Circulatory System tanpa darah 2011

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Introduction

The circulatory system is comprised of: -the heart,

- veins,

-capillaries, -arteries,

-lymph vessels, -lymph glands,

which work together to supply the body tissues with

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 The cardiovascular system carries blood and

dissolved substances to and from different places in the body.

 The Heart has the job of pumping these things around

the body.

 The Heart pumps blood and substances around the body in tubes called blood vessels.

 The Heart and blood vessels together make up the

cardiovascular System.

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Functions of the circulatory system:

Distribute nutrients,

Transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide,

Remove waste materials,

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Prevent excessive bleeding,

Prevent infection, and

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lungs head & arms

liver digestive system kidneys legs pulmonary artery aorta pulmonary vein main vein Left Right

How does this system work?

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Lungs

Body cells

Our cardiovascular system is a double circulatory system. This means it has two parts parts.

the right side of the system

deals with

deoxygenated

blood.

the left side of the system

deals with

oxygenated

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Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a funnel-shaped, hollow, muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body.

The heart is located near the center of the thoracic

cavity between the lungs and is contained in the pericardial sac.

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Location of Heart in Chest

•

Oblique Position •

Apex = Left of Midline (5th ICS), Anterior to rest of heart •

Base (posterior surface) sits on vertebral column •

Superior Right = 3rd Costal Cartilage, 1” right midsternum •

Superior Left = 2nd Costal Cartilage, 1” left midsternum •

Inferior Right = 6th Costal Cartilage, 1” right midsternum •

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The broad end, or base, of the heart is also supported by large arteries and veins.

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The heart wall is made up of three layers.

•

Epicardium – outer layer of heart wall, which is also the inner layer of epicardial sac;

•

Endocardium – inner layer that consists of

endothelial cells, which line the heart, covers the heart valves, and lines the blood vessels.

. Myocardium – middle layer composed of cardiac muscle. The cardiac muscle is an involuntary, striated muscle

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In mammals and birds, the heart is divided into a right and left side and each side is divided into an atrium

and ventricle.

Therefore, the heart is said to have four chambers

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The atrioventricular valves

(AV valve)

separate the atrium and ventricle on each side of the heart.

The AV valves have flaps of tissues, called leaflets or

cusps, which open and close to ensure that the blood flows only in one direction and does not backflow into the

atriums.

The AV valve on the right side of the heart is called the

tricuspid valve because it has three leaflets (cusps).

The AV valve on the left side of the heart is called the

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The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

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Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

Heart Innervation

• Heart receives visceral

motor innervation

– Sympathetic (speeds up)

– Parasympathetic (slows

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The Heart

These are arteries. They carry blood away from the heart. This is a vein. It brings

blood from the body, except the lungs.

Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply

The heart has four chambers

2 atria

2 ventricles

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Blood supply to heart wall

•

Rt and Lft Coronary Arteries

–

Branch from Ascending Aorta –

Have multiple branches along heart –

Sit in Coronary Sulcus –

Coronary Heart Disease

•

Cardiac Veins

–

Coronary Sinus (largest) –

Many branches feed into sinus –

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A heart attack often involves a clot in the coronary arteries or their branches.

In this illustration,

a clot is shown in

the location of #1.

Area #2 shows the

portion of the

damaged heart that

is affected by the

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The Heart

Left Ventricle Left Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle valve

Vein from Lungs Artery to Head and Body

Artery to Lungs

Vein from Head and Body

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How does the Heart work?

blood from the body

blood from the lungs

The heart beat begins when the heart muscles relax and blood flows into the atria.

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The atria then contract and the valves open to allow blood into the ventricles.

How does the Heart work?

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How does the Heart work?

The valves close to stop blood flowing backwards.

The ventricles contract forcing the blood to leave the heart.

At the same time, the atria are

relaxing and once again filling with blood.

The cycle then repeats itself.

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blood from the heart gets around the body through blood vessels

There are 3 types of blood vessels

a.

ARTERY

b

.

VEIN

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Walls of Arteries and Veins

• Tunica externa – Outermost layer –

CT w/elastin and collagen – Strengthens, Anchors • Tunica media – Middle layer –

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ARTERI

mempunyai 3 lapisan :

1. TUNICA ADVENTITIA/EXTERNA , MERUPAKAN LAPISAN TERLUAR , TERDIRI DARI JARINGAN IKAT FIBROUS DAN BERFUNGSI SEBAGAI LAPISAN PELINDUNG.

2. TUNICA MEDIA, TERDIRI DARI JARINGAN OTOT DAN ELASTIK, MERUPAKAN LAPISAN YANG KUAT; MEMBUAT PEMBULUH DARAH TETAP TERBUKA DAN KONTRAKSI JARINGAN

OTOTNYA MEMBERIKAN TEKANAN YANG TETAP TERHADAP ALIRAN DARAH.

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ARTERI :

1. ARTERI BESAR

(ELASTIC ARTERY):

2. ARTERI SEDANG

(MUSCULAR

ARTERY):

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VENA

• JUGA MEMPUNYAI 3 LAPISAN SEPERTI ARTERI • TUNICA MEDIA LEBIH TIPIS (JAR OTOT DAN

ELASTIK), SEHINGGA LEBIH MUDAH KEMPIS DAN KURANG ELASTIS DIBANDING DENGAN ARTERI • MEMPUNYAI KATUB YANG DISUSUN SEDEMIKIAN

RUPA SEHINGGA DARAH DARAH NORMAL HANYA MENGALIR KE COR DAN TIDAK SEBALIKNYA

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The VEIN

Veins carry blood towards from the heart.

thin muscle and elastic fibres

veins have valves

which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.

body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to

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Artery/Vein differences

Arteries (aa.)

Veins (vv.)

Direction

of flow

Blood Away from

Heart

Blood to Heart

Pressure

Higher

Lower

Walls

THICKER: Tunica

media thicker than

tunica externa

THINNER: Tunica

externa thicker

than tunica media

Lumen

Smaller

Larger

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KAPILER

• Ialah pembuluh darah yg sangat kecil tempat

arteriole berakhir dan venule mulai

• Makin kecil arteri ketiga lapisan diatas makin tak

jelas, sehingga ketika sampai di kapiler yang

sehalus rambut dindingnya tinggal 1 lapis saja yaitu

endothelium.

• Lapisan yang tipis ini memungkinkan pertukaran

bahan dengan sel, dimana bahan makanan dan O2

masuk ke dalam sel sedangkan CO2 dan sisa

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Capillaries

• Microscopic--one cell layer thick

• Network • Bathed in

extracellular matrix of areolar tissue

• Entire goal of C-V

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The CAPILLARY

Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

the wall of a capillary is only one cell thick

they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

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artery vein

capillaries

body cell

The CAPILLARY

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AORTA

I. AORTA ASCENDENS : - A. CORONARIA

DEXTRA ET SINISTRA II. ARCUS AORTA

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II. ARCUS AORTA :

1. A. BRACHIOCEPHALICA: a. A. SUBCLAVIA DEXTRA b. A. CAROTIS COMMUNIS

DEXTRA:

- A. CAROTIS INT. DEXTR. - A. CAROTIS EXT. DEXTR. 2. A. CAROTIS COMMUNIS

SINISTRA:

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III. A. AORTA THORACALIS:

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III.B. AORTA ABDOMINALIS

1. Aa. PHRENICA ABD. DEXTRA ET SINISTRA

2. A. COELIACA

3. Aa. SUPRARENALIS MEDIA DEXTRA ET SINISTRA

4. Aa. RENALIS DEXTRA ET SINISTRA

5. Aa. TESTICULARIS / OVARICA DEXT. ET SIN.

6. A. MESENTERICA SUP. 7. A. MESENTERICA INF. 8. Aa. LUMBALIS

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III.B. AORTA ABDOMINALIS

1. Aa. PHRENICA ABD. DEXTRA ET SINISTRA

2. A. COELIACA

3. Aa. SUPRARENALIS MEDIA DEXTRA ET SINISTRA

4. Aa. RENALIS DEXTRA ET SINISTRA

5. Aa. TESTICULARIS / OVARICA DEXT. ET SIN.

6. A. MESENTERICA SUP. 7. A. MESENTERICA INF. 8. Aa. LUMBALIS

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ARTERI UNTUK LEHER DAN KEPALA

1. A. CAROTIS EXTERNA 2. A. CAROTIS INTERNA 3. A. VERTEBRALIS

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ARTERI UNTUK EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR

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ARTERI UNTUK EXTREMITAS INFERIOR

• A. FEMORALIS • A. POPLITEA

• A. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR • A. TIBIALIS POSTERIOR • A. DORSALIS PEDIS

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VENNAE BESAR

ATRIUM DEXTRM



I. V. CAVA SUPERIOR

_ V. AZYGOS Vv. BRACHIOCEPHALICA

DEXTRA ET SINISTRA

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II. V. CAVA INFERIOR: 1. Vv. PHRENICA

INFERIOR

2. Vv. HEPATICA

3. Vv. SUPRARENALIS 4. Vv. RENALIS

5. V. TESTICULARIS/ OVARICA DEXTRA 6. Vv. LUMBALIS

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VENNAE LEHER DAN KEPALA

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VENNAE EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR

V. SUBCLAVIA



V. AXILLARIS



V. CEPHALICA--- V. BASILICA



VENNAE MANUS

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VENNAE EXTREMITAS INFERIOR

V. ILIACA EXTERNA 

V. FEMORALIS

V. POPLITEA V. SAPHENA _ MAGNA V. SAPHENA

PARVA

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Functions of the lymphatic system:

• remove excess fluids from body tissues, • absorb fatty acid and transport fat to circulatory system, and

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Blood fluid escapes through the thin-walled capillaries into spaces between body tissue cells.

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The lymph vessels join to form larger ducts that pass through lymph nodes (or glands).

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Lymph nodes filter foreign substances, such as bacteria and cancer cells, from the lymph before it is re-entered into the blood system through the larger veins.

Lymph nodes, which are scattered among the lymph vessels, act as the body’s first defense against

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AREA LYMPHATIC LAIN

• STRUKTUR LAIN PADA SISTEM LYMPHATIC

SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDIRI DARI JARINGAN LYMPHE YANG SAMA DENGAN YANG TERDAPAT PADA

LYMPHONODI. • ANTARALAIN :

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Lymph nodes produce the following cells:

• Lymphocytes – a type of white blood cell,

• Monocytes – a leukocyte that protects against blood-borne pathogens, and

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Each lymph node has its own blood supply and venous drainage.

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ALIRAN CAIRAN LYMPHE

• CAIRAN LYMPHE YANG BERASAL DARI LENGAN

KANAN, SISI KANAN KEPALA DAN LEHER,

DIALIRKAN KE DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS

DEXTER

YANG BERMUARA SUDUT PADA PERTEMUAN

ANTARA V. JUG INT DEXTRA DENGAN V.

SUBCLAV DEXTRA (ANGULUS VENOSUS

JUGULUM DEXTRA)

• CAIRAN LYMPHE DARIBAGIAN TUBUH YANG LAI

DIALIRKAN KE DUCTUS THORACICUS YANG

BERJALAN MULAI DARI CYSTERNA CHYLLI

(PADA CAVUM ABDOMEN DAN BERMUARA

PADA ANGULUS VENOSUS JUGULUM

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When a specific location gets infected, the lymph nodes in that area will enlarge to fight the

infection.

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