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THE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CONCRETE REPAIR
MATERIALS AGAINST SULFURIC ACID
THESIS
Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering
In Project Management
BY: IBRAHIM HSINI ALKHAIR
ID NO: S941302036
MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GRADUATEPROGRAMS - SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY,
SURAKARTA
2015
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PRONOUNCEMENT
The person who signs here:
NAME
: IBRAHIM HSINI ALKHAIR
NIM
: s941302036
Certifies that the thesis entitled:
“
THE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CONCRETE REPAIR
MATERIALS AGAINST SULFURIC ACID
”
It is really my own work. Anything related to others work is written in quotation,
the source of which is listed on the bibliography.
If then, this pronouncement proves wrong; I am ready to accept any academic
punishment, including the withdrawal of this thesis and my academic degree.
Surakarta, 13 July 2015
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise to Allah SWT the lord of the world, who has given mercy and blessing so
that this thesis with a title
THE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
CONCRETE REPAIR MATERIALS AGAINST SULFURIC ACID
can beresolved. This thesis is submitted as a condition for obtaining a master's degree in Civil
Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.
Respectfully I say many thanks to:
1.
Director of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.
2.
Dr. Eng. Syafi’I, M.T,
first Examiner . as the head of Civil Engineering
Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.
3.
Prof. SA. Kristiawan, M.Sc, Ph.D, as first supervisor.
4.
Dr. Ir. AP. Rahmadi, Ms., as second supervisor.
5.
Ir.Winny Astuti, M.Sc, Ph.Dsecond Examiner
6.
All faculty staff of Civil Engineering Master Program of
Sebelas Maret University who have helped during lectures.7.
My brothers and sisters who always support at every condition.
8.
Student colleagues of Civil Engineering Master Program of
Sebelas Maret University who gave me inspiration and suggestion.9.
All those who helped me in completing this thesis, the author cannot
mention one by one.
I hope this thesis can contribute to the scientific academic community,
practitioners in the field of building materials and benefit the wider community in
general. The assistance that was given may receive just reward from Allah SWT.
Surakarta, 13 July 2015
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ABSTRACK
Chemical attack from external agents on concrete is the main reason for the
loss of durability. The chemical attacks can be: acidic attack, alkali attack,
carbonation, chloride attack, sulfuric attack and leaching. Sulfuric ions tend to
initiate sulfuric attack. Since sulfuric compounds are formed as a result of the
sulfuric acid-cement paste reaction, the increase in sulfuric content of concrete
specimens could be used as a measure of the chemical manifestation of
deterioration. Resistance to aggressive chemicals is the most important
engineering property of concrete governing its durability. This research will focus
on studying the resistance of mortar, UPR, BASF and Sika repair materials to
sulfuric acid attack in the different dimension of concrete sample.
The content of sulfuric acid that immersed in the specimen was 1%, 3% and
5% of 55 concrete cylinders specimen with 46 cylinders for each type of repair
material used. The investigation conducted was weight and diameter changing,
compressive strength test, XRF and XRD.
Normal concrete, SIKA, Mortar, BASF nanocrete experience the diameter
reduction significantly except UPR that can maintain the diameter itself of 5.5 cm.
UPR mortar 50% was the better concrete specimen compared the others specimen
that has good resistance of sulfuric acid attack. The effect of sulfuric acid on the
concrete repair material was caused some damages in the physical properties of
specimen. Sulfuric acid decrease the strength of specimen, reduce the diameter
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ABSTRAK
Serangan kimia dari agen eksternal pada beton adalah alasan utama untuk
kehilangan daya tahan. Serangan kimia dapat: serangan asam, serangan alkali,
karbonasi, serangan klorida, sulfat dan serangan pencucian. Ion sulfat cenderung
untuk memulai serangan sulfat. Sejak senyawa sulfat terbentuk sebagai hasil dari
asam sulfat-semen reaksi paste, peningkatan konten sulfat spesimen beton dapat
digunakan sebagai ukuran manifestasi kimia kerusakan. Resistensi terhadap bahan
kimia yang agresif adalah milik rekayasa yang paling penting dari beton yang
mengatur daya tahan. Penelitian ini akan fokus pada mempelajari ketahanan
mortar, UPR, BASF dan Sika bahan perbaikan terhadap serangan asam sulfat
dalam dimensi yang berbeda dari sampel beton.
Kandungan asam sulfat yang direndam dalam spesimen adalah 1%, 3% dan
5% dari 55 silinder beton spesimen dengan 46 silinder untuk masing-masing jenis
bahan perbaikan digunakan. Penyelidikan yang dilakukan adalah berat dan
diameter perubahan, uji kuat tekan, XRF dan XRD.
Beton normal, SIKA, Mortar, BASF nanocrete mengalami pengurangan
diameter signifikan kecuali UPR yang dapat mempertahankan diameter sendiri
dari 5,5 cm. Mortar UPR 50% adalah spesimen beton yang lebih baik
dibandingkan dengan spesimen lain yang memiliki ketahanan yang baik dari
serangan asam sulfat. Pengaruh asam sulfat pada bahan perbaikan beton
disebabkan beberapa kerusakan di sifat fisik spesimen. Asam sulfat menurunkan
kekuatan spesimen, mengurangi diameter dan berat beton juga memecahkan
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CONTENT
TITLE ... i
PRONOUNCEMENT ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
ABSTRACK ... vi
CONTENT ... viii
LIST OF FIGURE... x
LIST OF TABLE ... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background ... 1
1.2 Research Problem ... 3
1.3 Research Objectives ... 3
1.4 Limitation of the study ... 3
1.5 Benefit of Study ... 4
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND BASIC THEORY ... 5
2.1 Literature Review ... 5
2.1.1 Resistance of Repair materials ... 5
2.1.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete Repair Materials ... 12
2.2 Basic Theory ... 14
2.2.1 Resistance of Repair materials ... 14
2.2.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete Repair Materials ... 19
2.3 Hypothesis... 19
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 20
3.1 Location and time ... 20
3.2 Materials ... 20
3.3 Parameter and Variable ... 22
3.4 Data collection and Validation techniques ... 22
3.5 Concrete mix Design (30 MPa) ... 23
3.6 Analysis... 26
3.6.1 Resistance of Repair materials ... 26
3.6.2 Compressive Strengthof Concrete Repair Materials ... 28
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CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 31
4.1 Resistance of concrete specimen ... 31
4.1.1 Concrete Weight ... 32
4.1.2 Concrete Diameter ... 35
4.2 Compressive Strength Test ... 39
4.2.1 X-Ray Fluorescence ... 42
4.2.2 XRD Test ... 43
4.3 Hypothesis... 46
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 47
5.1 Conclusion ... 47
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1Characteristics of a Suitable Repair Material (Barde et al., 2006) ... 10
Figure 2.2 Concrete dimensions... 15
Figure 2.3 Acid attack of calcareous materials ... 16
Figure 2.4 Stress caused by the corrosion of iron inside stone ... 17
Figure 3.1 Immersion test of concrete specimens ... 27
Figure 3. 3 Weight and diameter measurement of concrete specimens ... 28
Figure 3.2 Compressive strength test machine ... 28
Figure 3.4 Flow chart of research method ... 30
Figure 4.1 Deterioration on concrete specimen at 56 days ... 32
Figure 4.2 Weight reduction of specimens after immersed by sulfuric acid at 56 days ... 33
Figure 4.3 Weight reduction of specimen by 1% of sulfuric acid ... 34
Figure 4.4 Weight reduction of specimen by 3% of sulfuric acid ... 34
Figure 4.5 Weight reduction of specimen by 5% of sulfuric acid ... 35
Figure 4.6 Diameter reduction of specimens after immersed by sulfuric acid at 56 days 36 Figure 4.7 Diameter of specimen by 1% of sulfuric acid ... 37
Figure 4.8 Diameter of specimen by 3% of sulfuric acid ... 37
Figure 4.9 Diameter of specimen by 5% of sulfuric acid ... 38
Figure 4.10 Compressive strength result of specimens after immersed by sulfuric acid at 56 days ... 40
Figure 4.11 Compressive strength result of specimens immersed by 1% of sulfuric acid 41 Figure 4.12Compressive strength result of specimens immersed by 3% of sulfuric acid 41 Figure 4.13 Compressive strength result of specimens immersed by 5% of sulfuric acid 42 Figure 4.14XRD test of normal concrete ... 44
Figure 4.15XRD test of SIKA... 44
Figure 4.16XRD test of Mortar ... 45
Figure 4.17XRD test of BASF ... 45
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Resume from previous research ... 13
Table 3.1 Time schedule of the research ... 20
Table 3.2 Aggregate gradation ... 21
Table 3.3 Parameter and Variables ... 22
Table 3.4 Concrete mix design outputs at 30 MPa. ... 23
Table 3.5 Mixing ratio of repair material (Normal mortar) ... 24
Table 3.6 Mixing ratio of repair material (BASF Nanocrete) ... 24
Table 3.7 Mixing ratio of Sika Repair Mortar ... 25
Table 3.8 Mixing ratio of UPR-Mortar 50% ... 25
Table 3.9 repair material mix design outputs (kg3) ... 26
Table 3.10 Proportion of sulfuric acid in water ... 27
Table 4.1 The weight of specimens after immersed in the sulfuric acid ... 33
Table 4.2 Diameter result of concrete specimen after immersed in the sulfuric acid ... 36
Table 4.3 Compressive strength test results before immersed in sulfuric acid ... 39
Table 4.4 Compressive strength test results after immersed in sulfuric acid. ... 40
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APPENDIX
Appendix A
Concrete Mix Design and Material Test
Appendix B
Concrete Weight, Diameter, Compressive Strength, XRF,
XRD
