An Analysis of Conjunction in the Short Story
“Little Annie’s Ramble By Nathaniel Hawthorne
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Fitria Dewi
Reg. Number A33212077
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
ABSTRACT
Dewi, Fitria. 2016. An Analysis of Conjunction in the Short Story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. English Department, Faculty of Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The Advisor : Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M. Pd.
This thesis discusses an analysis of the types of conjunction and the functions of conjunction in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In this thesis, the writer proposes two research questions as follows: (1) What are the types of conjunction which appear in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2) What are the functions of conjunction used in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
The writer uses descriptive qualitative research because the data collected are in the form of words. The procedure in data collection are identifying the conjunctions by giving underline, making a list the conjunctions which appear in short story, giving codes and classification in every conjunctions which consist of the types and the functions of conjunction, then analyzing each conjunction of the types and the functions of conjunction which found and used in short story.
Having analyzed the data, the writer found four types of conjunction which propose by Halliday and Hasan (1976) namely additive, adversative, causal, and temporal which found in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story. This research also indicative the four functions of conjunction which propose by Stern (2003) namely conjunction joins one word to another, conjunction joins one phrase to another, conjunction joins one clause to another, and conjunction joins one sentence to another are used in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story.
The types and the functions of conjunction are important in organizing discourse and in the social sciences. The types of conjunction can help the people understanding the logic meaning of conjunction and the functions of conjunctions can help the people comprehend the whole text. The writer suggests for the other researcher who wants to analyze the types and the functions of conjunction can gives more attention in other types and functions of conjunction such as coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.
ABSTRAK
Dewi, Fitria. 2016. An Analysis of Conjunction in the Short Story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. English Department, Faculty of Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Dosen Pembimbing : Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M. Pd.
Thesis ini mendiskusikan tentang analisis dari jenis-jenis dari kunjungsi dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi di dalam cerita pendek berjudul “Little Annie’s
Ramble” oleh Nathaniel Hawthorne. Di dalam thesis ini penulis mengemukakan
dua pertanyaan yaitu: (1) apa saja jenis-jenis dari konjungsi yang muncul di dalam
cerita pendek “Little Annie’s Ramble” oleh Nathaniel Hawthorne (2) apa saja
fungsi-fungsi yang digunakan di dalam cerita pendek “Little Annie’s Ramble” oleh Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif qualitative karena data yang di kumpulkan berbentuk kata-kata. Prosedur dari pengumpulan data adalah mengidentifikasi konjungsi dengan memberi garis bawah, membuat daftar konjungsi yang muncul di dalam cerita pendek, memberikan kode dan klasifikasi pada setiap konjungsi yang terdiri dari jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi kemudian menganalisis setiap konjungsi dari jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi yang ditemukan dan digunakan di dalam cerita pendek. Setelah selesai menganalisis data, penulis menemukan empat jenis dari konjungsi yang diusulkan oleh Halliday dan Hasan yaitu additive, adversative, causal, dan temporal yang ditemukan di dalam cerita pendek “Little Annie’s Ramble”. Penelitian ini juga menunjukan empat fungsi dari konjungsi yang diusulkan oleh Stern yaitu konjungsi bergabung dari satu kata dengan kata yang lain, konjungsi bergabung dari satu phrase dengan phrase yang lain, konjungsi bergabung dari satu clause dengan clause yang lain, dan konjungsi bergabung dari satu kalimat dengan
kalimat yang lain adalah digunakan di dalam cerita pendek “Little Annie’s
Ramble”.
Jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi adalah sangat penting di dalam mengorganisir wacana dan di dalam ilmu pengetahuan sosial. Jenis-jenis dari konjungsi dapat membantu orang-orang memahami arti yg logika dari konjungsi dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi dapat membantu orang-orang mengerti keseluruhan dari teks. Penulis menyarankan kepada peneliti lain yang ingin menganalisa jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi dari konjungsi dapat memberikan banyak perhatian pada jenis-jenis dan fungsi-fungsi yang lain seperti konjungsi koordinasi, kata penghubung konjungsi, dan konjungsi korelative.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Inside Cover Page...i
Inside Title Page...ii
Motto...iii
Declaration Page...iv
Dedication Page...v
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page...vi
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page...vii
Acknowledgment...………..viii
Table of Contents...x
Abstract...xii
Abstrak...xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study...1
1.2 Statement of the Problems...6
1.3 Objectives of the Study...6
1.4 Significance of the Study...7
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study...7
1.6 Definition of Key Terms...7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework...9
2.1.1 The Framework of Cohesion...9
2.1.2 Cohesion...11
2.1.3 Conjunction...11
2.1.4 The Function of Conjunction...17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Approach...21
3.2 Data and Data Sources...22
3.3 Data Collection...22
3.4 Data Analysis...23
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings...…25 4.1.1 The Types of Conjunction...25
4.1.1.1 Additive Relation...26
4.1.1.2 Adversative Relation...35
4.1.1.3 Causal Relation...40
4.1.1.4 Temporal Relation...44
4.1.2 The Function of Conjunction Found in Short Story...48
4.1.2.1 Conjunction Joins One Word to Another...49
4.1.2.2 Conjunction Joins One Phrase to Another...53
4.1.2.3 Conjunction Joins One Clause to Another...56
4.1.2.4 Conjunction Joins One Sentence to Another...59
4.2 Discussion...64
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion...68
5.2 Suggestion...69
BIBLIOGRAPHY...70
APPENDIX
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the writer explains six parts of introduction which are
background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study,
significance of the study, scope of the study, and definition of key terms.
1.1Background of the Study
Language is a human special skills to communicate and used as device to
communicate each other. Language is divided into two forms based on the point
of view of production, it is clear that spoken and written language makes
somewhat different demands on language (Brown and Yule, 1983:4). It clearly
describes that language is important role to create communication either spoken or
written.
Brown and Yule argued, the speaker has available to him the full range
of voice quality effects (as well as facial expression, postural, and gestural
systems) (1983:4). Whereas the speaker is under considerable pressure to keep on
talking during the period allotted to him, the writer is characteristically under no
such pressure (Brown and Yule, 1983:5). It clearly mention that people use
correct and different grammar to deliver message through the written language,
while people use utterance to deliver their intention through the spoken language.
In communication, Mahendra also thinks there is a horde of information
2
exploited or manipulated in order to success the intended goal of the writer
(2013:2). It means people also uses the written text and spoken in their
communication. Through this study, the writer uses written text and written
language to deliver purpose of this study and also to deliver an understanding of
cohesive devices.
Cohesive devices divisible become some the relation of cohesion.
Cohesion is a part of the system of a language (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:5). It
means in scope of language which grammar and discourse are mostly integrated is
in types of cohesion in texts. The main patterns of cohesion are reference, lexical
cohesion, conjunction, substitution and ellipsis (Paltridge, 2006:130) . It means
there are five types of cohesion that has relation between some items in the text
such as words, phrases and clauses, and the other items such as pronouns, nouns,
and conjunction.
Cohesive device which is used in this study is conjunction. While
Mahendra argues, a conjunction is a way of linking different parts of text to create
cohesiveness. Cohesiveness is demanding to learn to use conjunctions correctly in
a foreign language (2013:2). It means conjunctions refer to the way uses to create
cohesiveness in different parts of text become correctly language. It clearly that
conjunctive elements are cohesive not inside of the text but indirectly, by virtue of
the conjunctions specific meanings conjunctive elements are not the primary
devices for reaching out into the preceding or following text, but the conjunctions
express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in
3
Conjunction as described by Bloor and Bloor (1995:98) in Hameed
(2008:92) acts as “a cohesive tie between clauses or sections of text in such a way
as to demonstrate a meaningful pattern between them”. While Halliday and Hasan
in forethought indicate that “conjunctive relations are not tied to any particular
sequence in the expression" (1976:227). It shows some theories that connect the
conjunction between two clauses which is meaningful in one sentence and there
are no relation of any particular sequences in the expression in conjunctive
relation.
Therefore, among the cohesion forming devices within text, conjunction
is the least directly identifiable relation. Halliday and Hasan argued there are four
types of conjunction namely additive, adversative, causal, and temporal
(1976:238). While Christariana argues, the different types of conjunctive relations
that enter into cohesion are not the same as the elementary logical relations that
are expressed through the structural medium of coordination (2013:4). It is clear
from some statements above that the phenomena or form of conjunctive relations
can be grouped into four categories that may occur in either internal or external
context.
The internal and external relations also has been explained by Martin, he
said “ what have been characterized as rhetorical relations here as internal, these
relations obtain in the organization of the text itself rather than the organization of
the world the text describes. The experiential relations are referred to as external,
oriented to what is going on outside the text” (1992:180). It means the internal
4
describes to what is going on outside of the text. Therefore, most of conjunctions
have several different functions and these may correspond to several different
conjunctions in another language.
Stern argues, the function of conjunction is to join any of the following
language units such as word, clause, sentence, and phrase to another (2003:101).
It means the function of conjunction can be distinguishable become some
categories which have a meaning if the conjunction join with words, sentences,
clauses, and phrases.
In fact, conjunctions always appear either in spoken or written text.
Word that appears in written text is a conscious manipulation based on the
experience of the author (as cited in Head, 2009:13). Short story is one example of
written text which function of the conjunctions have relation between some word,
phrase, clause, and sentence. In this opportunity the writer found an interested of
the short story which indispensable for data to be analyzed in this study.
The short story is entitled "Little Annie's Ramble" by Nathaniel
Hawthorne in 2015. "Little Annie's Ramble" marks the beginning of Hawthorne's
career as a writer of juvenile literature, a career that spanned more than twenty
years. Alba argues, that the short story "Little Annie's Ramble" is Hawthorne’s
first story which is portraying a female child character, his schoolmate and
intimate friend (2000:237). It means, “Little Annie's Ramble” is a story about the
day of a little girl wandering around town. This short story is telling about a five
5
toys, delicious pastries and exotic animals. “Little Annie's Ramble” is short story
depictions of the imagination of a little girl that want to see her around world.
In his 1840 review of Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales. Poe argues, these
effusions of Mr. Hawthorne are the product of a truly imaginative intellect,
restrained, and in some measure repressed by fastidiousness of taste, by
constitutional melancholy, and by indolence" (1847:134). It means the short story
entitled "Little Annie's Ramble" by Nathaniel Hawthorne only detailed study of
Hawthorne's tale which is paradigmatic.
Meanwhile, Paul argues, "Little Annie's Ramble," is not the "pure essay"
that Poe dismisses it as; it's a complexly crafted psychological tale of narrative
repression and suggestion neither an essay nor pure (2005:4). It clearly mention
that the short story entitled "Little Annie's Ramble" by Nathaniel Hawthorne is the
imagination from the little girl which uses psychological language which is told
by Hawthorne.
The main point of this story is about the imagination from the little girl
with psychological language. Hawthorne (2015) uses conjunctions words to help
him to delivers his messages and to describes his intentions. The writer interested
in analyzing this short story because the short story had intended meaning in
every sentences if conjoined with conjunctions and this short story was different
from the other story where the little girl told about her condition by describing her
imaginations.
By explaining above, the writer separated every utterances to classify the
6
English was not an easy task, even for those who educated in English. The
difficulties occur when using their English, especially in understanding
conjunctions, because every conjunction has different meaning in different
sentences.
The writer purposes to show the types of conjunction and the functions
of conjunction in “Little Annie’s Ramble” through the research.
1.2Statement of the Problems
Based on the topic above, there are problems related to the study, which
the writer formulates the following research question:
1. What are the types of conjunction which appear in the short story
“Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne?
2.What are the functions of conjunction used in the short story “Little
Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne?
1.3Objectives of the Study
This study concern of presenting a brief explanation for the readers about
the problems specified previously. Through this study, the writer presented the
following aims:
1.To describe and find out the types of conjunction in short story “Little
Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
2.To explain the functions of conjunction used in short story “Little
7
1.4Significance of the Study
This study was concerned in cohesion device especially in the
conjunction. For readers, this study have purposes to explore the conjunction in
specific area. The writer can gives the additional information to reader about
cohesion, especially in types and functions of conjunction.
Moreover, the writer hopes the readers get better understanding to the
types and functions of conjunction in words, clauses, phrases, and sentences and
also the writer hopes that this study can give benefit to lot of people.
Another reason, the writer hopes this study become useful reference
especially for linguistic students to learn about discourse especially in cohesive
device that is the conjunction.
1.5Scope and Limitation of the Study
The writer focus on the types of conjunction which appear in short story
“Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) and the functions of
conjunction used in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne
(2015). The conjunction has functions which can make a complete sentence which
has a meaning. Moreover, the writer commit this research based on the short story
and does not have interview with the writer directly.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
In this study, definitions of key terms are given to avoid
misunderstanding between the researcher’s perception and the reader’s perception.
8
1. Cohesion:
Cohesion is a part of the system of a language (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:5). Cohesion which is in scope of language in which grammar and
discourse are mostly integrated is in types of cohesion in texts.
2. Conjunction:
Conjunction is a way of linking different parts of text to create
cohesiveness (Mahendra, 2013:2). The conjunction which is used to
create cohesiveness in different parts of text become correct language.
3. “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story
The original short story was first published by Nathaniel Hawthorne
in late 1834 in America. “Little Annie's Ramble” is a story about the day
of a little girl wandering around town. This short story is telling about a
five years old girl that enjoyed her life by describing her life in town with
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer explains and includes the discussion of some
theories of the previous study. Related theories which have links with the study,
namely cohesion, conjunction, and the functions of conjunction. The writer give
brief explanation some resources that will support this study.
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 The Framework of Cohesion
Cohesion
Types of Cohesion
Substitution Ellipsis Reference Conjunction Lexical Cohesion
Types of Conjunction The Function of
Conjunction Conjunction
Conjunction Join One Conjunction Join Word to Another One Sentence
to Another
Additive Causal
Conjunction Join One Conjunction Join One Adversative Temporal Phrase to Another Clause to Another
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The scheme 2.11 the framework of cohesion took under consideration in
Halliday and Hasan’s book entitled “Cohesion in English” in 1976 and took under
consideration in Stern’s book entitled “An Outline of English Grammar with
Exercises and Answer Key” in 2003.
The scheme of cohesion give some point to get easy the readers to
understand about what the content in this study. Cohesion was a part of the system
of a language (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:5). It means that in scope of language in
which grammar and discourse are mostly integrated is in types of cohesion in
texts.
The main patterns of cohesion were reference, lexical cohesion,
conjunction, substitution and ellipsis (Paltridge, 2006:130) . It means there are
five types of cohesion has relation between some items in the text such as words,
phrases and clauses, and other items such as pronouns, nouns, and conjunction.
The next way in which language also contributes to the expressed of text
was through the use of conjunction. The conjunction was divisible into four types
those were additive, adversative, causal, and temporal (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:238). It means those are different acts and have different meanings so, there
are some categories for expressed those acts.
The writer also explains the functions of conjunction that is appropriate
with the types of conjunction which has been explained before. Stern argued, the
function of conjunction is to join any of the following language units such as
11
conjunction can distinguishable become some categories have a meaning if the
conjunction join with words, sentences, clauses, and phrases.
2.1.2 Cohesion
The concept of cohesion was a semantic, it refers to relations of meaning
that existed within the text, and that defined it was a text (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:4). It means relation of meaning that exists within the text and that defined it
as a text. Cohesion consider as semantic relations between clauses and the ways
this expressed through the use of conjunctions.
A further aspect of cohesion was the ways in which words such as “one”
and “do” were use to substitute for other words in a text (substitution) and the
ways in which words or phrases were left out, or ellipsed, from a text (ellipsis)
(Paltridge, 2006:131). It means that cohesion is shows the ways in other aspect of
words in text of substitution and words in text of ellipsis.
2.1.3 Conjunction
McCarthy argued, a conjunction does not set off a search backward or
forward for its referent, but it does presuppose a textual sequence, and signals a
relationship between segments of the discourse (1991:46). It means a conjunction
includes relationship between words, sentences, clauses, and phrases that join with
a textual sequence and signals and also have a meaning as conjunctive in a
sentence.
Mahendra thought, a conjunction is a way of linking different parts of
12
conjunctions correctly in a foreign language (2013:2). It means conjunctions refer
to the way used to create cohesiveness in different parts of text become correctly
language.
Conjunction as described by Bloor and Bloor (1995:98) in Hameed
(2008:92) acts as a cohesive tie between clauses or sections of text in such a way
as to demonstrate a meaningful pattern between them, though Halliday and Hasan
(1976:227) indicate that conjunctive relations are not tied to any particular
sequence in the expression. It clearly shows that conjunctive relations has a
meaningful pattern in some situation for expressed of conjunction act in clear
context.
By explanation above show the relation of conjunction between two
clauses have meaning in one sentence and there are no relation of any particular
sequence in the expression in conjunctive relation.
Christariana argued, the different types of conjunctive relations that enter
into cohesion are not the same as the elementary logical relations that are
expressed through the structural medium of coordination (2013:4). It means
represent the generalized types of connection that its recognize as holding
between sentences. It means that is the phenomena of conjunctive relations which
can be grouped into four categories that may occur in either internal or external
context. Through Halliday and Hasan, there were four types of conjunction:
additive, adversative, causal, and temporal (1974:238).
The first type of conjunction is additive. The additive conjunction acts to
13
relation was somewhat which was different from coordination appropriate,
although it was no doubt derivable from coordination appropriate which could be
seen from (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:244). Although additive indicates something
rather looser and less structural than what it meant by coordinate. The reason was
a coordinate pair function as a single unit. It means additive relation is expression
as link by adding to the proper item with purpose to get understanding to a
sentence.
Examples for additive relation included, and, or, more ever, likewise,
furthermore, beside that, on the other hand, for example, thus,etc. (Halliday and
Hasan, 1976:242). There are some words, sentence, clause, and phrase that join
with conjunction which classified as additive in short story “Little Annie’s
Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) one other thing is:
“The town crier has rung his bell, at a distant corner, and little Annie stands on her father's doorsteps, trying to hear what the man with the loud voice is talking about” (Hawthorne, 2015:1).
the data above, the conjunction and was simple form of additive relation, because
and used alone as a cohesive item. In the additive relation and used cohesively as
conjunction and it was not main point to purpose of textual cohesion, it also
explained by Halliday and Hasan, when we were considering cohesion relation,
we can group together under the heading additive both of the two types that
appeared structurally in the form of coordination the and type and the or type. The
distinction between these two was not of primary significance of purpose of
14
find between them in coordination (1976:244). It clearly shows the additive
relation and as conjunction but is not the main item as purpose of textual
cohesion.
The second type is adversative. The adversative was contrary to
expectation as the basic meaning of the adversative relation derived from the
content of what is being said or from the communication process, and the
speaker-hearer situation. The adversative conjunction acts to indicated“contrary to
expectation” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:250). It means, the adversative has word
as adversative relation to used for give contrary meaning in the sentences or
clauses or phrases or words in any situation that doing by speaker and hearer.
Examples for adversative type was characterize by such conjunctions as
yet, through, only, but, however, nevertheless, in fact, actually, instead, rather,
anyhow, etc (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:242). There are some words, sentences,
clauses, and phrases that join with conjunction which classified as adversative in
short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) one other
thing is:
“Is not little Annie afraid of such a tumult? No; she does not even shrink closer to my side, but passes on with fearless confidence, a happy child a midst a great throng of grown people, who pay the same reverence to her infancy, that they would to extreme old age” (Hawthorne, 2015:1).
the data above, the adversative relation can visible from but as conjunction that
join in the sentence above. The conjunction but above shows contrary with her
feeling of fact situation and but included as simple form of adversative, while
15
syllables and become tonal only for purposes of contrast (1976:230). It means but
which can used as shorthand in the logical meaning that show the appropriate
purpose.
The third type of conjunction is causal. The distinction between the
external and internal types of cohesion tended to be a little less in the context of
causal relations than in the other contexts, because the idea of cause already
involved some degrees of interpretation by the speaker. The causal conjunction
expressed “result, reason and purpose” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:256). It means,
the causal relation has meaning result, reason and purpose if join with sentences,
clauses, phrases, and words. So, interpretation of the speaker and hearer become
proper.
Examples for causal relation expressed by conjunction such as so, then,
for, because, as a result, therefor, in that case, otherwise, for this reason, in this
end, etc (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:243). There are some words, sentence, clause,
and phrase that join with conjunction which classified as causal in short story
“Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015) one other thing is:
“But where would Annie find a partner? Some have the gout in their toes, or the rheumatism in their joints; some are stiff with age; some feeble with disease; some are so lean that their bones would rattle, and others of such ponderous size that their agility would crack the flag-stones; but many, many have leaden feet, because their hearts are far heavier than lead” (Hawthorne, 2015:2)
the data above show the result and reason of the sentence above. The conjunction
so and because become signal that is deciphrable as result and reason if so and
16
The last conjunction type is temporal. The temporal and links which
expressed signaling sequence or time (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:261). It means
the temporal relations are the relations between two successive sentences and
these relation in external terms as content may be simply one of the sequences in
time and the one is subsequent to the other.
Examples for temporal included the sense of conclusiveness by such
items as next, after that, finally, before that, at least, secondly, at once, up to now,
at this point, to resume, etc (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:243). There are some
words, sentence, clause, and phrase that join with conjunction which classified as
temporal in short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015)
one other thing is:
“See how he uplifts the bell in his right hand, and shakes it slowly at first, then with a hurried motion, till the clapper seems to strike both sides at once, and the sounds are scattered forth in quick succession, far and near” (Hawthorne, 2015:5).
the data above show then as simple form of temporal relation and at once as
complex form of temporal relation. The conjunction then has a meaning
sequential and at once has a meaning immediate.
Through Halliday and Hasan, the temporal relation may be made specific
by the presence of an additional component in the meaning, as well as that of
succession in time. So, for example, we may have then + immediately (at once,
thereupon, on which) (1976:261). It means, if then and at once in one sentence
17
proper sentence if join with words, clauses, phrases and sentences that
appropriate.
2.1.4 The Functions of Conjunction
The conjunctions is often used to choose between putting the conjoined
clause of headed by the conjunction first and putting it second in ending of a
sentence, because the beginning of the sentence is clearly to know the purpose of
a sentence. So, the writer made choice to explain the functions of conjunction that
is appropriate with the types of conjunction which has been explained before.
Based on Stern, the functions of conjunction is to join any of the
following language units such as word, clause, sentence, and phrase to another
(2003:101). It means the functions of conjunction can distinguishable become
some categories which have a meaning if a conjunction join with words,
sentences, clauses, and phrases. The categories from the functions of conjunctions
explainable like the examples as follow:
a) Conjunction joins one word to another
From data source: Red and blue (Hawthorne, 2015:3)
b) Conjunction joins one clause to another
From data source: Which many children feel, and which I felt in my
childhood (Hawthorne, 2015:1)
c) Conjunction joins one sentence to another
From data source: He is thinking of his voyages on an iceberg, and of
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pole, and of the little cubs whom he left rolling in
the eternal snows (Hawthorne, 2015:5)
d) Conjunction joins one phrase to another
From data source: Oh! he is telling the people that an elephant, and a
lion, and a royal tiger, and a horse with horns, and
other strange beasts from foreign countries
(Hawthorne, 2015:1)
the data above show the examples of each categories from the functions of
conjunction. Besides, the functions of conjunction has different meaning if the
conjunction join with words, sentences, clauses, and phrases because every
conjunction has different meaning in the respect of the functions of the
conjunction itself.
2.2 Review of Previous Studies
To enrich our knowledge about linguistic field, the writer reviewed the
previous study who conducted a research about the cohesive device especially the
conjunction. The first study entitled “A Noncombinatorial Approach for Efficient
Conjunction Analysis” which is made by Michael Mercurio (2014). The study of
Michael Mercurio focused on reducing the number of object pairs to be
researched. Michael Mercurio used conjunction analysis as his research method.
The second study was “The Effect of Language of Instruction on
Comprehension Conjunction” conducted by Amy L. Moore (2012). This research
focused on the effect of comprehension conjunction of bilingual explanation. The
19
comprehension that an explanation in English only for dual language learners
reading an English language text. Four bilingual third grade students on the
communities of Longmont and Boulder it was an object of this research.
Next study entitled “Conjunctions and The Grammatical Agreement”
conducted by Heidi Lorimor (2008). The research focused on the factors of
producing agreement that using proof from conjoined subjects in English and
Lebanese Arabic. The researcher used object of American English sentences from
World Wide Web explained that speakers often produce singular verbs with
conjoined subject in his research.
Another study has been created by M. Teresa Solias i Aris (1991)
entitled “The Category of The Conjunction in Categorial Grammar”. The research
focused on the categorial types for conjunction inside of categorial grammar
formalism. The aimed of this study is to find a category for conjunction that
allows the grammar formalism to account for natural language phenomena and
explore the categorial type for conjunctions is proposed which can account for
those characteristic.
The different study between this study and previous research is this study
focused to find out the types of conjunctions which appears in little Annie’s
ramble short story and the functions of conjunction used in little Annie’s ramble
short story which is purposes to know various of conjunction and to know the
functions of conjunction if the conjunction to join with words, clauses, phrases,
and sentences in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne
20
The writer only used a short story as object in her research, it was
different with the previous study which used a novel, four bilingual third grade
students on the communities of Longmont and Boulder, and used object of
American English sentences from World Wide Web in their research. Another
differentiation, this study focused on the conjunction especially the types and the
functions of conjunction. Meanwhile, the previous study focused on the effect of
comprehension conjunction of bilingual explanation, the factors of producing
agreement that using, and conjunction analysis.
The significance of those differences in this study was to readers a better
understanding of various types of the conjunction and the functions of conjunction
and also the writer hopes this research can give benefit to lot of people.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the writer describes and explains the approach used in
this study, data and data sources, data collection and data analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
The writer applied descriptive qualitative research for completing this
study because this study is intended to find out the conjunctions in the short story
“Little Annie’s Ramble by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015). Mcleod (2010:571) in
Tavallaei and Talib argued, qualitative research does not intend to “test” a
hypothesis but this method has a deep tendency to “describe, analyze, and
interpret the constructive aspects of social world”. While Neuman in Suswati
(2014:17) argues, when data in the form of words, sentences, and paragraphs
rather than number, it means qualitative research. It clearly that basically
qualitative researches are to describe, to analyze, and to interpret utterances in the
form of words, sentences, and paragraphs and it does not the numeric data.
The writer used descriptive qualitative research because in the analysis
the writer did not put any numeric data. The writer used primary data of
utterances in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne
(2015). The conjunctions joined with words, phrases, clauses, and sentences
22
The writer described the types of conjunction in short story “Little
Annie’s Ramble” and explained the functions of conjunction used in short story
“Little Annie’s Ramble” in the data analysis. The writer used descriptive
explanation as the methods to show the descriptive information in her research.
Descriptive explanation is used to explain some information that contained in the
conjunctions which have relation with other words or sentences. Descriptive
explanation is also used to give clear explanation of the functions of conjunction
which is used in short story.
3.2 Data and Data Sources
The data were taken from all utterances using conjunction is contained in
short story “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne (2015). The data
were taken from the short story which is consisted of the conjunctions, where
some conjunctions appear in the short story. However, there are two sources of
data; those are primary data and secondary data. The writer took the primary data
from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story entitled “Little Annie’s Ramble”, also to
collected the secondary data from journals, books, and articles to approve her
analysis.
3.3 Data Collection
The process of collected the data is involving take a notes and
classification. To collect the data, the first step was searched and downloaded the
text of short story entitled “Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne in
23
because the writer has the short story in the soft copy, then the writer printed out
the short story to made it easier in analysis. The third step, the writer identified the
data by giving underline in every conjunction which appear in short story. The
fourth step, the writer made a list the conjunctions which appear in short story.
The last step, the writer gave codes in every conjunctions which consist of
additive, adversative, causal and temporal.
3.4 Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer did some steps in analyzing the
conjunctions which appeared in short story entitled “Little Annie’s Ramble”. The
first step, the writer classified every conjunction which consists of additive,
adversative, causal and temporal. The second step, the writer described and
explained the types of conjunction which consist of additive, adversative, causal
and temporal in conjunction relation. Then, the writer used Halliday and Hasan
(1976) theory to analyze the types of conjunction which appear in the short story.
The next step, the writer classified the categories from the functions of
conjunction that join some of the following language units such as word, phrase,
clause, and sentence which found in the short story.
Then, the writer described and explained each of categories from the
functions of conjunction which appear in short story. After that, the writer used
Stern (2003) theory to analyze the functions of conjunction used in the short story
and intended to divide in some categories which are includes what the relation
24
conjunctions in the short story “Little Annie’s Ramble”. Then, the writer drew the
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the writer presents the findings and discussion. The
writer focuses on the types and function of conjunction which appear in the
“Little Annie’s Ramble” short story. This research focusing on the conjunctions,
it makes the writer able to answers the statement of problems in this study which
consist of two issues. The first is to answer the types of conjunction which appear
in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story. The second is to answer the functions of
the conjunction are used in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story.
4.1 Findings
The writer showed types of conjunction which appear in “Little Annie’s
Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The writer also showed the
functions of conjunction used in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by
Nathaniel Hawthorne.
4.1.1 The Types of Conjunction
There are 27 the conjunctions that consists in the short story “Little
Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne, 8 additive, 6 adversative, 6 causal,
and 7 temporal as apparent in the appendix. The conjunctions of additive
expression are dominated in the short story, because there are 8 additive
26
In this part, the writer found the types of conjunction that occur in the
“Little Annie’s Ramble” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. As stated in the scope and
limitation that all the data is found out by the writer itself. The writer provides
interpretation based on the findings in relation of the types of conjunction which
appear in short story.
The writer analyze based on the types of conjunction relation proposed
by Halliday and Hasan (1976) in page 242-243. It explains the relation from the
types of conjunction is the expression has meaning in proper situations and proper
conditions. It means in relation from the types of conjunction is defines language
appropriate within situation and condition certain of the conjunction expression.
The writer also analyzes the data of conjunction relation according to
description of what the relation in the types of conjunction to give brief
understanding about the short story.
4.1.1.1 Additive Relation
The additive relation was somewhat which was different from
coordination appropriate, although it was not doubt derivable from coordination
appropriate which could be seen from (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:244). It means
the additive relation is expression as link by adding to the proper item with
purpose to get understanding to a sentence. The explanation to additive relation
which appear in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne is
below:
27
The conjunction and was simple form of additive relation as explained
previously by Halliday and Hasan, the and relation as it is embodied in the form
of coordination, and suggested that the cohesive relation expressed by and at a
beginning of new sentence (1976:244). It means the conjunction and as
expression to add in the form of coordination which appear in beginning of new
sentence can help a narrative flows smoothly and can draw attention to the
sentence. But, the other sentence, and often uses in end of sentence to complete of
understanding from the sentence before. It can be seen clearly in the following
sentences:
Data 1
The town crier has rung his bell, at a distant corner, and little Annie stands on her father's doorsteps, trying to hear what the man with the loud voice is talking about. (Hawthorne, 2015:1)
The data above show and as conjunction relation to connect one clause
to join with another clause to get a proper sentence. The conjunction and in data
above show one idea contrast with another clause because the first clause show
the town crier is doing the job in different situation than little Annie. The second
clause show little Annie is doing her activities in different situation than the town
crier but both of clauses in the same times.
Data 2
28
The data 2, it shows “an elephant”, “a lion”, “royal tiger”, and “a horse”,
their have same meaning as animals. The conjunction and in data above as
additional of expression from simple additive relation to correlate one phrase
which has same meaning as animals with another phrase.
2. Or (Simple Alternative Additive)
The conjunction or was simple alternative form of additive relation as
explained previously by Haliday and Hasan, the basic meaning of the conjunctive
or relation is alternative (1976:246). It was external sense, the offering of a range
of objective alternatives, or together with its expansion or else was largely
confined to questions, requests, permissions and predictions (realized in the
grammar as interrogative, imperative and modalized clauses) (Halliday and
Hasan, 1976:246). It clarifies the conjunction or as expression of simple
alternative from additive relation to show some other choices or possibilities to
get a proper correlation sentence. It can be seen clearly in the following sentences:
Data 3
Some have the gout in their toes, or the rheumatism in their joints; some are stiff with age; some feeble with disease; some are so lean that their bones would rattle, and others of such ponderous size that their agility would crack the flagstones; but many, many have leaden feet, because their hearts are far heavier than lead. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)
The conjunction or in data above show the possibility of two phrases and
both of phrases have different possibility. In first phrase has possibility that the
29
their joints. So, in data above the conjunction or is as an alternatively of their
illness.
Data 4
It is a question with me, whether this giddy child, or my sage self, have most pleasure in looking at the shop-windows. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)
The data 4, it shows two possibilities are use or as expression of
conjunction relation. The first phrase “this giddy child” has meaning the ball is up
child and the second phrase “my sage self” has meaning wisdom of myself.
Because the data above use or as to connect both of phrases to show as possibility
and choices.
3. Neither...nor (Simple Negative Additive)
The conjunction neither....nor as negative form of simple additive as
expression with more or less the same meaning. Previously, Halliday and Hasan
argued, the negative form of additive relation is expressed simply as nor
(1976:245). The correlation pair both...and, either...or, neither...nor do not in
general occur with cohesive function, they are restricted to structural coordination
within the sentence (1976:244-245). It clearly mentioned that the conjunction
neither...nor is negative form of additive relation has more or less same meaning
to be structural coordination within the sentence. It can be seen clearly in the
following sentence:
Data 5
30
The data 5, it shows the conjunction neither....nor as negative expression
to clarify set seal to answer of question above, because the data above there is
“No” as explanation in the beginning answers of sentence and neither....nor which
can relate as answer amplifier of the sentence. So, the sentence above has a
meaning as negative sentence.
Data 6
But they are choosing neither a king nor a president; else we should hear a most horrible snarling! They have come from the deep woods, and the wild mountains, and the desert sands, and the polar snows, only to do homage to my little Annie. (Hawthorne, 2015:4)
The data above show neither....nor as negative possibility. It means the
conjunction neither....nor as negative meaning in data above. The conjunction
neither....nor in data above has a meaning to show negative possibility as a
suggestion “they did not choose between a king or a president” because
neither....nor above as negative form to give more meaning which both of them
have same position in their meaning as leader and master of a country or certain
area.
4. And...not (Simple Negative Additive)
The conjunction and...not included in negative form of simple additive
as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, beside nor there are various
composite expression with more or less the same meaning (of: or else as
expansion of or, and...not, not...either, and...not...either; and the form
31
single unit, in some higher structure and so can be delineated as a constituent
(Halliday and Hasan, 1976:244). It clearly mentioned the conjunction and....not as
negative form of simple additive because has function as single unit in
coordination of sentence. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 7
His golden feathers are all tarnished in this smoky sunshine; he would have glistened twice as brightly among the summer islands; but still he has become a citizen in all his tastes and habits, and would not sing half so well without the uproar that drowns his music. (Hawthorne, 2015:4)
The data above show the conjunction and....not as negative expression
which correlates with modal “would” because and....not in sentence above as the
complement of conjunction which has negative meaning. The negative meaning
appears in the data above. It can be seen from the functions of the conjunction
and....not above has more same meaning to get correct purpose of the sentence
above.
Data 8
Well, let us hasten homeward; and as we go, forget not to thank Heaven, my Annie, that, after wandering a little way into the world, you may return at the first summons, with an untainted and unwearied heart, and be a happy child again. (Hawthorne, 2015:6)
The conjunction and....not above as correlation between words or phrases
or clauses, it has more same meanings but if both of them joined with and...not
32
5. That is (Apposition Expository Additive)
That is was the conjunction as expository form of apposition additive, as
explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, the exposition is corresponds,
structurally, not to coordination but to apposition (1976:248). It clearly mentioned
that the conjunction That is as expository as conclusion in end of sentence before
that has been explained some problems or declaration that appear in sentence
before. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 9
All that is bright and gay attracts us both. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)
The data 9, it shows the conjunction that is as expository to the sentence
before. So, the message of writer can be understood. The relation the conjunction
that is above is to explain “bright and gay” are attractive. It means that is as
connective to explain the sentence before and after which has correlation in
meaning. So, it became a proper coordination.
6. I mean (Apposition Expository Additive)
Previously has been explained about the conjunction that is as expository
was form of apposition additive. Conjunction I mean also sense being function as
expository form of apposition same like explanation by Halliday and Hasan said,
the items which occur frequently in this function are, in the expository sense, I
mean, that is, that is to say, (or) in other words, (or) to put it another way
(1976:248). It clearly mentioned that the conjunction I mean has meaning as
33
someone about the other people thinking. It can be seen clearly in the following
sentence:
Data 10
What would Annie think, if, in the book which I mean to send her, on New Year's day, she should find her sweet little self, bound up in silk or morocco with gilt edges, there to remain till she become a woman grown with children of her own to read about their mother's childhood! That would be very queer. (Hawthorne, 2015:3)
The data above show the conjunction I mean as expository about the
thinking of Annie. The conjunction I mean has a relation to give clarify about
something which someone thinking. The sentence above, I mean as to connected
some words to combine become one sentence. It has a meaning as expository of
Annie’s think.
7. I guess (Apposition Expository Additive)
The conjunction I guess was the other alternative name of the conjunction
from I mean so, the conjunction I guess has same definition meaning and function
like the conjunction I mean as explained previously by Halliday and Hasan said,
the items which occur frequently in this function are, in the expository sense, I
mean, (or) I guess, that is, that is to say, (or) in other words, (or) to put it another
way.
The word (or) also occurred alone as a marker of structural apposition,
the sense being by another alternative name (1976:248). It clearly mentioned that
34
because I guess has function as expository, but I guess has more specific as
supposition of someone. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 11
Will he tell us of an auction, or of a lost pocketbook, or a show of beautiful wax figures, or of some monstrous beast more horrible than any in the caravan? I guess the latter. (Hawthorne, 2015:5)
The data above show the conjunction I guess as supposition. The
conjunction I guess as expository about a supposition of people to the other
people. The conjunction I guess to connected with some possibilities become a
supposition in end of the data above.
8. On the other hand (Comparison Dissimilar Additive)
On the other hand was the conjunction as dissimilar form of comparison
additive. Previously, it also explained by Halliday and Hasan, corresponding to
similarity is the negative comparison where the meaning is dissimilarity in
contradistinction. This is frequently expressed by the phrase on the other hand;
there are other forms such as by contrast, as opposed to this, and so on
(1976:247). It is clear that On the other hand as the conjunction has meaning is
dissimilarity in contradistinction with previous statement. It can be seen clearly in
the following sentence:
Data 12
35
The data 12, it shows On the other hand as conjunction to connect one
statement to join with another statement which has different meaning. On the
other hand above clarifies that there are some statements to join with the
conjunction On the other hand. So, the data above has meaning as dissimilarity
statement but in the same contexts.
4.1.1.2 Adversative Relation
Previously, It had been explained by Halliday and Hasan, the basic
meaning of the adversative relation is contrary to expectation (1976:250). It
means the adversative relation is opposite to expectation. The expectation derives
from the context of what is being said or from the communication process of the
speaker and hearer situation. The explanation to adversative relation which
appears in “Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne is below:
1. Yet (Proper Simple Adversative)
The conjunction yet was simple form of adversative proper. It was also
explained by Halliday and Hasan, an external adversative relation is expressed in
its simple form by the word “yet” (1976:250). It clearly mentioned that yet is
simple form of adversative proper and yet similar with but, but different in context
of meaning. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 13
Yet there is sympathy between us.(Hawthorne, 2015:1)
36
no reason from explanation above that the conjunction yet has the same meaning
with the conjunction but.
2. Though (Proper Simple Adversative)
Though was the conjunction simple form of adversative proper as
explained previously by Halliday and Hasan, though as a conjunctive is always
phonologically reduced (1976:250). It means the conjunction though in normal
position as a part at the end of the clause. But, often though as subordination in a
sentence has meaning as although but is not the right meaning. The conjunction
though if has meaning like although when the conjunction though in a sentence
after full stop. It can be seen clearly in the following sentences:
Data 14
Is Annie a literary lady? Yes; she is deeply read in Peter Parley's tomes, and has an increasing love for fairy-tales, though seldom met with nowadays, and she will subscribe, next year, to the Juvenile Miscellany. (Hawthorne, 2015:2-3)
The data above show though as subordination in the sentence above and
the conjunction though has meaning as although but, it is not the right meaning.
So, in the data above though as relation to give a meaning is being a comparison
in same context. The conjunction though always to reduce a phonology in a
sentence but, though will give equivalence position in the sentence above.
Data 15
37
The conjunction though in the data 15, it is cohesive only because,
though is occurring in a sentence after a full stop so, though has same meaning
with although and has a correct meaning like although too.
3. Only (Proper Simple Adversative)
The conjunction only was simple form of adversative proper. only has
same positions like however but different in meaning as explained previously by
Halliday and Hasan, the word only occurs frequently in this sense in spoken
English and always in initial position and phonologically reduced, like however
(1976:251). It clarifies the conjunction only is simple form of adversative and it
has same position and phonologically reduced like however. It can be seen clearly
in the following sentence:
Data 16
So, come, Annie; but if I moralize as we go, do not listen to me; only look about you, and be merry! (Hawthorne, 2015:1)
The conjunction only above show the clarification of the statement
before. So, the reader can understand what is the message sent by writer in end of
the sentence. The conjunction only has meaning as adversative relation and it has
an alternative name is “if only” or “in the event that”.
4. But (Contrastive Simple Adversative)
but was the conjunction as simple form of contrastive adversative.
38
conjunction but uses to clarify some differences of statement in one sentence as a
purpose of contrast. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 17
Is not little Annie afraid of such a tumult? No; she does not even shrink closer to my side, but passes on with fearless confidence, a happy child a midst a great throng of grown people, who pay the same reverence to her infancy that they would to extreme old age. (Hawthorne, 2015:1)
The data above show but as contrastive relation between one statement
with the other statement. The conjunction but in data above also uses to clarify
some difference of statements. The differences of statement clearly mention in
data above to show but is correlation with some statement to explain some
different statement to be one unit of a proper sentence.
5. In fact (Contrastive Avowal Adversative)
There was another form of the adversative relation in internal. It means
that the conjunction internal if combined with the contrastive sense can we called
against. This expressed by a number of very frequent items such as in fact, as a
matter of fact, actually, to tell (you) the truth (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:253). It
means the conjunction In fact is conjunction as avowal form of contrastive
adversative but, in adversative relation in fact is often equivalents of the
contrastive sense as against. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 18
39
The data above show In fact is the conjunction expression of contrastive
relation which has definition as against because In fact above has been put into
words. The distinction of the avowal type, such as In fact, the latter is an assertion
of the facts in the form of a real or imaginary resistance as against. The
conjunction In fact in data above gives a meaning as against because in previous
sentence is explained that he is a great white bear, but in the real or In fact is in
contrastive relation that he is a bear of sentiment.
6. At least (Correction of Wording Adversative)
The characteristic expression of correction adversative relation were
instead (of that), rather, on the contrary, at least, I mean (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:254). It means the conjunction at least is phrase of wording form of
correction adversative. The conjunction at least has a meaning as against of
correction adversative. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 19
Their influence on us is at least reciprocal with ours on them.(Hawthorne, 2015:6)
The data above show at least as against of wording because at least is the
influence should has been become reciprocal to someone of the other people. The
conjunction at least has a meaning as of wording to correction adversative of the
wording before.
4.1.1.3 Causal Relation
40
and purpose (1976:256). It means the causal relation is to show the specific of
result, reason and purpose. The explanation to causal relation which appear in
“Little Annie’s Ramble” short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne is below:
1. So (General Simple Causal)
This study had been explained by Halliday and Hasan, the simple form of
causal relation is expressed by so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently,
accordingly (1976:256). It means the conjunction so is simple form of the general
causal and so for example it means as a result of this, for this reason and for this
purpose. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 20
O, my mouth waters, little Annie, and so doth yours; but we will not be tempted, except to an imaginary feast; so let us hasten onward, devouring the vision of a plum-cake. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)
The data above show so as result of this statement before. The
conjunction so shows a result like a solution of data above where some statements
have been stated to take a conclusion is result like a solution for the problem
happened in data above.
2. Therefore (General Simple Causal)
The conjunction therefore was the simple form of the general causal.
Halliday and Hasan argued, the simple forms thus, hence and therefore all occur
regularly in an internal sense, implying some kinds of reasoning or argument from
41
implying the reasoning or argument and also therefore has the same potentialities
as however. It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 21
What a company of dancers should we be! For I, too, am a gentleman of sober footsteps, and therefore, little Annie, let us walk sedately on. (Hawthorne, 2015:2)
The data above show therefore as relation of a reason. In data above
therefore has a meaning as because. The conjunction therefore as relation to
connect some words. So, getting conclusion is the explanation of someone reason
doing something.
3. With the mind (Specific Purpose Causal)
The specific form of the purpose causal in mainly external were include
for this purpose, with the mind (or) view with this intention (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:260). It means with the mind is the conjunction expression includes in
specific form of the purpose causal and with the mind has a meaning as a purpose.
It can be seen clearly in the following sentence:
Data 12
If I pride myself on anything, it is because I have a smile that children love; and, on the other hand, there are few grown ladies that could entice me from the side of little Annie; for I delight to let my mind go hand in hand with the mind of a sinless child. (Hawthorne, 2015:1)
The data 12, it shows with the mind is meaning as a purpose. The
conjunction with the mind has a meaning to describe a mind of someone as a
