations of each activity in order to motivate the target to always be ready and interested in a subject matter used in the communications activities with the intention to change the behavior, attitudes and character of the target. From the set of understanding that has been proposed, the communication strategy in the case of disaster mitigation is any form of communication activities related to disaster, using mass media, communication between individuals or face to face.

6

Fajar,Ilmu Komunikasi, p. 183 – 203.

7

(19)

Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Disasters..

The Strategy Steps of Communication a. Strategies in Delivering the Message

Basically, humans in the delivering the messages besides using verbal code (spoken and written language) also use nonverbal code. Nonverbal codes are often called sign languages or silent languages. Onong Uchjana Effendy suggests that communication will fail if there is a discrepancy between verbal messages which are delivered with visible nonverbal messages.8

Albert Mahrabian as quoted Hafied Cangara states that the confidence level of people's conversation only 7 percent comes from verbal language, 38 percent of vocal sound and 55 percent of facial expression (nonverbal). He also adds that if there is a conflict between what a person says and his actions, then others tend to believe things that are nonverbal.9Meanwhile, Mark Knapp mentions that the use of nonverbal code in communicating has the following functions:

1) Reassure what it says (repetition).

2) Showing feelings and emotions that cannot be expressed by words (substitution). 3) Showing the identity so that others can know it

4) Adding or completing the utterances that are perceived as imperfect.10

In the presenting the message it is known a technique of managing one-sided issue and two sided issue. The research about the technique of managing the messages like this was conducted in an experiment by Hovland, Lumsdein and Sheffild. From the experiment it was concluded that the one sided issue method is only suitable for low educated audiences and they already know the information earlier so that its function is only to reinforce the existing information.11

The method of presentation two-sided issue is by describing the good or the bad side of a problem which is more appropriate for those who have high education, knowing the information, but act the opposition or the controversial idea so that it causes the attitude of pros and cons. Besides the method of presenting the message, one sided issue and two sided issue, there are also known the methods of presenting a climax message and presenting anti climax message as well as the methods of regency and primacy presentations. The method of presenting a climax message emphasizes the very important things at the end of the messages; on the contrary the emphasis at the beginning of the message is called anti-climax. The method of regency presentation is to place the positive things at the end of the presentation, while the primacy method puts the positive things at the beginning of the presentation.

There are three theories that talk about the presentation of messages, namely:

a) Over Power Em Theory

This theory states that if a message is often repeated long and loud enough, then it will pass from the audience.

b) Glamour Theory

This theory states that if a message (idea) which is packaged with relevant, then offered with the power of persuasion, then the audience will be interested to have the idea.

c) Don’t Tell’em Theory

If an idea is not conveyed to others, then they will not hold and ask it. Therefore they will not make an opinion about the idea.12

The messaging strategy described above is relevant for all forms of communication, whether it is interpersonal communication, group communication or mass communication. In this case D.W. Johnson, says that there are three criteria that must be met until the communication can be effective, namely: (1) messages sent must be easily understood by the communicant, (2) the message sender must have credibility in the eyes of the recipient and (3) the communicator must try to get the feedback optimally about the effect of the message on the communicant.13

Another opinion expressed by A.W.Widjaja, the message should be submitted appropriately, like aiming and shooting what comes out should be in accordance with the target. The message must meet the requirements of: a) The message must be general, b) The message must be communicated clearly not vague, c) The message should be conveyed in clear and compatible language to the communicant, the local situation and

8

Onong Uchjana Effendy, Dinamika Komunikasi, (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001),p. 105.

9

Mahrabian dalam Hafied Cangara,Pengantar Ilmu, p.107-108.

(20)

Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Disasters..

DOI: 10.9790/0837-2205113239 www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page the conditions in which it communicates, and) The message should be delivered in a positive form, e) The message should be delivered in a balanced manner. f) The message should be tailored to the wishes of the communicant.14

Indonesian communication expert Onong Uchjana Effendy, says that the message should be achieved as follows: a) the message should be arranged and submitted in such a way so that it foster the audience’s interest, b) the message must use the communication symbols that can be understood by the communicant, c) the message can grow the personal needs of communicant and suggests several ways to meet the needs that arises in the communicant, d) the messages should be able to suggest various ways of solving problems that can be done by the communicant.15

III. DISCUSSION

The media coverage will re-emerge during the reconstruction of infrastructure and public housing, after the disaster. This phase is the news era which is full of scent of corruption, collusion and nepotism among the government, especially the disaster mitigation agencies. The problem is the management of reconstruction and rehabilitation projects after the natural disaster until now still tends to shamble, loose responsibility and full of corruption. This happens because the planning, the implementation, the monitoring and the allocation of funds for projects that fall into this category of "emergency response" tend to be careless, because it is considered an urgent need and "emergency" condition. So far, almost all provinces and districts are "happy" if they receive any fund of post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation projects from APBN or States Budget, because besides their large number as the initial proposals, the project management is just (without tendering and weak supervision), the location of the handling is often in the interior areas so that it is far from public observations. This condition encouraged the press to publish the various sides of the post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation program to the media. The media community seems to be saying "this is a project of corruption and collusion sources of the officials", "do not be happy on the suffering of disaster victims", as a form of the hearts speaking of the press. The problem is, if natural disasters in the future will get "profits" for the officials, despite the deep suffering for certain people, how can people avoid the natural disasters and instead try to make the disaster happens every time, there will be more victims and greater damage both infrastructure and public housing.

The news about reconstruction and rehabilitation after the natural disaster in Aceh has been a game for local media because it is suspected to have many problems surrounding project management, although up to now there is no single case of "emergency response" project has entered the area of ‘investigation’ of the law enforcers, even to the court in Aceh. Until now the officials or former officials of this "sacred project", are wandering untouched by the law. For information, during the Governor of Aceh, Irwandi Yusuf - Muhammad Nazar 2006 - 2012 the budget of APBN allocation for post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation projects managed by the Government of Aceh outside BRR was quite large.

The placement and the use of these funds in the form of a number of physical development such as embankment flood levee, bronjong river cliffs and cliffs, breakwater waves, in various locations of districts/towns. However, almost the average quality and the implementation are far less than expected in the planning, where the contractor executives are not only working under the pressure of GAM combatants as well as being subjected to extortion fees.

Similarly, the reconstruction and rehabilitation projects of the disaster-affected people's housing, there almost nothing goes without the act of corruption and collusion, and some even seem ironic, as the housing development for poor people built with APBA funds is reported to the center as housing reconstruction and rehabilitation of the natural disasters victims. The prediction of corruption and collusion in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of natural disasters victims, besides to the procurement of land location that is relatively safe from the threat of disaster, it is also in the physical implementation of the housing itself, either on the implementation of the tender, project quality or price of the project itself.

All the issues concerning the reconstruction and rehabilitation process are very interesting to be covered by the media press, as they are considered the state financial irregularities cases by the officials, although the role of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has not shown its power yet in Aceh Province. This is at least the role of the press man with his social control function as the fourth pillar of the democracy which has done its job well.

The warmth of the news on the post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation phase in Aceh is a natural thing since in the process there are many irregularities, corruption and collusion by the executors. The news about the state financial irregularities until now is still hunted the journalists as one of the appeal of the news value for the public so that the perpetrators will be punished in accordance with the applicable law. The

14

A.W. Widjaja, Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi (Jakarta: Bina Aksara, 2001), p. 33.

15

(21)

Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Disasters..

DOI: 10.9790/0837-2205113239 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page main purpose is to realize the spirit of social media and the community toward the monitoring of the state management implementation by the clean and healthy government. Admittedly, the social media control toward the post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation in Aceh has not been fully effective. There are still many locations, sides and modes of the implementation of these physical projects that have escaped from the media coverage, and many have succeeded in establishing the conspiracies with individual media press so that the news does not appear in the mass media but there is a conspiracy between the officials and the journalists by giving the "envelope", advertisement, or plane ticket to the journalists.

The reporting of the post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation phase either by the local or national mass media in which the intensity is very high and complex because it contains more problems and attractiveness than the pre-disaster reporting and the emergency response. The problem and the appeal of the media in the reconstruction and rehabilitation phase lies in the opportunities of deviations and discrimination that are wide open, especially by the executing officials of the activities. Besides in the news at this phase the media tend to use social control function which has been acknowledged very effective and feared by all the societies. Because the social function of media control goes far beyond the authority of the law enforcement executor itself such as the prosecutor and the police.

Media coverage of irregularities or alleged corruption in a development activity may be carried out although it has not yet hold the concrete evidence as required in a prosecutor or police investigation. The more frightening thing is the impact of media coverage on a highly significant official, not only dropping self-esteem and credibility in the eyes of family and neighbors, but also can eliminate the trust and the morality among the relationships and the co-workers. Although it can be recovered if it is not proven to be aberrations and corruption, it will only be recovered for a long time.

The mass media reporting about the disaster mitigation program launched by BPBA is minimal. Many things cause the mass media reporting on the disaster mitigation are few, among them because of the programs lack of the attractiveness of the news, often abandoned and ignored by the BPBA, the BPBA communication with the media press is very bad, the BPBA lacks the funds to invite the mass media to participate in the event.

Aceh as a province prone to natural disasters, including the areas that almost throughout the year experienced the natural disasters. After the devastating earthquake and tsunami at the end of 2004, the natural disaster struck the Rencong Land, among them floods, earthquakes, landslides and others that claimed many lives, property and infrastructure losses. Therefore, the BPBA of Aceh has almost no time to stop in moving the disaster mitigation program, besides its vast areas as well as the programs to reduce the impact and the risk of complex disasters, not just the rescue and the evacuation efforts for individuals and the family but also for others around them.

Without the support and the role of the mass media in disseminating the disaster mitigation information, the task of BPBA becomes heavier because it is too difficult to convince the community with the rolled out programs. As well as the people in other areas who adopt and believe in a new program or idea on the media information, the media has been publishing a program or a good, true and useful idea to the society, then the program or the idea will be good and useful. Because, it is impossible for the media to publish the false thing and bad for the society, because they will lose the popularity and the public if it is not true. There is a theory of setting agenda that reinforces it, by assuming "an issue or news that is considered important by the media, it is considered important also by the public". That is why people do not have to bother and assume they suspect the media will conspire with others in false news to trap the public.

IV. CONCLUSION

The response of local mass media in Aceh Province to the news of disaster mitigation has been very positive, either in printed, electronic and other social media. It is just that the media coverage of the disaster mitigation program initiated by BPBA has received less attention from the media, mainly due to the low attractiveness of the news, the low quality of the program package, and often neglected by the BPBA itself when there is a socialization to the regions.

There is a miscommunication between the media and the BPBA primarily in the need for funds to engage the media in its programs, or possibly the BPBA itself less understands the media information functions for society and culture, so it does not seriously put the media into every activity. Likewise, the media coverage of activities that are believed to provoke the emergence of natural disasters such as illegal encroachment and excessive exploitation of C minerals in Tangse, Pidie District, which caused the major flood disaster at the end of 2010.

(22)

Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Disasters..

DOI: 10.9790/0837-2205113239 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page Besides that in disasters there are always many problems in the process of evacuating victims or handling refugees in the temporary shelters. The media coverage is also widespread in the post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation phase. The problem is the experience so far in the recovery and the reconstruction there have been many problems on the state financial irregularities, discrimination and collusion by executing officials, either in handling the victim's houses or in the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure or new infrastructure as the disaster prevention. However, there have been much news in mass media, but so far there is no media in Aceh that deliberately twists the disaster information (media provocation) with issues that can add to the suffering of the disaster victims. One thing that there should be thumbs up for the media crew in the province of Aceh unlike the media in Jakarta against various news such as the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010.

REFERENCES

[1]. Affeltranger, Bastian, dkk, Hidup Akrab Dengan Bencana, Jakarta, MPBI, 2007.

[2]. AG, Hamdani, Kebebasan Pers & Kekerasan terhadap Wartawan, Lhokseumawe: Sefa Bumi Persada, 2015.

[3]. Arikunto, Suharsimi, Prosedur Penelitian, Jakarta, Rineka Cipta, 1993.

[4]. Bajari, Atwar & Tua Saragih, Sahala, Komunikasi Kontekstual, Ed, Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2011. [5]. Belch, Michael A., & George E. Belch, Advertising and Promotion : An Integrated Marketing

Communications Perspective, 5th Ed. New York : McGraw- Hill, 2001.

[6]. Blumler, J.G. & McQuail, D. Television in Politic, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

[7]. Harry, Eko, Komunikasi Bencana. Yogyakarta, Asosiasi Pendidikan Tinggi Ilmu Komunikasi (ASPIKOM) dan Buku Litera dan Perhumas, BPC Yogyakarta. 2011.

[8]. Hancock, Alan, Approaches to Communication Planning, Communication Planning for Development, an operational framework. Paris: UNESCO, 1980.

[9]. Hattersley, Michael E. & Linda McJannet, Management Communication: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

[10]. Ishadi, Dunia Penyiaran: Prospek dan Tantangan. Jakarta: Gramedia,1999. [11]. Koentjaningrat, Metode-metode Penelitian Masyarakat, Jakarta, Gramedia, 1985.

[12]. Kotler, Philip, Manajemen Pemasaran: Analisis, Perencanaan, Implementasi dan Pengendalian, Edisi [13]. Keenam. (Diterjemahkan oleh Drs. Jaka Wasana, MSM), Jakarta, Penerbit Erlangga, 1992.

[14]. Kriyantono, Rachmat, Tehnik Praktis Riset Komunikasi, Jakarta, Kencana Prenata Media Group, 2006. [15]. Kunarjo, Perencanaan dan Pemberdayaan Pembangunan, Jakarta: UI Press, 1993.

[16]. Liliweri, Alo, Wacana Komunikasi Organisasi, Bandung: Mandar Maju 1994.

[17]. Mawardi, Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pengurangan Bencana Banjir. Surabaya, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air, dalam UU RI No. 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanganan Bencana, 2011. [18]. McQuail, D, Teori Komunikasi Massa : Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta, 1994.

[19]. Moleong, Lexy J, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, Bandung, PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2006. [20]. Muhammad, Arni, Komunikasi Organisasi, Jakarta, Bumi Aksara, 2002.

[21]. Nurudin, Pengantar Komunikasi Massa, Jakarta, Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007. [22]. Pawito, Penelitian Komunikasi Kualitatif, Yogyakarta, LKiS, 2007.

[23]. Piotrow, Phyllis T. D. Lawrence Kincaid, Jose G. Rimon II, & Ward Rinehart, Health communication: Lessons from family planning and reproductive health, Westport London, Praeger, 1997.

[24]. Poerwadarminta, W.J.S, Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka, 1985.

[25]. Pratikto, Riyono, Komunikasi Pembangunan, Edisi I, Bandung, PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 1997. [26]. Prasetya, Joko & Ahmadi, Abu, Strategi Belajar Mengajar, Bandung, Pustaka Setia, 2005.

[27]. Rahmadi, Informasi dan Komunikasi dalam Percaturan Internasional, Bandung: Penerbit Alumni, 1988. [28]. Rakhmat, Jalaluddin, Psikologi Komunikasi, Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 1994.

[29]. Rivers, William L & Jensen, Jay W, Media Massa & Masyarakat Modern, Jakarta, Prenada Media Group, 2003.

[30]. Saodah Wok, at-al, Teori-Teori Komunikasi, Kuala Lumpur, PTS Publications & Distributors SDN. BHD, 2004.

[31]. Schramm, Wilburr dan Kincaid, Azas-Azas Komunikasi antar Manusia, Jakarta: LP3ES, 1977. [32]. Sendjaya, S. Djuarsa, Teori Komunikasi, Jakarta, Penerbit Universitas Terbuka, 2005.

[33]. Setianingtyias, Lusiana Lilies, Membangun Kekuatan Kolektif Reduksi Resiko Bencana, Jakarta, Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia, 2008.

[34]. Sugiono, Metode Penelitian Bisnis, Alfabeta, CV. Bandung, 2004.

(23)

Mass Media Communication Strategies during Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after Disasters..

DOI: 10.9790/0837-2205113239 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page [36]. Swanson, David L, The Continuing Evolution of the Uses and Gratification Approach : Communication

Reseach, vol 6, USA, Sage Publication, Inc. 1979.

[37]. Syukur Kholil, Komunikasi Islam. Bandung, Citapustaka Media Perintis, 2007.