Pendahuluan. Fungsi komputer Struktur komputer #1

(1)

CS2624

CS2624 -- COMPUTER

COMPUTER

CS2624

CS2624 COMPUTER

COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE

(COA)

Konsep Organisasi dan

p

g

Arsitektur Komputer

(2)

Pokok Bahasan

P d h l

Pokok Bahasan

• Pendahuluan

• Arsitektur dan Organisasi komputer

• Fungsi komputer

(3)

Pendahuluan

K

t i/il

COA ‘t

’ b

f t

• Kapan materi/ilmu COA ‘terasa’ bermanfaat

(‘berguna’) ?

– Bila anda bekerja di suatu perusahaan dan anda diminta untuk:

Memilih spesifikasi komputer yang akan digunakan

dengan spesifikasi sesuai kebutuhan dan harga kompetitif

Membuat program yang akan ditanam di embedded

system

M l k k d b t h d t l h t i t ll Melakukan debug terhadap program yang telah terinstall

pada embedded system (sensor mesin, sistem pengapian elektronik EFI, dll)

elektronik EFI, dll)

– Bila anda mempelajari pengetahuan yang berhubungan

computer science

12022008 #2 berhubungan computer science

(4)

Pendahuluan

?

Apa yang kau

pa ya g au

ketahui tentang

komputer ?

(5)

Bagaimana program

Bagaimana program di bawah ini

g

p g

di bawah ini

dieksekusi ?

readln(a);

**b := round(pi * sqr(a/4.5));**

if (b<20) or (b>100) then

c :=

c := -

-232

232 l

l

else

writeln(‘hai!’);

(

);

12022008 #4

(6)

Pertanyaan berikut harus bisa dijawab

y

j

sesudah kuliah COA

• Bagaimanakah notasi notasi pada pemrograman • Bagaimanakah notasi-notasi pada pemrograman

tingkat tinggi (high level) disimpan secara internal di dalam komputer dan bagaimana notasi tersebut

di dalam komputer dan bagaimana notasi tersebut

dieksekusi ?

• Bagaimana input/output diimplementasikan ?

• Bagaimana variable dipresentasikan dan disimpan di dalam komputer ?

• Bagaimana konstanta numerik dipresentasikan dan disimpan di dalam komputer ?

B i k t i l t ik

• Bagaimana komputer mengimplementasikan

operator aritmatika, logika, dan relasional ?

• Bagaimana komputer mengimplementasikan flow • Bagaimana komputer mengimplementasikan flow

(7)

Di mana Arsitektur Komputer

pp

berada ?

(1)

(8)

Di mana Arsitektur Komputer

pp

berada ?

(2)

T l t k t il k t ( t i ) d t k ik • Terletak antara ilmu komputer (computer science) dan teknik

komputer (engineering)

• Menghubungkan matematika dan fisika melalui pengembangan g g p g g peralatan praktis

• Di atasnya adalah perancangan sistem komputer dan sistem operasi • Di bawahnya adalah perancangan sistem digital dan VLSI

• Di bawahnya adalah perancangan sistem digital dan VLSI

• Sebagian besar konsep arsitektur komputer telah dikembangkan sejak lama

Sebagian besar pengembangan saat ini terjadi terus menerus • Sebagian besar pengembangan saat ini terjadi terus menerus

• Sebagian besar pengembangan hardware jauh lebih cepat daripada pengembangan software atau konsep arsitektur komputer

• Hukum Moore menyatakan bahwa:

– Jumlah transistor di dalam sebuah chip (IC) bertambah 2x lipat setiap 18 bulan

– Harga per bit memori turun secara eksponensial

– Power per bit turun secara eksponensial, semakin cepat, dan semakin handal (reliable)( )

(9)

Hukum Moore

(1)

Hukum Moore

(1)

#8 COA/Endro Ariyanto/20100208

(10)

Hukum Moore

(2)

Hukum Moore

(11)

Arsitektur Komputer vs

Arsitektur Komputer vs. O

pp

. Organisasi

rganisasi

gg

Komputer

(1)(1)

Arsitektur

:

M fit fit d d t di f tk

Arsitektur

:

Menyusun fitur-fitur yang ada agar dapat dimanfaatkan

oleh programmer

• Set instruksi (apakah set instruksi itu ?)( p )

• Jumlah bit yang digunakan untuk representasi data

• Representasi tipe data (integer, character, floating point, dll) • Mekanisme Input/Output (bagaimana komputer berkomunikasi • Mekanisme Input/Output (bagaimana komputer berkomunikasi

dengan dunia ?)

• Teknik-teknik pengalamatan memory • Apakah instruksi perkalian sudah ada ? • Contoh: Komputer IBM 360

– Keluarga komputer pertama diluncurkan tahun 1970Keluarga komputer pertama, diluncurkan tahun 1970

– Arsitektur logikanya sama, tetapi organisasinya telah berubah secara drastis

• Contoh lain: implementasi x86 pada arsitektur Intel IA-32 • Contoh lain: implementasi x86 pada arsitektur Intel IA-32

– Software yang dikompile untuk 386 masih dapat dijalankan pada prosesor yang lebih baru

– 486 586 dan 686 dapat mengeksekusi lebih cepat

#10

– 486, 586, dan 686 dapat mengeksekusi lebih cepat

(12)

Arsitektur Komputer vs

Arsitektur Komputer vs. O

pp

. Organisasi

rganisasi

gg

Komputer

(2)(2)

Organisasi

:

Organisasi

:

>Mengorganisir implementasi fitur-fitur;

>Berhubungan dengan perancangan fisik komputer (Sinyal kendali, >Berhubungan dengan perancangan fisik komputer (Sinyal kendali, antarmuka, teknologi memori)

• Operasi perkalian

Apakah dilakukan dengan hardware khusus perkalian atau – Apakah dilakukan dengan hardware khusus perkalian, atau – Dengan operasi penjumlahan berkali-kali

• Jumlah register yang akan digunakan

– Apakah register itu?

– Berapa jumlah register di dalam suatu CPU ?

 Pentium: 16 register  Pentium: 16 register

• Floating point unit (FPU)

– Apakah Floating point unit itu ?

 Mengeksekusi perhitungan floating point di dalam hardware

(3)(3)

• Apakah yang dimaksud dengan kecepatan siklus clock • Apakah yang dimaksud dengan kecepatan siklus clock

CPU, bus, dan memori ?

– Berapakah kecepatan suatu CPU ?Berapakah kecepatan suatu CPU ?

 G4: 1-1.25 GHz

 Athlon/Pentium: 1.5-3 GHz/

• Organisasi Memory

– Apakah suatu prosesor mempunyai cache memory ?p p p y y – Berapakah kecepatan suatu memori dalam

mentransfer data ?

G k kl b / k G

 G4: 4 instruksi tiap siklus, 4 byte/instruksi, 1 GHz

clock

 Total data yang ditransfer: 16 GBytes instruksi  Total data yang ditransfer: 16 GBytes instruksi

per detik dari memori (teknologi saat ini: 5.3 GB/s)

12022008 #18

(20)

Fun

Fungsi dan

gsi dan Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Fun

Fungsi dan

gsi dan Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Struktur adalah cara komponen berinteraksi dengan

• Struktur adalah cara komponen berinteraksi dengan komponen lain

• Fungsi adalah operasi masing masing komponen

• Fungsi adalah operasi masing-masing komponen sebagai bagian dari struktur

• Fungsi apa saja yang terdapat di dalam komputer ? • Fungsi apa saja yang terdapat di dalam komputer ?

– Data processing

 Penjumlahan, pengurangan, konversi terhadap data, dllj , p g g , p , – Data storage

 Penyimpanan data hasil pemrosesan

b l d l h d

 Pengambilan data yang telah disimpan – Data movement (I/O, komunikasi data, ...)

 Pergerakan data internal (di dalam komputer)  Pergerakan data internal (di dalam komputer)

 Pergerakan data eksternal (komputer dengan peralatan lain) – Control

(21)

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((11))

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((11))

12022008 #20 COA/Endro Ariyanto/

(22)

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((22))

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((22))

Perpindahan data

d i d i l

k

dari device luar ke

device luar lainnya

Misal:

Copy data dari harddisk ke harddisk lain

(23)

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((33))

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((33))

Penyimpanan data

dari device luar ke

memori komputer

dan sebaliknya

Misal:

Harddisk ke RAM atau Harddisk ke RAM atau sebaliknya

(24)

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((44))

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((44))

Pemrosesan data

dari memori dan

m m

disimpan lagi ke

memori

Misal:

Eksekusi program: p g ambil dari RAM – diproses – taruh lagi di RAM

(25)

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((55))

Fun

Fungsi Komputer

gsi Komputer

((55))

P

d

Pemrosesan data

dari memori ke

I/O atau

b lik

sebaliknya

Misal: Membuka file

MS Word, Excel, dll dari

h dd k fl hd k

harddisk atau flashdisk

(26)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Level

Level 11

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer --

Level

Level 11

K

t dilih t

b

i d i

d

t

• Komputer dilihat sebagai device yang dapat

berkomunikasi dengan dunia luar, dapat

i l i d t d

i

memanipulasi data dan menyimpannya

– Sebuah kotak yang dapat terhubung dengan jaringan

(k ik i) d i h l (I/O)

(komunikasi) dan peripheral (I/O)

– Software: sistem operasi dan program aplikasi

– Sistem operasi mengontrol pengoperasian program aplikasi

(27)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Level

Level 22

(1)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer --

Level

Level 22

(1)

Peripherals Computer Input/ O t t Peripherals C t l p Computer Computer Output Central Processing Unit (CPU) Systems Interconnection Computer Computer (CPU) Main Memoryy Communication lines 12022008 #26 COA/Endro Ariyanto/

(28)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer --

Level

Level 22

(2)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Level

Level 22

(2)

C t l P

i

U it (CPU)

• Central Processing Unit (CPU):

– Mengendalikan kerja komputer, dan pemrosesan d t

data

• Main memory:

– Menyimpan data yang akan atau baru saja diproses

• System interconnection (bus):

– Mekanisme komunikasi internal antara CPU, , memori, dan I/O

• I/O:

I/O:

– Memindahkan data antara komputer dengan

(29)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Level

Level 33

((11))

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer --

Level

Level 33

((11))

CPU

Computer

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

(ALU) Internal (ALU) Control Unit CPU I/O System Bus Floating CPU Intercon-nection Unit Memory us g Point Unit Registers 12022008 #28 COA/Endro Ariyanto/

(30)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Level

Level 33

((22))

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer --

Level

Level 33

((22))

A ith

ti L i U it (ALU)

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

– Melakukan fungsi pemrosesan data

• Control Unit:

Mengontrol kerja CPU  mengontrol komputer

– Mengontrol kerja CPU  mengontrol komputer

• Register:

– Menyimpan data internal CPU (Data, Instruksi, Stack, Integer, Floating Point)

• Floating Point Unit (FPU)

• CPU interconnection:

– Mengatur mekanisme komunikasi antara ALU,

C l d

(31)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Level

Level 44

((11))

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer --

Level

Level 44

((11))

Control Unit CPU _S _i Control Unit CPU _Sequencing Logic Control Unit ALU Internal Bus FPU Control Unit Registers and Decoders Unit Registers us FPU Control Control Memory 12022008 #30 COA/Endro Ariyanto/

(32)

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer

Level

Level 44

((22))

Stru

Strukktur

tur Komputer

Komputer --

Level

Level 44

((22))

C t l

it t di i d i 3 k

i t

l

• Control unit terdiri dari 3 komponen internal:

– Sequencing logic

 Sequencing logic dan control memory menentukan keluaran

dari control unit

– Control unit registers dan decoders – Control memoryy

M t l

l

• Meta-level

– Pemrosesan parallel dan multi-komputer

– Pengontrolan proses dilakukan secara tersebar atau terpusat, tergantung modelnyap g g y

(33)

Pustaka

[STA03] Stalling, William. 2003. “

Computer Organization

and Architecture: Designing for Performance”

.

6

th

_{edition. Prentice Hall.}

[HTT02] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law

[ ] p // p g/ / _

(34)

CS2624

CS2624 -- COMPUTER

COMPUTER

CS2624

CS2624 COMPUTER

COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE

(COA)

– The analytical engine had a memory, a computation unit, and input reader (punched cards) and an output , p (p ) p unit (punched and printed output).

– The analytical engine was the First general purpose t

computer.

– Ada Lovelace worked for him, and was the world’s First computer programmer

First computer programmer

– Ada, the computer language, is named in her honor – The analytical engine never worked becauseThe analytical engine never worked because

technology at that time could not manufacture the precision gears needed to make it work

– An analytical engine based on Babbage’s design has been built and it works!

36

(38)

Charles BabbageBabbage

(39)

Evolution of Computers

Babbage's

Babbage's Analytical Engine

(40)

Evolution of Computers

(41)

Evolution of Computers

110 years later (1930’s) 110 years later... (1930’s)

• John Atanasoff (Iowa State College) and George Stibbitz (Bell) both built electric calculators

John Atanasoff

Stibbitz (Bell) both built electric calculators

• Aiken built an electronic relay version of Babbage’s machine that worked (Mark I)

machine that worked (Mark I)

• By the time he built the Mark II, relays were obsolete (too slow)

(too slow).

• Alan Turing, famous British mathemetician, developed COLOSSUS, the First computer developed COLOSSUS, the First computer

– Since the British government didn’t unclassify COLOSSUS for 30 years, none of it’s science influenced later computer

d l t

development

Th thi t t d t

Then things started to move...

(42)

Evolution of Computers

(43)

Evolution of Computers

42 Colossus Computer 12022008 #42 COA/Endro Ariyanto/

(44)

Evolution of Computers

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

• Designed at UPenn by Mauchley and Eckert (Mauchley saw Stibbitz work at Dartmouth)

work at Dartmouth)

• Purpose was to do calculations for the Army Ballistics Laboratory • 5000 calculations per second (much faster than mechanical

calculators) calculators)

• Programs were entered by connecting jumper cables and setting switches (6000 of them)

• The computer weighed 30 tons and used 140kW of power (equivalent of 233 60W bulbs)

• Basic element was the vacuum tubea a a uu ub

• Numbers were represented digitally by clusters of 10 vacuum tubes (one for each digit 0-9)

• Design started in 1943 started working in 1946 dissassembled in • Design started in 1943, started working in 1946, dissassembled in

1955

(45)

Evolution of Computers

Tube lamp

(46)

Evolution of Computers

(47)

Evolution of Computers

(48)

Evolution of Computers

The von Neumann Machine

• John von Neumann thought he could improve the

i f

programming aspect of computers

• Put the program in the same place as the data (some kind of memory element)

kind of memory element)

– Stored-program concept

– Permits more flexibility in programming – Permits more flexibility in programming

(self-modifiable code)

– Permits more flexibility in how the memory is used y y (data v. program)

– Creates a bottleneck between the CPU and memory

d i ti

during execution

• Turing had the same idea at about the same time

First stored program computer was the EDSAC built – First stored program computer was the EDSAC, built

(49)

Evolution of Computers

EDSAC computer

(50)

Evolution of Computers

Th

N

M hi

The von Neumann Machine

• IAS computer was developed at Princeton and

t t d f

ti i

i 1952

started functioning in 1952.

• IAS computer was the basis for all future

computers

– Main memory, which stores both data and

i

instructions

– ALU for processing data

– Control unit which fetches and executes

instructions

(51)

Evolution of Computers

IAS computer

(52)

Evolution of

Computers

(53)

Evolution of Computers

IAS computer had 1000 memory locations of 40 bits

Evolution of Computers

• IAS computer had 1000 memory locations of 40 bits each

• Each word could hold either one piece of data or two • Each word could hold either one piece of data or two

instructions (20 bits each)

– Note: Instruction length is related to the word length in a simpleNote: Instruction length is related to the word length in a simple way

• Instructions consist of an 8-bit opcode and a 12-bit dd (1024 l ti )

address (1024 locations)

– Instruction size limits accessible memory

• The IAS functions by fetching instructions from memory • The IAS functions by fetching instructions from memory

and executing them one at a time

– Since there are two instructions per word, it actually fetches two p , y instructions at once

– The second instruction is held in the IBR: instruction buffer registerg

(54)

Von Neumann

• The control unit and the ALU both contains registers that can hold data temporarily

M b ff i t [MBR] d t t i

• Memory buffer register [MBR] - used to store or receive a word from memory

• Memory address register [MAR] - indicates where in • Memory address register [MAR] indicates where in

memory to store or receive a word

• Instruction Register [IR] - contains the current g [ ] instruction

• Instruction Buffer Register [IBR] - holds the right-hand instruction from memory (not always used)

instruction from memory (not always used)

• Program Counter [PC] - Indicates the memory address of the next instruction to fetch

of the next instruction to fetch

• Accumulator [AC] - holds the result of ALU operators (usually the most significant bits)

( y g )

(55)

Von Neumann

F ti f th IAS t

Function of the IAS computer

• Instruction cycle:

– Fetch cycle - the op-code of the next instruction is loaded into the the f

y p

IR, and the address from the instruction is loaded into the MAR. In the IAS computer this instruction can come from the IBR, or it can be

obtained by loading the PC value into the MAR, loading the word from memory into the MBR and then moving the MBR into the IBR IR and memory into the MBR, and then moving the MBR into the IBR, IR, and MAR.

• Execute cycle - the op-code in the IR now sets particular control signals

which cause certain actions to occur: data movement, or data processing by which cause certain actions to occur: data movement, or data processing by the ALU. There are 21 instructions, which fall into 5 groups:

• Data transfer - move data between memory and the ALU registers, or between two

• ALU registers.

• Unconditional Branch - modify the PC to jump within a program

• Conditional Branch - modify the PC based on certain ßags usually from the • Conditional Branch modify the PC based on certain ßags, usually from the

last ALU action

• Arithmetic Instructions - ALU operations on data

• Address Modify - Allows addresses to be computed in the ALU and then • Address Modify Allows addresses to be computed in the ALU and then

inserted into instructions stored in memory. This allows you to do things like indexed arrays

(56)

Von Neumann

Th f t h

t

l f

th b i

f th

• The fetch-execute cycle forms the basis of the

design

– The computer itself does nothing except fetch the next instruction and modify some control signals based on the instruction The resulting data motion based on the instruction. The resulting data motion executes the program.

– The computer does only what the program it is – The computer does only what the program it is

running tells it to do.

• Modern

computers still follow many of these basic

d i l t b t h l

design elements, but are much more complex because they try to use parallelism and execute multiple instructions simultaneously

(57)

Computer History:

Pre transistor

phase

Computer History:

Pre-transistor

phase

Sperry (went on to

become Unisys)

• Formed by Eckert

and Mauchly in

1947

UNIVAC I S

• UNIVAC I -

Sperry-Rand Corporation,

th Fi t

f l

the First successful

commercial

(

l

computer (early

50’s)

UNIVAC I

– Used for the 1950 census

UNIVAC-I

(58)

Computer History:

Pre transistor

phase

Computer History:

Pre-transistor

phase

• UNIVAC II

– First upgrade:First upgrade: greater memory capacity & higher p y g performance

– First upward p

compatible machine

UNIVAC II UNIVAC-II

(59)

Computer History:

Pre transistor

phase

Computer History:

Pre-transistor

phase

• UNIVAC 1100

Series - The most

Series The most

successful

UNIVAC series

UNIVAC series,

mostly designed

for scientific

applications

UNIVAC 1100 UNIVAC-1100 12022008 #58 COA/Endro Ariyanto/

(60)

Computer History:

Post transistor

Computer History: Post-transistor

IBM IBM

• IBM 701 - 1952 (it sold nineteen 701 computers)

• IBM 702 - 1955 First business computer (text processing) • IBM 702 1955 First business computer (text processing) Commercial Computers (Post-transistor)

• Transistors were developed at Bell labs in 1947p

• NCR & RCA had small transistor computers before IBM (MIT first in 1954 with TX-0)

• IBM started its 7000 series using transistors in the late 1950’s • IBM started its 7000 series using transistors in the late 1950 s

– Multiplexor bus design, I/O Channel concept

• Transistors allowed for greater speed, larger memory capacity, and smaller size

smaller size

• Second generation of computers began:

– High-level programming languages (FORTRAN), and system software – More complex ALUs and control units

• DEC began building minicomputers (first PDP-1 sold for $120k in1959)

(61)

Computer History:

Post transistor

Computer History: Post-transistor

PDP-1

(62)

Computer History:

Third Generation

Computer History:

Third Generation

Thi d G ti C t

Third Generation Computers

• 1958: Integrated circuit: you could put transistors and other circuit devices on a single chip.g p

• Old technology:

– each transistor was the size of a pin head,

– each resistor capacitor etc had to be soldered on the boardeach resistor, capacitor, etc. had to be soldered on the board individually

(63)

Computer History:

Third Generation

Computer History:

Third Generation

Third Generation Computers

• Integrated circuits

O f ( ll b t 4’ i di t lth h th ’ tti – One wafer (usually about 4’ in diameter, although they’re getting

bigger)

– One pattern: i.e. a CPU, or a quad NAND gate, etc..p q g – Repeat the pattern in 2D across the chip

– Saw the chip into the little blocks

Put each block in a little plastic case with some pins attached – Put each block in a little plastic case with some pins attached

– As feature size gets smaller, a linear decrease in feature size in x and y is a squared increase in the number of components per wafer (wafer cost is the relevant thing)

wafer (wafer cost is the relevant thing)

• Current achievements are greater than 60 million transistors in a single chip

transistors in a single chip

(64)

Computer History:

Third Generation

Computer History:

Third Generation

(65)

Computer History: Third Generation

• IBM System 360 (introduced in 1964)

– First non-upward compatible line, but they wanted

i h hi f h 000 i

to improve the architecture of the 7000 series,

and it turned out to be the success of the decade, giving them a 70% market share

giving them a 70% market share.

 This was IBM’s major move to computers based on

integrated circuits

Th 360 hit t i till th b i f t f

– The 360 architecture is still the basis for most of IBM’s large computers.

– The 360 series was the Þrst planned family of – The 360 series was the Þrst planned family of

machines, with different capabilities for different prices.

– 360 was the Þfirst multi-tasking architecture with multiple programs stored in memory

(66)

Computer History: Third Generation

(67)

Computer History: Third Generation

• DEC PDP-8

– Small enough to sit on a lab bench or be built into

h i

other equipment

– It was cheap enough for a lab to purchase ($18k).

 PDP 8 follo ed b the PDP 11 e e DEC’s glo ea s  PDP-8, followed by the PDP-11, were DEC’s glory years.

• PDP series was the first to use a bus

architecture

architecture.

(68)

Computer History: Third Generation

PDP 8 PDP-8

(69)

Computer History: Third Generation

PDP-8

(70)

Computer History

p

y

M

Memory

• Pre-1970: all memory consisted of metal

Pre 1970: all memory consisted of metal

rings (cores) that could each hold one bit

• 1970 first semiconductor memory of a

• 1970 - first semiconductor memory of a

decent size (256 bits)

1974

i

d t

b

• 1974 - semiconductor memory became

cheaper than core memory (magnetic circles)

• Since 1970 - 11 generations: 256, 1K, 4K,

16K, 256K, 1M, 4M, 16M, 64M, 256M, 512M

• 1 Gbit memories are close to production

• First microprocessor h 00 hi h was the 4004, which was built by an Intel engineer as the chip to engineer as the chip to run a calculator for a Japanese firm (he did it on one chip to be

it on one chip to be

more efficient than the 12 requested).q )

– Intel bought back the rights to the chip and came out with the 8008 came out with the 8008 a few months later

– Interest in the chip boomed

boomed

(74)

Computer History

p

y

• Microprocessors

• 1974 - Intel 8080, the Þrst general purpose microprocessor, followed by the 8088 and the 8086

the 8088 and the 8086

I t l Intel 8086

(75)

Computer History

p

y

• Microprocessors

• 64-bit architectures (Itanium, PowerPC 620, UltraSparc, ( , , p , G3/G4)

• Speculative execution on a global scale

l l h h ( /

• 2-level cache on the processor (PowerPC G3/G4, Pentium III, Itanium)

• Vector floating point processors (G4) • Vector floating point processors (G4)

• Magnetic memory (MRAM) that is as fast as DRAM

• Chips with 0 11um features (110nm) are about to come • Chips with 0.11um features (110nm) are about to come

(79)

Pustaka

[MAX01] M ll B A “P i i l f C t [MAX01] Maxwell, Bruce A. “Principles of Computer

Architecture”. – edition. Swarthmore College.