13 Vitamin dan Mineral

(1)

Vitamin

dan

Mineral

Pengetahuan Bahan Agroindustri

Vitamin

• Organic compound required in small amounts

• Divided into two major groups: fat soluble and water soluble

• fat soluble: Vitamin A, D, E, K

• water soluble Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, Vit C

General Concepts

(2)

2 VITAMIN LARUT LEMAK

Vitamin A - Retinol

• Retinol • Beta carotene

• Sources in diet- Many plants

(photoreceptors), also meat, especially liver. Fat soluble, so you can get too much, or too little if absorption is a problem, fish oils

• requirement level= 1,000 I.U. (international units)

• retinol + opsin (protein) = rhodopsin(vision)

Vitamin D

3

: cholecalciferol

• Vitamin D found as ergocalciferol (D2) and

cholecalciferol(D3)

• D3primarily used as precursor for calcium

regulation

• Vitamin D3 can be obtained in diet, or derived from cholesterol in a reaction that requires UV light

(3)

Vitamin E: tocopherol

• Active form is alpha tocopherol

• good antioxidant: most feed antioxidants have vit E activity, but only 1/6 that of -tocopherol

• antioxidants used to prevent oxidation of lipids (mainly

phospholipids, PUFA’s)

• requirement is tied to selenium deficiency (Se is cofactor in glutathione peroxidase)

• sources: alfalfa meal, fish meal, rice bran, wheat middlings, barley grains

Vitamin K: menadione

• Originally identified as a fat-soluble factor required for normal blood clotting

• menadione is the most active form

• dietary sources: alfalfa meal, liver meal

• Sources are vegetables and fruits, deficiency is rare

(4)

4 Vitamin B1 - Thiamine

• Found in a wide variety of foods, including meat, grains.

• Deficiency causes beriberi (muscle atrophy, neurological problems).

thiamine (B

1

)

• Function: metabolism of COH

• sources: brewers yeast, wheat middlings, rice bran, rice polishings, wheat bran, soybean meal • deficiency: central nervous system failure

Riboflavin: B

2

• Function: metabolic degradation of proteins, COH, lipids

• sources: plants, bacteria, yeast, fish solubles

(5)

Niacin -

Vitamin B3 - nicotinic acid

• Function: transport of hydrogen ions as NADP, NADPH; electron transport, fatty acid, cholestrol synthesis

• forms: niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide • sources: rice polishings, yeast, rice bran

Vitamin B5 - pantothenic acid

(6)

6 Vitamin B7 - Biotin

• Used in fatty acid synthesis, also other functions

Folic Acid -

Vitamin B9

• Recently shown as very important for pregnant females to avoid birth defects

• function: synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids

• sources: yeast, alfalfa meal, full-fat soybeans • Deficiency in pregnancy causes neural tube defects. • Folic acid is now added to many grain products in the US

Cyanocobalmine -

Vitamin B12

• chemically complex, cobalt nucleus

• function: coenzyme in metabolic reactions, maturation of erythrocytes, uracil->thymine

• deficiency: pernicious anemia, nerve disorders

(7)

Ascorbic Acid: Vitamin C

• function: antioxidant, stress reducer, bone calcification, iron metab, tyrosine metab, blood clotting

• sources: synthesized from glucose, usually added as chemical form

• Required for collagen synthesis, and as a cofactor for several enzymes. Also scavenges oxygen radicals.

• Sources of vitamin C are fruit and fresh meat

MINERAL

Preliminary Concepts

• Minerals are inorganic elements found in the body

• not all of them are essential and probably are there simply because of ingestion of feed • dietary requirement has been demonstrated for at

least 22 in one or more species

• those required in large quantities are known as macro or major minerals

(8)

8 Preliminary Concepts

• Major: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine and sulfur

• Trace: iron, iodine, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, fluorine, aluminum, nickel, vanadium, silicon, tin and chromium

• determination of dietary or tissue mineral levels is via combustion and collection of residual ash

Principle Mineral

Constituents

Element

Percent

calcium

1.33 phosphorus

0.74 sodium

0.16 potassium

0.19 chlorine

0.11 magnesium

0.04 sulfur

0.15 Calcium and Phosphorus

• Ca and P are two of the major inorganic constituents of feeds

• Ca: essential for blood clotting, muscle function, proper nerve pulse transmission, osmoregulation

• P: component of ADP, ATP, P-lipids, DNA, RNA

(9)

MINERAL FUNCTION FOOD

SOURCES DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES

Calcium

(Macro)

-Maintains strength of bones and teeth

-Milk -Milk & dairy products -Dark green leafy vegetables

-Osteoporosis-Kidney stones

-Helps build body cells -Works with calcium

-Dairy products -Grain products -Meat

-Osteoporosis

-Can prevent calcium from working Phosphorus

(Macro)

Magnesium

(Macro)

-Helps build bones -Helps nerves and muscles work normally -Regulates body temperature

-Dark green leafy vegetables -Whole grain products

-Heart disease -Heart spasms

-Diarrhea -Lack of Coordination -Confusion -Coma

-Helps carry oxygen to the blood -Helps cells use oxygen

-Red meat -Dark green leafy vegetables

-Anemia -Paleness -Weakness

-Heart disease -Elevated LDLs

Iron

(Trace)

Zinc

(Trace)

-Helps body make proteins -Heal wounds -Affects sense of taste and

-Stunted growth -Rash -Hair Loss

-Low copper absorption

-Helps strengthen teeth and prevent cavities

-Fluoridated water -Toothpaste

-Tooth decay -Staining of _{teeth during} development

Fluorine

(10)

10 Sodium

(Electrolyte)

-Maintains fluid balance in the body

-Salt -Packaged foods

-Muscle

cramps -High blood pressure

-Maintains fluid balance in the body

-Salt

-Can cause convulsions in infants

-High blood pressure

Chloride

(Electrolyte)

Tugas

• Buat review dari jurnal berhasa Inggris edisi 2005 ke atas

• Pilih salah satu tentang minyak atsiri, rempah atau vitamin dari suatu tanaman • Dikumpulkan saat UAS