Elias Franco
*, Carlos Alberto de Bastos Andrade, Carlos Alberto Scapim e Paulo
Sérgio Lourenço de Freitas
Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. *Autor para correspondência. E-mail: ciafranco@bol.com.br
! " " # $
" " % " # ! " # $ "
# ! #& ' # " " " " ' " " " $ "
# ! ( # ' # " " ' )
*+ , - * , . - * , . / - * , / . 0 - *1 , . + */ , + 2 & +
3 4 */ # ! ( ' " 3 " " 5 *+
3 6 $ 7 ' # " " 8
# 5 # # 9 ' # " " # 9 " : # ") ;
' # $ " ' #& # ! ' # " " ! " "
' # " 3 < = > > ? " " ' " " "
@ $ " ' #& " ; ' # @ "
# " " ' # " 3 < > > < # ! ' #
@ ! " "" + ! " " " ' # " = ?
! ' " " ' "
A ! # ( "
' # " ! ! "
! "
" # 3 ' # 9 ##
"B" " " B & " " " # " & #
" C ## " & ' # *& ' & " C 2 C "
& " " " ' " '' " " # & "
## * " C " ' ## C") *+ , - * , . - * , . / - *
, / . 0 - *1 , . + */ ,+ 2 & + ' 3 3 # */ C "
" C D & & " 5 *+ ' & 3 6 7 C " #
" C & & & 8 " *& 9 # 2"
5 # " C " # 3 < = > > ?
" # ' 5 B ' # " ' # # ' # C
# ' '' " C ' # ' B # ' 5
' " # B # ' # ' 3 < > > E C ' #
# ' " & "" " C ## " = ? ' #
"& C " ' '' "
$ # ! " A ' # 9 " # # ' # "
B #
# " " #
" " F" " 4" <
" G " "
! # ! %" " " %" $ "
# ! # '
H " " " " (
" ' G G
# ' "" $ "
" ' #& " " " ' (
( "" " G " #
" # " " ' #& " # " "
# " " # " '# "
" ! 68 /7 <
# G " + 2 & +
( "! "" " #
' 68 /7 " ! (
'# ( " ! "
I " #$ G $ " "
%&' (
' J G J 68 #
+00 7 " ! ' ; "
# ! E G # % " !
' # 5 68 #
+00 " & +0017 ' # G
( ' " K/6'# "
# " " # : 9 6+0 /77
# " K 6+00+7 $
1 2 + "" " ' #& " #
6+00/7 ' G # " ' ( "
( " #$ ' #& "
# ! # " @ &
! " " 4 " G '
I ( '
6 7 #& G " # " 9 "
# 9 $ # ' #
# ; G ""! ( 9
" @ " #
! " 4 '
' 5 ! " F ( G "
> "" : 6+00 7
L ( % # '
( $ "" " ( $
" " " " $ 6K " #
+0 8 /7
( " ' I
# 5 G ! 5 ' " " " "
" M " G !
$ " " '; " 6K +00+7
4 # ( " " " " '
( N " # ' GO(
# " " " ! !
" ! ' !
6K " # +0 7
8 6 /7 # ' 4"
" P " " G " " "
9 " ! 1+ 6/ L7 # "
& " " " " " % # ! (
(" " " " " '
4 " # " G " # " #
" " # " # # ! >Q3
)+ 6A " +0 07 ( "
" ' %" # " ( ' 5 !
" # A " 6+0 07
4 " " # 9 " ' 6 17 '
# ' " # " " "
" " ( # # '
# " G # !
( ! '# "
" !
! " " " "; "
" 5 " 6 17
# # ! + +/
2 & + ( '
" " # #
' 9 # ' ! # 9 '
D > > # ! $
' # 9 " 8 1 6G ' #& '# #
" 1 L " # "7 " 8 0
6 " M " '# " " 1 L "
# "7 " " # " 5
++ + ' #& " ' # # " " K/6
'# " 1 L " # "7 >
" # G # ! (
" ' " ' " " # ! '
@ " # @ " "
"" + " " 3
& '# ( ! " #
6 17 9 5
! # " !
# " " ' % !
" ""! %" # "
G #& "F
G #& "
;' " # " !
" # " G ' " %
# ! ( " "
" ""M " = &# 6+00 7 " ' "
" # ! $ ! ' !
" G # ! "F 9
' " M " G
G ' " # 6 #
7 " # ' "
#& " $ " # ' "
R " " G !
G # "
# 9 # F" % " # ! #
" ' ( ' $ 4" "
" # " A > 9 " 6 7
G " $ 1 L (
G $ $ # " '; " #
# " # 5
" " " # " 4"" " "
" G " " "! " ' "
G $ $ ' 1
" #& ' #
" " ' # D<K S %"
" " ( " $ " # ! G
# ! " # "
# ! " "
" " "
8 6 ""! ' #& ' # # 7 "
) * + " %&,
5 ' 9 ;
T" ' " "U 6 ! 7
" Q Q 1
: 9 4" # > #$ ; # 4" #
# K " <K " !
4" < 6 V - 1+ VW P C
-/ 7 # !
# "" ' ! = $ >' 6D < K +00 7
; 5 ""
! # # ;
G # G ' "
# $ " : +
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
01/08/04 31/08/04 30/09/04 30/10/04 29/11/04 29/12/04 28/01/05
Período (meses)
T
em
p
er
at
u
ra
(
oC
)
0 50 100 150 200 250
P
re
ci
p
it
aç
ão
(
m
m
)
.
Prec T mím T máx
( - . * ; 5
! # # ; "
1 <K H " ' " # 6 " #F < 7
" # 5 # ' 4
6+0007 # "" ' " 3 "" # 8 #&
'$
" # #
' 5 # ' #
# F G " ' "" " # " "
" # " ' " # "
# $ ) "" , 0 2 + ' ,
/ 2 + " # , ++ 2 + # , 2 +
G # " G ; "" ' # 9
# " # 4
6+00 7 " E 6E 7 , / - E 6> ># 7 , 1
+-#..., # - E.. #..., 0/ #
- > .., 1 # - .., #
- =., # < , ++ - N
, / # >*> , + / # 8L
, / / - > , 1 - "
" : , 1 - ? , +
- > , 1 ,
4 ' ! " " # " # " ! '
# 9 # 9 G " !
" " " # / / L ! ' "'
"" ' " 2 < 1
& + 2 = & + '
' "' # " ># < "" "
# " " ! "
" ' # 9 Q+ Q
#& Q +Q 1 # # 9 '
D<K S # > &
" 6* DD7
# 5 # # 9 ' #
" # 9 " " " M "
# ' ' # 9 " "
# G '
# " 6"
" @# 7
" " " " ' ' " "
' ) *+ , - * , . - * , ./ - * ,
/ .0 - *1 , .+ */ , + 2 & + 3 4
*/ # ! ( ' "
3 " " 5 " & 6*+7
3 ' $ ' #
" " 8
6 ""! ' #& ' # # 7 "
" # : 9 6+0 /7 '
# F5 " ' # " ' '
' # " " '; " # "
! ' # 9 " # "
" " ' " N B# 1 "
+ + 2 + " " # # "
& " ' # 9 # ! 1 A
& + :# 9 ' N # ' # !
, 1 A+ G ' "
" 8 6 ""! ' #& ' # # 7
< " ' " ""
# # # " '
# 9 # 9 F"
# 9 ! # # " '# "
# 9 ' * 9 # 1 "
1 & +
" # " ' " ; " " " # & "
/ " " " " "
1 " " +
" " # " # @ #
# ' " # " " # & " "
5 # " 1 " " 5 " "
@ # # 1
" ;" " " " ' ) ;
' # $ " ' #& ' #
" " !
# ! ' # X % ' # 6 :7 " '
" ' "
6 17 G " " # " " ' #& "
G # " #& " " @ #
# " '# " 6K/7
H " " # " " (" ' #& " ' # # "
%/0 (
# < " ' #& " " ("
" " ' #; # 5 #
Y' V & " " "
' # " ' " "
" " # # " " " '
/1 > # ! ' ""
" " " " ' # " ' # # "
" " $ "" " # " ' #& "
# ' " # # ' # #
' ; ' # 6D :7 G '
"! # ' #
# # # 6 7 ' "
N " 6 7
4 # ! " " 3 < = > >
? " " ' # 9 "
# " K 6+00+7 G " "
# " " ' #& " " # " # "
' # /1 > $ "" "
" ' < # 9 !
" " ' # " " " ' #& " G
# " ' 6 17 F"
"" # "" # ""
" ! @ # 9 !
; #F " ' " "
" " " " 4" " " "
# ' # " " G
' # " # #
6+00 7 G 3 # 9 !
$ = & #- < = > > ?
" ! ; #F
" " 5 ") < Z # - = Z
' & - > > ?
" ' " ! J
! " " # " " ' 5 " ; "
# " ' #& " ' '
# 9 K 6+00+7
: " 9 # " " @ #
" # " "
" " ! ) @
" # 638<7 @ ! "
63P87 "" + ! " 6 + P7 3
' # " ' " #F K0
6 " " " " #
: 9 +0 /7 ' #
! " 6<K H7 % #& " "
# " @ # " ! " ' " " " "
"" " ' " + L
5 ""! ) , 6+ [ 7Q 6+
7 G ) , "" - , ""
- [ , 6L7- [ ,
! , 6+ L7 " # M "
# " & 6< <7 ' "
" @ " # " ' "
@ # # " ! #&
F" # # ! " " "
# " " ;" " !
> " 6+0 7 # 9 " 4P
6K S +7 [:8 " M "
" $ " " " ' ' "
# " = ; # 1L
" " " " # " " I $
" ' #& 6 :7 ; ' # 6D :7
# ! # " & +6< <7 @ "
# 638<7 @ ! "
63P87 "" + ! " 6 + P7
6<K H7 " * # +
" " G & ' " D : :
38< <K H ! ' " "
' " " " < < 3P8
+ P 6* # +7
" " " " # " " I " "
' # " 3 < = > > ?
" * #
. K " # " I # ! # " 6< <7 ; ' # 6D :7 $ " ' #& " 6 :7 @ " # 638<7 @ ! " 63P87 "" + ! " 6 + P7 < ! " 6<K H7 ' ! " " $ " # ! ! # ' 4" <
Q 1
X " $ "
: ! P A
< < D : : 38< 3P8 + P <K H
* 1 1+0/ +" 1 001\ ++\ + / \ ++ 0+ " + +0 " + 0 / \
N# " + 0 / + + / + 1 + 0 ++ 0
K "; + 1 + 0/++ / + 0/ 1 / +/ 0+ / 0 01+
" , ! " ' # " :- \ " ' # " : 6 ≤ 17
& K " # " I " " ' # " 3 < = > > ? ' ! " " $ "
# ! ! # ' 4" < Q 1
X " $ "
: ! P A
3 < = > > ?
* 1 + 0 \ 0 + 0 \ 0 /"
/ \ 1/ / / \ \ / "
1 1"
N# " + +0 11 + 0 1 + 0/ 1 +
K "; / / / 0 1 / +/ + 0// 00 0 / 1 00
) * + " %/.
" " G & ' " " "
' # " 3 < > > 3 !
' " " ' " " "
" " ' # " = ? 6* # 7
" $ " " ;" " # " ' !
" " $ " # ! !
# ' "
* #
4 # ! @ # " &
6< <7 ! & ' " "
3 G " ' ; ' # 6D :7
" " G ' " "
" " " # " 6D :7 '
" " " G " "
" " + 2 & + 3 " "
# " ' " &
G # G 1 2 & + 3 # "
" G " " # " $ "
D : " 6' + / + 7 ' "
G " " "
6* # 7
4 # ! % $ " ' #& " 6 :7 "
" # " G " #
( " # " + 2 & +
3 G " " # " " " $
1 2 & + 3 6* # 7 4"" " " # "
G 3 " " # G 1 2 &
+ 3 ' " ' @ # $
" ' # " " " ; " " "
" G " G "
3 > " ' G " "
# # $ I
& "" # ! 3 " " "
# " # " " # "
"" ' #& "
" " 6* # 7 G & '
" ' " @
" # 638<7 " $" " 38<
2 & + 3 " "
" G " " " .
-./ - / .0 - .+ + 2 & + 3 '
" - ++ 1/- ++ 1- + /
+ / L I # !
( $ # !
( G " # #
" > " " " # "
# H " 6+00 7
X @ ! " 63P87
" ! ' '# # " " 6* #
7 4 " " # 9 " 6+00 7
# ! 3 ! ' '
3P8 " " " " "
# 3P8 " '
'# ( " " "
# F
4 # ! % "" + ! " 6 + P7
" ! ' '# # " "
# 9 " * " " # " " F5 "
1 1 G $ # " #
6* # 7
4 " ;" " # "
"" " " $ "
M " # " " # " "
; " 5 " " ; ""
" ( " M " " ; "
; " ! " G
'# " "! M "
" " " "
> ' " ' : + "
( " ! F" "
" ; '# " '
' " X % ; 5
" ; '# "
' " G ; "
" " " ' ' " 5
# " " ; '# " ! '
' # " " "
6 7
" ' # " " F5 + > G
" >
1 > " ! " "
! # @ '# "
@ " G " #
/ 8 # " $ " # ! # " 6< <7 ; ' # 6D :7 $ " ' #& 6 :7 @ " # 638<7 @ ! " " 63P87 "" + ! " 6 + P7 ! " 6<K H7 ' ! " "
$ " # ! ! # ' 4" < Q 1
> ;" " * $ Q " "
< +
D : : 38< 3P8 + P <K H
*+ +00 /// 0/ + 1 1 + 1
* . + /// + 0 + + / 11
* . / + + / ++ 1 + 0+
* / . 0 + 111 + ++ + 1 + 10 +
*1 .+ + + 0 + + /1 1
*/ + +/ 000 + / + / 0 + 11
$ + 0 0 1 + / / + 1 1 + 0 0
> 8 6L7 ++ + 1 + /+ + 0+ ++ / +/ +
H 1 / + 1 1 + + 0 /
%/& (
! " 6<K H7 '
" " " " '
" " " " G " "
./ - / .0 - .+ + 2 & + 3 G
G " " # ! " " "
. 2 & + 3 6* # 7
2 & + 3 " " G
" " " ./
-/ .0 - .+ + 2 & + 3 ' " "
++ +1/ +11 / + 0 L "
4"" " " # " I # !
3 # " "
" G # " #
" " # '
9 ! # D"
" 5 # # ! " ; "
M " F" ( '
G " ;
! ' " !
# "" " +0 $ ' " '# "
9 " " # 5 ! 6: +7
> " " " # " " #& "
= &# 6+00 7 # 6 7
6 7
" # " $ " " " ' # " 3 < =
> > ? " * #
4 # ! 3 ' # " " G
' " " "
' " .+ 2 & + 3 "
" / . 0 - . / - 6 . + 7 2 &
+ 3 " " ' # " 3 ' " "
. + - / . 0 - . / 2 & + 3 # !
% ' 5 ; " # # "
K 6+00+7 G $ 1 2 + $ "
' #& " + - . 2 & + 3 " "
' ' 5 ; E
3 ' #& ' ! " " " " "
6* # 7 K " # " #& $ '
" # H " 6+00 7
6+00 7 6 7
4 ! " "
" G " " G " "
' # " ' " " " ' 5 ; */
, + 2 & + 3 G "
' 5 ; ' " " " "
# D<K S 3 " " " *
6 . 2 & + 37 *+ 6 2 & + 37 "
" ' " 6* # " 7 R
" G * */ !
& ' " ' # " 3
& ' # ! % 4""
" # G G 3
# 9 */ 6+ 2 & + 37 #
" ' " # 9 '
; G * 6 . 2 & + 37 ' !
" # > ' A > 9 "
6 7 G 3 $ # %"
" # # 9 ! & $ 1 L
G ' $ %" " "!
" ' " I 3 "
" # $ " #
# # 6+0 7 3 $ J
" # $ $ " 5
" " " " $ "
"$ " " " " # % #
" & 6+0017 3 " # "; "
; " ! "
' ! " '# ;' " ' ;' " '# (
3 ! ! " # @
'# " " # ! " " $
" # 6+00/7 6 7
8 6 /7
3 G " ' ' # < " '
" ' 5 ; " K
6+00+7 G $ 1 Z 2 + $ "
' #& " " " " & *+6 7
* 6 . 2 & + 37 < " " "
" " ' 5 ' 5 ; " G
'F"' " ' "" # !
' ! " " # " : 6* # 7
K " # " #& ' 'F"'
6+00 7 " G " " " M "
" " # " "" # !
K 6+00+7 " & 6+0017
" ! 3
" '; # G ' " ! <
' "" # A " P #& 6+00 7
"" 6=7 " ' #& " ! '
' ! " " " 3 " $ " # !
"" 4 " " " " "
' # " "" ' 5 ' 5 ;
" K 6+00+7 G $ 2 +
$ " ' #& " 6* # 7 4" " #
; " G # # 9
"" F5
$ " " # 9 " # D < K G
' / 2 & + # 6+00/7 # G
# " ' " = ' " '# "
" ! ! "
" & 6+0017 = # " "; "
; " 9
@ " #$ " # "
4 # ! % " ! = # '
' ! # ! 3 "
' " " " '
# " ' # " ! =
) * + " %//
% 8 # " $ " " " ' # " 3 < = > > ? '# " ' 6 " K/7 ' ! " " $ " # ! ! # ' 4" < Q 1
3 "
* $ Q " " 3 < = > > ?
6 2 + ' #& 7 6 2 + ' #& 7
*+ + + 1/ +1 1 + + ++ 1 /
* . / +/ / 01 + / / /
* . / 1 + +/ 0 0 + + / 0 +
* / . 0 11 / +/ / + 0 ++ 0 /
*1 .+ 10 + + +/ 1+ + / + // +/ 00
*/ + + 0 / + 1 + 1 0 1/ +
$ 1 + +1 + 1 ++ + 0
> 8 6L7 1 / + + + + 00 + 1 1 1
H 1 0 1 /1 + 01 + 1
$ " " " " # # ! ' " ; # 1L # # " =
# 6> 7 " ' #& " " "
" ' ' 5 ; "
K 6+00+7 G $ + 1 2 + $
" ' #& " < $ & ' " '
*+ 6 2 & + 37 " " "
< " " G # !
! " " ' # " > '
" " *+ 6 2 & + 37 6* # 7 G
$ G "" ' 9 ""
G "" # ' "" "
( " # 9 G
" # ! ( K
6+00+7 A " P #& 6+00 7 " &
6+0017 4 # ! % " ! # 9!
' 3 " !
3E.
$" 6 7 " ' #& " '
" & 6 ' 5
' 5 ; 7 " " " " G
" " " " " ' # " "
' 5 ; " K 6+00+7 G $
1 1 2 + $ " ' #& " 6* # 7
G $ G ""
' 9 "" G "" # ' ""
" ( " #
9 # ! ( K
6+00+7 A " P #& 6+00 7 " &
+0017 " ! " '
9 # " 3 ' #
' ; $' % " !
68 # +00 7
6> 7 " ' #& " '
* 6 )/ 7 " " "
* " " " ' ' 5 ;
" K 6+00+7 G $ + 2 +
$ ' #& " 6* # 7 ' !
9 "' ' " ! "
J " " 3
" #& " G " ! ! '
# 6+00 7 " G
! ' # 9
> " ' #& " *& " 6+00 7
' G & '# ( ' (
' ' " ! >
" ' #& " > " # " G
' # > ' G # (
' 3 3E. # ! % ' 3 3
" ! ! # ! " & 6+0017
# G # " # 3
' (
9 6? 7 " ' #& " ! '
" " " " " " '
' 5 ; " K 6+00+7 G $ +
1 2 + $ " ' #& 6* # 7
*& " 6+00 7 # '# (
' ( ' ' "
! ? " ' #& " " " ' # "
? ' " G ' # (
' 3 3E. # ! % ' 3 3
" ! ! # ! " & 6+0017
$ G @ ?
' G ' 3 $ 3E . # !
3 6+00 7 " G
! ( ? "
' #& "
(" 6 7 " ' #& " ! '
" " ' 5 ;
" # " K 6+00+7 $
+1 + 2 + $ " ' #& " G
" # " ' * 6 ./ 2 & +
37 */ 6+ 2 & + 37 6* # 7
*& " 6+00 7 # '# (
' ( ' ' "
! " ' #& " " " ' # "
' " G ' # (
' 3 3E. # ! % ' 3 3
" ! ! # ! " & 6+0017
$ G @
# ' ! G ' 3 ' '
3E. # ! % 3
' # " " #
%/% (
" #
"" " ' #& " ; ' #
@ " # ""
' # ( #
$" ' # ! " " "
# " (
3HK H4 > N : # " # " 9
" # " P " # '
N ";# 1 ++ 0
3HK H4 > N P C & B
# # "
5' +1 +10 1
3HK H4 S N D '# ( ( 9F
# ( " " # ! #
" " ' 8 " 1
1 /1 0 +00
3HK H4 S N K " " # '
% # ! ' # # ( %" M "
" # A "
00 1 +00
K: 4' " # " " " "
( ' # )
> 3PK4 3 >D 3 A H4 <4 X[D H4
:4DS] 1 P I P I ) 4
>3< : 1
N43D3> <
M " " " S #) :
> < E ! "# $
$ "% < ) : #G +0
> D3D * - :K 3> > : 5 ! #F
( ) 8D4DK > 64 7 & '#) " "
" # 4" " 8 " ) [:8 +00
+1 +
4 NK < 4 " N " # < "G "
( ) K S )
4 >3< +00
4 NK < 4 " N " # < "G "
* + , "# K S )
4 >3< +000
:4K3^3H4? :
, ' 6 A 7 > # ) >D * +0 /
D < K D " J <
+ A ) D +00
6H + 7
=D4EA S > K " & " ' #B
" * < 1 1
/ +00
A K > N4? W K N # !
"F# '# #
#& " " # * I #
6 P7 * 8 " / /
A <4 6* 7 ( , !
< # ) - < 'F" +0 0
A <4 - P[DAE4K 4 A K - , .
) " " J " #
! < # ) +00 6 # $ 7
A 8 A* 4 "#
! < # ) > " +0
A 8 A* 4 "#
) ; " # M " < ) < 'F"
+00
KD * 4 S & '#) # ! A )
D < K
K >E34K E ( ,
A ) < "" +001
4DK : H " " $ " # ! (
' # #
N ";# 1
AD84DK D < 3 ! # ' 5 ! #F
( K [S K 6> 7
, ' < ) < ' " +00/ +/0
+/
K DS N 8 & + "# < ) < 'F"
+00+
KDN4DK S[3D K S D * /
8 " ) [:8 +
K A4 > 0 "# + "# , ' < )
< ' " +0 6> # $ 7
DA8 * K N ! "; "
" " # ' " "
# * 1 + +
DA84DK < - H >43 4" " "
# " = " " 3 # ' !
) K4[3D] 3 >D 3 A H <4 X[D
H4 :4DS] +00 A A )
D +00
DA84DK < ! '
# " # " ""! # "
N ";# + 1
D 4< K " #F < H " ; #
)1 22333 + 4 "" ) + 1
K ** K < K " " '
" # # (
* 1 + 0 0/
*E 3 > S 4'' ' ' # 9 '
E ' & #2 " # & 9 " & &
C & & " & " 2 ' 5
0 <& # # & +/ 0 1 / +00
8 A4 : K & ) I
" # " " # " A ") 4" #
P ' [ " +00
8D4DK > ! # # ) 8D4DK >
64 7 & '# 8 " ) [:8 / ++1 +
& + 6 78 799: