NATHAN’S LOYALTY AND INTEGRITY TO HIS FATHER
AS THE FUGITIVE OF WITCH IN
HALF BAD
BY SALLY
GREEN
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By
Firdaus Salahuddin Rista
Reg. Number A03211013
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTER AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Rista, Firdaus Salahuddin . 2016. A Study of Nathan’s Loyalty and Integrity to His
Father as The Fugitive of Witch in
Half Bad
by Sally Green, English
Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University
Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Abu Fanani, S.S., M.Pd.
This thesis attempts to analyze Sally Green’s novel entitled
Half Bad
. This
novel tells about Nathan as the half code, he is the result of mixing blood from his
parent, his mother is White witch and his father is Black witch. This thesis concerns
on analyzing Nathan’s loyalty and integrity to his father. The aims of this thesis are to
learn about the main character, Nathan and to identify the internal and the external
factors that build his characteristic. Therefore, this thesis can provide some
explanations toward Nathan’s loyalty and integrity that makes him never be
cooperative with the Council in order to kill his father as the most dangerous fugitive
in witch world and choosing to protect him from them. Through psychoanalysis
theory derived by Sigmund Freud and developmental psychology by David
Moshman, concerning on a both of those theories, consist of id, ego, super-ego,
morality, and also rationality in psychology development. This thesis tries to reveal
what factors that influence character’s loyalty and integrity by identify the internal
and the external factors and also about how the character uses it to solve all of his
problem. New criticism theory, which is focusing on character and characterization,
helps the analysis to uncover the personality and behavior of each character in the
story. Finally, this analysis will identify Nathan’s loyalty and integrity that
represented in his respect to his father, how he always protect him from his father’s
enemy, and Nathan that use his loyalty and integrity as the only one weapon which
make him powerful.
INTISARI
Rista, Firdaus Salahuddin . 2016. Nathan’s Loyalty and Integrity to His Father as The
Fugitive of Witch in
Half Bad
by Sally Green, Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas
Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Dosen Pembimbing: Abu Fanani, S.S., M.Pd.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Advisor’s Approval Page ... ii
Examiner’s Sheet ... iii
Declaration Page ... iv
Motto ... v
Dedication Page ... vi
[image:8.612.130.506.184.650.2]Acknowledgement ... vii
Table of Contains ... ix
Abstract ... xii
Intisari ... xiii
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION ... 11.1. Background of Study ... 1
1.2. Statement of Problem ... 4
1.3. Objective of the Study ... 5
1.4. Significance of the Study ... 5
1.5. Scope and Limitation ... 6
1.6. Method of Study ... 6
CHAPTER
2
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY ... 82.1. Theoretical Framework ... 8
2.1.1. Psychology of Literature ... 8
2.1.2. Psychoanalysis Theory ... 10
2.1.3. Psychological Development Theory ... 17
2.1.4. Psychology of Loyalty... 18
2.1.5. Psychology of Integrity ... 20
2.1.5.1. Defense Mechanism of Integrity ... 22
2.1.6. New Criticism Theory ... 22
2.1.6.1. Character ... 24
2.1.6.2. Characterization ... 27
CHAPTER
3
ANALYSIS ... 303.1. The Internal and External Factors ... 30
3.1.1. Internal Factor: Strong Heart ... 31
3.1.2. Internal Factor: Good Mentality ... 32
3.1.3. Internal Factor: High Motivation ... 34
3.1.4. Internal Factor: Impressive Psychological Development ... 36
3.2.1. External Factor: Support from Someone Special in Nathan’s life .... 40
3.2.2. External Factor: Supportive Environment ... 40
3.3. The Process of Nathan to Solve His Problems by Using His Integrity and
Loyalty in the Novel ... 44
3.3.1. Nathan Motivated Himself by His Loyalty ... 44
3.3.2. Integrity as Defense that Help Nathan Loose From Any Trouble ... 46
CHAPTER
4
CONCLUSION ... 494.1 Conclusion ... 49
WORK CITED ... 51
SYNOPSIS ... 54
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CHAPTER I
1.1. Background of Study
Literature is a work of art that was created by author or any particular group of people by using language media (Wellek & Warren 20). Literature as the result of art has meaning that literature is free from kind of boundaries. Kind of boundaries may come from culture, faith, reality, and etc. As example, we can take a look to the writer or author that put their idea in each writing that was made, no limit in writing, every genre has different perspectives that make the writing look so ‘colorful’. There we can learn about how far the imagination can develop with no limit, no rule, and no bound. As you can write and imagine, you have chance to express your idea freely in your writing. Luxemburg says about some characteristics of literature, one of them tells about the creature, the
creation, which is not beginning from the imitation. The men of letters create their own world, proceed the process in the universe, even perfected (Wiyatmi 14).
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Half bad tells about witch world, the imaginative world that was created by the author, incredible story, with the sense of emotion. This novel is an example that imagination of the author is no limit, everything can be ‘real’ in the literature. It is like a ‘trap of mind’ that ‘force’ the reader trust that the new world is absolutely real in their mind. It is why the literature has a big power to change the world and open the new perspectives about that. Specifically, it is called as fiction literature. Nurgiyantoro says that fiction works relates to imagination, invention, something unreal, and it does not happen because of real condition and unnecessary for searching the truth. All of the events, settings, and characters are imaginative (3). Fiction works consist of novel, short story, poem, drama, fairy tale, etc (9). The statements above indicates that one of the literary works is Novel.
According to Abrams, the novel is distinguished from the short story and from the work of middle length called the novelette; its magnitude permits a greater variety of characters, greater complication of plot (or plots), ampler development of milieu, and more sustained exploration of character and motives than do the shorter, more concentrated modes (190). So, constructor elements of novel, such as plot, theme, characterization, and setting, generally have
characteristic which more specific and complex than short story elements
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the last chapter that you read, and it will bring the reader to understand the condition in the novel gradually.
Sally Green is the great author at this year. She successful to create a popular fiction novel about witch that she named as Half Bad (2013). She was continuing the latest popular witch novel like Harry Potter from J.K Rowling by using her own way. She made this novel differ than the previous novel like Harry Potter. She had her characteristic in her novel; she brought the original idea about relativity between good and bad, nothing absolute in the world, everyone could change from good to be bad and conversely. She is smart, creative and also effective. Sally Green makes the new perspective in her writing style, it makes her work look so different than others. As the reason why she can get many
achievement and also broke the Guinness World Record for 'Most Translated Book by a Debut Author, Pre-publication' with 45 different translations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Bad).
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of her husband, she would never let her baby got suffered by hide his father identity.
Relationship between Nathan and his father is so interesting to be analyzed. How son was able to take a respect to his father although he never met before. Nathan was cared by his mother; he didn’t get love from his father
because his father is fugitive that killed the previous husband of his mother and he went to sleep with her until she became pregnant and give birth. Not only that, he also killed some white witch to increase his power and his magic talent. It is why white witch council truly hates him. Nathan as Marcus’s son knows the condition, it makes him sometimes hate and love in the same time to his father, but he won’t truly hate his father in spite of council hated him absolutely.
Nathan faced some problems in his life, sometimes he couldn’t avoid some suffer and had no power to do resistance. But he never turns back to search his Father and got three gifts from him. Nathan never trusted everyone’s say, he just trusted to his feeling that everyone had potency to change. Nathan was a good boy that was blessed with a good loyalty and a good integrity. He looked everything by heart and his intuition. Nathan also smart and mature, he always learned from each his personal experience. A boy that strong inside and powerful in the outside.
1.2.Statement of Problems
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1.2.1 What the internal and external factors that makes Nathan have a great loyalty and integrity to protect his father from the council in this novel?
1.2.2 How Nathan uses the integrity and loyalty to solve his problem in the novel?
1.3.Objective of Study
Dealing with statement of problem, objective of study are formulated as
follows:
1.3.1 To identify the internal and external factors that build the appropriate characteristic in Nathan’s characterization.
1.3.2 To describe how the integrity and loyalty can help the character out of problem.
1.4.Significant of Study
Through this study, it is purposed for giving both theoretical and practical contribution. Theoretically, the results of the study are expected to give
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Practically, the writer also expects this study will give an inspiration for other studies especially in English Letters Department of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Thus, this study will help the readers to study more about this novel and analyzing another aspect of “Half Bad” in different.
1.5.Scope and Limitation
For this research I take focus only for the important attitude of Nathan to his father, our main focus is to the loyalty and integrity in Nathan’s character. Two character that enhance the characteristic of Nathan and become point of interest in the novel. Nathan as the son always filter all of opinion about his father by his integrity and his loyalty, it makes him stronger to face his problem and maintain his emotion from any suffer and pressure from the council.
1.6.Method of Study
Method of study that I apply for my research is descriptive analytic. The instruments consist of books sources, PDF sources, and some journals.
Furthermore, the process of analysis is presented as follows:
1. Reading and understanding the whole of Novel entitled Half Bad by Sally Green.
2. To make reading comprehension about the theories especially for psychoanalysis theory used in this research to uphold the analysis. 3. Collecting the data related to statement of problems.
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5. Giving the conclusion from the result of analysis.
1.7 Definition of Key Term
1.7.1 Loyalty : An essential ingredient in any civilized and humane system of morals (Ladd 97)
1.7.2 Integrity : A personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent
commitment to honor moral, ethical. spiritual and artistic, values and principles
(Killinger 12).
1.7.3 Fugitive : A person who is fleeing from custody, whether it be from jail, a government arrest, government or non-government questioning. A fugitive from justice, also known as a wanted person, can be a person who is either convicted or accused of a crime and hiding from law enforcement in the state or taking refuge in a different country in order avoid arrest
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CHAPTER 2
Literary Review
2.1 Theoretical Framework
This chapter aims to explain about some theories that will be applied in the novel Half Bad by Sally Green. The focus of the study is to analyze Nathan behavior and other factor that build his personality, especially to his integrity and loyalty to his father that still mysteriously. For this research we use Freud’s theory which explains about three different level of consciousness, id, ego, and superego. The theory will classified the process of conscious and unconscious condition that happen to Nathan when he encounters the problem. The processes that carry the character get emotionally mature which makes him have a great loyalty and integrity in the inside of his awareness. Psychology of loyalty, psychology of integrity will be supporting theory in the analysis.
2.1.1 Psychology of Literature
Psychology of literature is the combination from psychology and literature. They born as a kind of variant of literary study which commonly used to read and interpret a literary work, author, and reader with use many concepts and
theoretical design that contained in psychology.
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According to Wellek and Warren (18), psychology and literature have different object. Psychology deals with human beings and their characteristics while literature deals with imaginary world of human beings. Although they are not the same, they do not stand apart because literature can be analyzed using psychological theory.
Once, there was uncertainty that it is impossible for psychology to dive into literary text. It is quite convincible because the researchers have to able to observe psychological aspects within the text more carefully, whereas those aspects are abstracts. That is why it cannot be denied that we need a supporting theory of psychology in understanding a text of literature because it involves human psychological aspect which is imaginatively portrayed. It would be more complex if it reaches psychoanalysis capacity, especially studying about
unconsciousness which demands an extra observation, broad logical way of thinking and psychically powerful imagination.
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literary work, not only as the individual, but also as a part of the society (Endraswara 97-98).
2.1.2 Psychoanalysis Theory
Barry defines that psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy which aims to cure mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind (96-97). On the other hand, Tyson defines that psychoanalysis theory is
particularly useful to literary criticism and to show how this view of human behavior is relevant to our experience of literature (11).
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The main part of psychoanalysis theory is introduced by Freud between 1890 and 1939. He painted a picture of human personality so forceful that he inspired strong devotion or strong opposition. Sometimes scholars analyze how frequently famous names are mentioned in the reference sections of journal articles. A citation analysis like this will often show Freud near the top of the list. So he is one of the most-frequently cited names in psychology, even though Freud was not a psychologist but a psychiatrist. He is the person who maps unconscious mind. He believes that unconsciousness is determines factor of human behavior (Semiun 55).
In the 1890s, Freud proposed a theory that distinguished between three different levels of consciousness. Conscious thoughts are mental products currently in awareness. Preconscious thoughts are memories not currently in awareness but easily retrieved. Unconscious thoughts are things a person cannot voluntarily bring to awareness. This was Freud's first theory about how the personality was put together.
In 1923, Freud came out with a new book, The Ego and the Id, describing a new, comprehensive theory of personality organization. Most people think of this as "Freud's personality theory." However, he came out with it after practicing for 40 years, so it was a relatively late development in Freud's career.
The ideas of id, ego, and super-ego were an attempt to describe important components of the psyche (overall mental contents). Freud called them functions.
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"persons in their own right." They were just concepts-handy words for describing patterns of human behavior (Dewey 11).
The unconsciousness is the attitudes, feeling, and thoughts which is repressed, cannot be controlled by the will, but, only by drawing it tightly into conscious mind, not related by the law of logic, and not limited by time and place (55-56). It indicates that there should be the cause which driving them out if the individual wants to take those attitudes, feelings, or thoughts out of the
unconsciousness to conscious mind. On the other word, the individual cannot take them as they want into conscious mind.
The unconscious is the storehouse of those painful experiences and emotions, those wounds, fears, guilty, desires, and unresolved conflicts (12). This implies that all things like attitudes, feelings, or thoughts which make individual feels bad or worried will be repressed into unconscious mind.
Tyson says further that until people find a way to know and acknowledge to their selves the true causes of their repressed wounds, fears, guilty desires, and unresolved conflicts, they hang onto them in disguised, distorted, and self-defeating ways (13). To know more about the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind, it is better to understand the new models of psyche
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influencing the behavior of the character, this research will provide some explanations from some resources discussing about the case.
THE ID
The id (Freud’s term: das Es) is the most basic system of personality including the innate instincts (Koeswara 32). It is located in unconscious mind which makes up the reservoir of pulsi and the source energy of psyche (Minderop 21). The id, which means "it." Freud got the idea of a psychological id from a psychologist named Georg Groddeck who lived in Vienna at the same time as Freud. To Groddeck, the id was a dark, unknown part of the mind that controls us but remains outside our awareness. Groddeck wrote a book called The Book of IT
in which he argued that we are "lived" by this unseen presence. In other words, "it" is really in control!
The id is devoted solely to the gratification of prohibited desires of all kinds—desire for power, for sex, for amusement, for food—without an eye to consequences. (Tyson 25). The statement indicates in id always wants to be satisfied immediately as desire, and in its satisfaction id always tries to avoid an unpleasant experience. As what Minderop says that the function of id is related to the pleasure principle which always attempts to find the pleasure and hinder the unpleasant things (Minderop 21). In order to achieve the pleasure, id has two processes to operation.
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functioning automatically and suddenly, also contained in the individual innately (Koeswara 33). For the example when hungry time, the baby’s mouth will open and look for the mother’s teat to sip the milk, other example if we having dust in our eyes, we will wink or the wipe the eyes and so on (Hartono 4). The second process is primary process involving some complicated psychological reactions in which id decreases unpleasant things by shaping the shadow of the object which can decrease the unpleasant thing (Koeswara 33).
In general, Freud said, the unconscious is infantile. It is not necessarily evil, but it is childlike. It is innocently good or bad depending on circumstances, reacting with immediacy to events as they happen. Unconsciously, Freud believed, we are all like little children: we want immediate gratification and have low
tolerance for frustration. Only the development of more mature, controlling parts of the mind helps us avoid expressing id impulses and acting like babies when we are grown up.
THE EGO
The second of Freud's three divisions of the psyche is the ego. Ego means "I." It is roughly equivalent to our sense of identity-who we think we are. Modern theorists sometimes refer to the ego as the executive function. The part of the mind/body system that Freud called the ego is the part that executes plans and coordinates activity.
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prohibition of superego (Minderop 21). The ego also gives a place on the main mental function such as reasoning, problem solving, and making a decision (22). Ego is like a leader who should know everything which is better for the individual and should be able to make a decision fairly and rationally.
Freud described the ego, drawing power from the id while controlling it, as resembling a rider on a horse. In this metaphor the horse represents the id: a primitive, animal-like source of energy. The rider represents the ego. It may be weak or strong, clumsy or skillful. If the rider is uncoordinated or lacking in skill, the horse goes whatever direction it pleases, and the rider must hold on for dear life. This is like a person whose impulses are out of control, poorly coordinated by the ego. On the other hand, if the rider is an expert, the horse becomes like an extension of the rider's willpower, making the rider swifter and more powerful than a human on foot. Similarly, in Freud's view, the id provided raw energy, and the ego (if skillful or well controlled) used this energy to do remarkable, positive things (Dewey 11).
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Ego is personality side that must submit to the id and must look for reality that is needed by id as necessary satisfier. So, ego is personality that can differ between imaginative and fact. Ego work as reality principle and ego does secondary process. Reality principle can tow self-expansion look for other expansion as well as the environment. Ego also serve secondary process it means ego uses thought ability rationally to solve problem (Hartono 4). The statement all above describes that ego can reach a perfect control for a person who mature enough psychologically and able to make decision rationally.
The Super-Ego
The super-ego was a third function that Freud hypothesized. The word
super means above, and the super-ego is like a supervisor of the psyche,
monitoring our activity and making value judgments which lead us to feel good or bad about our behavior. Freud believed that we learn morals and values from the people who take care of us in childhood. Gradually these values are internalized
or taken inside us, and the result is the super-ego. He said the super-ego, as an "internalization of parental values," was responsible for both pride and guilt.
Superego starts to develop when ego internalizes moral and social norms. It is an internal realization from the value and ideal of traditional society.
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Superego contains two parts that is ego ideal- and the conscience. There is moral value that give boundaries which the good and the bad are. Ego-ideal gives present by making a man fells proud. It is an experience with presents toward right behavior. Conscience is sort an internalization of punishment. Besides, conscience punish a man by making feel guilty (Semiun 67). Feeling guilty appears if ego is not able to fulfill the perfection of superego’s moral norms.
From explanation above, about Id, Ego and Super-ego that will do in Nathan, by knowing about id, Ego and Superego from psychoanalysis theory, it will reveal about Nathan’s attitude and experience that make him stronger with his personal integrity and loyalty in his youth period.
2.1.3 Psychological Development Theory
Psychological development theory will discuss about the process of individual to start learn and manage their emotion. In this theory, we will identify the way of individual to understand their environment and absorb the influence in around them. Thus, the individual will start to copy their environment influence become a behavior, in the next phase they will select what is good and bad for them. Independence, the phase to understand who they are and how they must put their attitude, well-known their character and manage it well.
Developmentrefers to systematic continuities and changes in the
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that temporary mood swings and other transitory changes in our appearances, thoughts, and behaviors are therefore excluded. We are also interested in
“continuities” in development, or ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our past (Shaffer & Kipp 2). According to Moshman, the behavior of organisms, as well as their anatomy and physiology, changes over time. With respect to human beings, there are major changes in perception, communication, thinking, personality, social relations, moral understanding, and so forth (xvii).
Moshman stated that the traditional basis for distinguishing development from learning is that development is guided from within by the genes whereas learning is caused by the external environment. If psychological changes are caused by the genes then they are the result of internal processes that generate ongoing progress toward mature structures. If psychological changes are caused by the environment, however, then we can expect change to be more discrete and variable, a matter of learning whatever happens to come your way whenever you happen to encounter it (xviii).
2.1.4 Psychology of Loyalty
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The concept of loyalty can be defined in moral, philosophical, political, and psychological terms. Conventionally, it has been described as a reliable, positive attitude of individuals toward what has been called the “object” of loyalty. The concept of a multipersonal loyalty fabric, on the other hand, implies the existence of structured group expectations to which all members are committed. In this sense loyalty pertains to what Buber called “the order of the human world.” Its frame of reference is trust, merit, commitment, and action, rather than the “psychological” functions of “feeling” and “knowing” (Buber 114).
Loyalty as both a group characteristic and a personal attitude surpasses the simple behavioral notion of law-abiding behavior. It make an assumption that in order to be loyal member of a group, one has to internalize the spirit of its expectation and have a set of specifiable attitudes to comply with internalized obligations. Ultimately, the individual can thus be subjected to injunctions of both external expectations and internalized obligations. It is interesting when Freud conceived of the dynamic basis of groups as related to superego function (Boszormenyi 37).
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Without having a claim for their deeper loyalty commitment, no group can exert a high level of motivational pressure on its membership (Boszormenyi 42-43).
By identifying the motive of loyalty, we can understand the character with more detail and specific. It also help us to identify any factors that influence the grade of loyalty from the character.
2.1.5 Psychology of Integrity
Like a process, integrity will make someone become trustworthy. Begin from the honesty that continually do as the habit, people that has a high honesty will upgrade it become a strong character that indicated he ready to lead
something. This is characteristic usually called as an integrity, we compromise our integrity when we betray a trust. Integrity is a prerequisite to credibility. It involves an inner sense of wholeness which results from being consistently honest and morally upright. Integrity is crucial in all aspects of life, professional,
personal, social and spiritual ( www.jashow.org/articles/christian-living/godly-living/character/integrity-the-key-to-character-and-the-cure-for-inconsistency/).
Webster describes integrity as “soundness of moral character.” Integrity from biblical viewpoint has to do with being morally sound. In Freud’s theory, it is called as Super-ego that come from the inside of human unconsciousness. A person with integrity knows what is important to God and consistently lives in light of what is important to Him.
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consistently considerate, compassionate, transparent, honest and ethical. The characteristic of trust is closely associated with integrity. Integrity is not
determined by circumstances, based on credentials and is not to be confused with reputation. A person with the integrity of heart is a morally and spiritually healthy individual.
A person’s reputation is only the shadow of his character. In some cases the shadow (reputation) may appear larger or smaller than the actual height (character) of the person. A good reputation may or may not be an accurate reflection of a person’s character. A good reputation is as good as gold but a person with integrity own the gold mine. If you take care of your character and become a person of integrity, your reputation will take care of itself.
Integrity has to do with a sense of consistency between a person’s inner values and attitudes and his outward words and actions. The more consistent we are, the higher the degree of integrity we possess. You can’t put a price tag on integrity because genuine integrity is not for sale. Integrity helps us know what to expect from others. The more consistent a person is, the more confidence we have in how they will act in the future. An unpredictable leader suggests that they are not making decisions on the basis of deeply held biblical values but on how they may feel at the moment. It is hard, if not impossible, to trust such people. People will trust those who have proved themselves to be trustworthy.
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Alicke and Sedikides define self-enhancement and self-protection as interests that people have in advancing one or more self-components or defending themselves against negative self-views (4). They also describe self-enhancement and self-protection as instrumental in maintaining, promoting, or safeguarding pivotal interests, and consider the relation between these interests and the ways in which they are regulated. In the other hands, self-enhancement and self-protection worked as defense mechanism that protect self-integrity of someone, they
maintain, promote, and safeguard the personal interest become a power to protect from negative self-views.
Integrity also has the ability to make a self-affirmation in oneself, according to Steele that first proposed the theory of self-affirmation in 1988. It asserts that the overall goal of the system is to protect an image of its self-integrity, of its moral and adaptive adequacy. When this image of self-integrity is threatened, people respond in such a way as to restore self-worth (Sherman and Cohen 185).
2.1.6 New Criticism Theory
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New criticism is the new critic that was introduced to America and called “close reading,” has been a standard method of high school and college
instruction in literary studies for the past several decades. So in this sense, New Criticism is still a real presence at the present and probably will remain so for some time to come (Tyson 135). The text is the most crucial object to do literary studies. On the other hand, the term intentional fallacy and affective fallacy show that the meaning of literary text cannot be seen through the author’s intention or reader’s personal opinion.
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As has been noted that new criticism focuses principally on poetry, but two essays by Mark Schorer; Technique as Discovery, and Fiction and the Analogical Matrix, mark the attempt to deploy new critical Practice in relation to prose fiction (Selden, Widdowson, and brooker 21). From this phase, it is clear that new criticism can be used not only to analyze poem but also prose fiction. In order to analyze Nathan’s loyalty and integrity to his Father in Sally Green novel entitled Half Bad, this research will use new criticism theory as a supporting theory to analyze the character and characterization that related to loyalty and integrity that owned by the main character ‘Nathan’.
2.1.6.1 Character
Character is one of intrinsic element in fiction or narrative work. It is an important element in narrative work or in a story that can be a study. Character often becomes the most important to discuss (Nurgiyantoro 164). The character presents a variety of personality and behavior which relate to psyche and psychological experience or problem which is felt by human in the real life (Minderop 1). Through action, speech description, and commentary, authors portray characters that are worth caring about, cheering for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate (Roberts and Jacobs 153). Based on some definitions above, we can conclude that character is the explanations of personal in a fiction work that includes their actions,
dialogues, thoughts, response, etc.
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stage where there are many characters that act and appear in it. That is why, what the characters do is the best clue to understand what they are (Roberts and Jacobs 155).
A character, then, is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story—although that simple definition may admit to a few exceptions. A character should behave in a sudden and an unexpected way, seeming to deny what it has been told about his or her nature or personality, it is trusted that there was a reason for this behavior and that sooner or later it will be discovered (Kennedy and Gioia 74). As like human, characters in the story certainly has a reason for their actions. It can be understood when the readers finish the reading well and closely.
Character is divided into two different meanings, between character as person in the story and as attitude; anxiety, emotional, and moral principle inside the person (Stanton in Nurgiyantoro 167). Character is made from idea; attitude and utterance of the author in making the fiction work, so it has naturally live like in real world (Nurgiyantoro 167-168). It means that character same like human, in the story they have reason for their actions in order the readers can feels the sensation in every characters.
For addition, characters in fiction are divided in some types. First, significance role in developing story in main character and peripheral character. Main character is a main person that appears in all scenes in the whole story, he or she always be told whole sides of from his life, but peripheral character is
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with main character (Nurgiyantoro 176-177). It means, the main character is they appears on the whole story from begin until the end of this story.
In appearance function character, there are protagonist and antagonist characters. Protagonist character is like a hero, this character usually shows sympathy feeling and looking face. Antagonist is the character which caused conflict (178-179). Characters in fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor, static and dynamic. A major character is an important figure at the center of the story’s action or theme. The major character is sometimes called a protagonist whose conflict with an antagonist may spark the story’s conflict. Supporting the major character are one or more secondary or minor characters whose function is partly to illuminate the major character. Minor characters are often static or unchanging. Dynamic character, on the other hand, exhibits some kind of change—of attitude, of purpose, of behavior—as the story progresses (DiYanni 54).
Characters are divided into four types that are physical, social,
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The third is about round and flat character. A flat character is one who changes little. In other word, a flat character remains the same throughout the work; it is a character that has one private quality, flat character is have attitude and characterization that relative same, not develop until the end of story (188). Meanwhile, round character is not only showing a certain character, but also they can show various characters and behavior, even it may be in a contradiction and difficult to guess (183). By knowing about character widely, it helps to make easy to analyze. So, this study focuses on main character named Nathan. It will help to get more knowledge about Nathan’s character in story.
2.1.6.2 Characterization
According to Robert and Jacob, Character and characterization are equally important in the story. Both of them relate each other, although they have a distinction. To understand the morality of character’s behavior, the reader can see how the character is presented in the story. So, how the author presents or tells the character in the story is called characterization.
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In presenting and determining the nature of the character in a story, generally, the authors use two methods in their works. The first is direct method (telling) and the second is indirect method (showing). Telling method is using the description of character’s nature on exposition and direct comment of the author. Usually, this method is used by fictive writers in past time—not modern fiction. Through this method the author’s interfering in characterizing the character is so much felt, so that the readers understand the character based on author’s
description (Minderop 77).
Besides, showing method (indirect method) denotes that the author puts himself/ herself in the outer of the story by giving an opportunity to the characters for presenting their character/ nature through dialogue and action (Pickering and Hoeper in Minderop 77). Specifically, According to Josip Novakovich, in
presenting and determining the character’s personality in the story, the authors use three methods in their works. The first is, action of the character: in the scene, the author can make the character moves. Here, the author can show the character from the voice, appearance, and its action without make the summary or depict them as general. The second is, self-delineation of character: It is also possible that the writer tries to explain the character through the character itself. This method is simple enough because the characters can portray themselves by
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characters in the story. So, it will be beneficial to support the analysis of the character, analyzing Nathan as son of Marcus the fugitive of witch through story of Half Bad novel by Sally Green in this research.
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CHAPTER 3
Analysis
This chapter presents the analysis to answer the research problems. This research will talk about loyalty and integrity in the main character Nathan in the
Half Bad Novel, how the character could finish his problem without sacrifice his
father as he was recommended by the council of white witch to kill him in the novel. Interestingly, when we know that his father is a threat because of his power and every bad thing that suspects to him. However, Nathan always trust him and say no to kill his father although it would bring him in danger and high risk because of his will to protect his father.
3.1 The Internal and External Factors
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3.1.1 Internal Factor: Strong Heart
Heart holds the vital role to control emotion, it is related to management of emotion. People that success control his emotion will get a lesson in each
experience than other that can’t hold this, they will look every trouble, fault, and obstacle as the teacher that bring them become better in each time. Heart is the base of intuition and moral. Both of them has the big impact to the character development, it also influences the quality of loyalty and integrity in the character.
Moral is central to your deepest sense of who you are, however, then you are more likely to construe issues immoral terms, to reflect deeply on what you ought to do, and to do what you deem morally correct—the alternative is to betray yourself and suffer the self-imposed emotional consequences of your lack of integrity. Thus, at the level of behavioral choice and associated feelings, questions of morality direct us to questions of identity (Moshman 75). According to the expert, moral is absolutely important to figure the integrity out. No one seems to have a good integrity if they haven’t had a good morality or tendency to betray their selves, this is because of parallelism of them.
Intuition is like an ‘alarm’ in the human behavior, it measure the wrong or right based on human feeling. Moshman revealed that intuitionism, corresponding to the more general stance of objectivism, holds that moral rightness or wrongness can be determined by moral intuitions, which serve a role parallel to direct
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My father is not evil at all; he is powerful and strong. And he cares about me . . . he loves me. And he wants to bring me up as his true son, to teach me about witchcraft, to show me the world. But he is constantly
persecuted by White Witches who give him no opportunity to explain. They hound him and hunt him but he only attacks them when he has no alternative… (Sally Green 86)
From the quotation above, we can look that Nathan still trust to his feeling or intuition, Nathan never follow all of people suspect to his father, he can handle his feeling to think positive for someone that they love. So, trust to your intuition is the best way to make a right decision.
Moral and intuition of Nathan direct him to the right way with the best attitude, he never trust the opinion without a fact and always look everything according to objectivity about his father. Even though, the council always tells him the badness about his father, Nathan always has the reason not to follow their invitation to be cooperative with them.
Nathan as the major character has the great morality that influence the whole of the story. It makes the other character follow his way, the enemies and his supporters seem like surrounding him in the novel, as DiYani stated that a major character is an important figure at the center of the story’s action or theme (54).
3.1.2 Internal Factor: Good Mentality
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Mentality can be construed as ego, when you unsuccessful to handle your ego, it is like you can’t handle your ego toward the id. People with a good mentality have an ability to control their ego well, their ego have a defense mechanism that help them to repair and enhance their mentality toward the problems. According to Siegfried, one defense mechanism Freud talks about in particular is Sublimation. Sublimation is the defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or desires are consciously transformed into socially acceptable behaviors or actions, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse. Freud believed sublimation to be a sign of maturity, not only individually but also societally, allowing people to function in culturally
acceptable ways. Freud defined sublimation as the process of deflecting sexual instincts into acts of higher social valuation. He saw it as an especially
conspicuous feature of cultural development (3).
In the following quotation, it will show how Nathan sublimation happen in his experience.
The new trick is to stay in the present… Get lost in the detail of it… Enjoy it!
Enjoy the fine tuning of where I’m doing push-ups, I mean really finding the finest tuning of where my fingers are in relation to each other, how straight or how bent, and how they feel on the ground,..(321)
The quotation above is the process Nathan to accept the reality that happens in the present. In the previous text the reader will find that Nathan still hard to accept his condition and he tried to escape but failed.
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In the quotation above, Nathan feels that he recently lives is so tragic, he must live in the cage in fifteenth years old. For him, it is a great suffer in his life, he wants to escape from that but it never works. He was lost his motivation and become regret for himself.
Nathan in the story experiencing the process of maturity through the sublimation. According to Freud, he believes sublimation to be a sign of maturity, not only individually but also societally, allowing people to function in culturally acceptable ways. He defined sublimation as the process of deflecting sexual instincts into acts of higher social valuation (Freud in Siegfried 3). So, integrity not just result from a good integrity in oneself, but also indication that someone become mature inside. Nathan success to pass the phase by feel the suffering and pressure that give him a positive impact as the result of maturity process.
3.1.3 Internal Factor: High Motivation
Motivation is the important thing in someone’s life, without that someone will live in the blank space that bring them in loneliness and confusion. Those effects come because someone that have a poor motivation will easily to get depression and lost their spirit to keep survive from any problem that they had.
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In Instincts and Their Vicissitudes, Freud distinguished between instincts and stimuli. Instincts, according to him, are principal motivating factor of behaviour. Stimuli, on the other hand refer to the external factors affecting the organism. Freud originally used the German word Trieb to express the motivating factor. “Literally the word Trieb means the mechanical provocation to action” (Bolles 61). So, the following quotation will explain which point that have relevance with the theory.
I guess he (Marcus) had his reasons, but Celia doesn’t tell me what they are, even if she know (141).
In the text above we indicate that the word ‘I guess’ mean he has other perspective about his father (Marcus). In other word, he know that his father wasn’t guilty according to his instinct as the son. Nathan was motivated by his instinct about his father, he never trust anyone without a truly evidence about him. It has shown that a boy like Nathan could has a high loyalty because of a high motivation in the inside of him.
Stimuli, it comes from the external factor that also influences individual’s motivation, like Nathan that motivated by Mary that gives him some knowledge about his father like in the quotation below.
I scowl at her. “My gran has lied to me.” “When?”
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In the quotation above, Nathan realizes that his Gran has been hidden something important about his father from him, he was surprised when Mary open his eyes by telling the truth about the council as the only one that has a big
responsibility toward his mother’s dead. They forced her to kill herself and confess her fault although she know it’s not. Therefore, he thought that he has a responsibility to save his father’s life from the cruelty of the witch council. As the result, that incident makes Nathan motivated to keep protect his father.
So, from the previous paragraph we will understand about the character of Nathan as the innocent boy, he is never suspicious for someone without the real fact that he has taken. From the dialogue, we also can identify about the manner of the author tells the character of Nathan in the novel.
3.1.4 Internal Factor: Impressive Psychological Development
According to Moshman, the behavior of organisms, as well as their anatomy and physiology, changes over time. With respect to human beings, there are major changes in perception, communication, thinking, personality, social relations, moral understanding, and so forth (xvii).
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unconsciousness, so someone that mature in the psychological will enhance the integrity and loyalty itself.
Nathan as the main character has passed this phase in the young age. Dramatically, it happens unconditionally because of the discrimination that they felt. In order to understand what process that Nathan has passed, we must identify what factors that influence the development process. Moshman stated that the traditional basis for distinguishing development from learning is that development is guided from within by the genes whereas learning is caused by the external environment. If psychological changes are caused by the genes then they are the result of internal processes that generate ongoing progress toward mature
structures. If psychological changes are caused by the environment, however, then we can expect change to be more discrete and variable, a matter of learning whatever happens to come your way whenever you happen to encounter it (xviii).
In many quotation we will see how the process of psychological development happen, and what factors that influenced it.
The real you is nothing to do with being a Black Witch. You have some ofMarcus’s genes in you, and some of Saba’s. But that’s physical. And the physical stuff, the genes, your Gift, they are not what makes a Black Witch. You have to believe that. It’s how you think and how you behave that shows who you are. You aren’t evil, Nathan. Nothing about you is evil. You will have a powerful Gift—(236).
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just fourteenth years old at this time. He still believe that he can make something better than people expect to him.
Moshman stated that Psychologists on the nature side are called nativists.
They believe psychological change is primarily directed by genes thatmove the individual toward psychological maturity. Psychologists on thenurture side are called empiricists. They believe psychological change isprimarily directed by the environment and can proceed in a variety of directionsdepending on individual experience within particular homes,schools, communities, and cultures. Nativists are thus likely to construepsychological change developmentally whereas
empiricists put more emphasison learning (xviii). In other words, development separate become two sections, Nature and Nurture. From the previous quotation, it explained about the nature development of Nathan that indicated by his gene.
In the next quotation we will explain how the nurture development is works, and how much it influence Nathan psychologically.
Whenever Jessica used to say I was half Black, Gran would say, “Half White too.” And I had always thought of my mother’s genes and my father’s mixing in my body, but now it occurs to me that my body is my father’s and my spirit is my mother’s. Perhaps Arran is right, my spirit is not evil, but I have to put up with a body that does weird things (237).
I could go all year down the Not ascertained route, but the next day Gran says that I should answer some questions, though never the ones about my father. So I answer some questions (69).
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Nathan always hear his gran’s advice, he love her and also a both of his brother and sister that called as Arran and Deborah. Nathan’s life is very cheerful with his small family, they always protect Nathan from all of problem that made by the council. A valuable reliance from them make Nathan become mature in psychology and understand that he not alone to face it all.
I move my fingers, but Arran isn’t beside me. It’s dark in the room, but I can see the shape of him in his bed, asleep. The house is quiet, but then I hear subdued voices and I move my head a little to see through the crack in the door. Gran is on the landing with Deborah. They are talking and I strain to hear what they are saying and then I realize that they aren’t talking; they are crying. (208)
The quotation above implied the affection of his family for him, in the critical condition after he got suffered from Annalise family, girl that he loves. His family always accompany and look after him although they felt so mercy to Nathan. In order to keep feeling of Nathan, they covers their sadness in behind of him, but unfortunately Nathan has been known about it.
The environment help Nathan become mature gradually, although he has a ‘bad gene’ from his father, the small family from his mother’s side always teach him to be better day by day. That is an evidence that the environment gives a lot of influence in psychology development of individual. As Moshman stated that both nature and nurture play important roles in psychological change. Moreover, there is substantial evidence that the influence of genes depends on the
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3.2.1 External Factor: Support from Someone Special in Nathan’s life
In the previous factors that influence Nathan’s psychology, psychology development influence most of the integrity and loyalty in someone’ life. Thus, external factor will explain more detail about the nurture factor according to experience that main character had in the novel.
In this novel, Nathan fall in love with Annalise that love him firstly. Annalise is the white witch, her uncle is the member of the council. She loves him with no reason, she didn’t care with Nathan status and always support Nathan to keep strong within discrimination that he had. She increases Nathan’s morality and also makes him feel so happy to keep his loyalty and integrity to his Father.
Annalise as if give Nathan a new hope to struggle in his life, he was surprised with Annalise decision to trust him. Like in the quotation below that stated it.
She catches me out, turning to look me straight in the eyes, saying, “I don’t care what they say. I don’t even care about your father. I care about you.” (179)
Inevitably, love makes someone feel so important, motivated, and added the new spirit to more struggle in life. Annalise gives Nathan her trust to support him. Because she understand that Nathan’s life is quite hard within his age.
3.2.2 External Factor: Supportive Environment
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people that he has met always help and arrange him to get out of his problem. All of them feel sympathy with Nathan because of his honesty and his commitment to find his father. Nathan can’t betray his father because he loves him, he know to be loyal and become integrity person is the right choice, he never think it will be stupid decision and make sure all of people will trust his belief.
The organism must already have a felt sense of the direction in which it is trying to move before identifying any specific object as helpful or hurtful toward that end (Ellis 32). Ellis explains that someone need to have a felt sense of the direction to identify something right or bad. Feeling has a big potency to feel everything, consist of bad or good intention in the environment.
Nathan always trust his feeling, so that he finds someone good that always help him in trouble. In this following quotation we will show how lucky Nathan to find someone important that will help him out of the problem. Nathan meet with Mary that arrange him to find Mercury.
She grabs my arm in a tight clawlike grip. “No, not leave here. You must leave your home soon. Find Mercury. She will help you. She will give you three gifts.” (256)
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In the next chapter, he meets Celia that train and teach him physical and mental. Although Nathan is in cage, Celia always gives Nathan some advices that reinforce him mentally and physically. Thus, the quotation below will describe about Celia in the novel.
Celia is an ex-Hunter. She won’t tell me when she retired or why. All she says is that she’s employed by the Council to be my guardian and teacher. She guards against me escaping and she teaches me about fighting and surviving. (333)
After Nathan has been escaped from the council, according from Mary that command him to find Mercury firstly. Nathan must meet Bob, to find him Nathan helped by Nikita in the town.
“You want to see Bob?” She flicks her long brown hair over her shoulder.
I nod and attempt to sip my drink but can’t get at it for the pile of marshmallows. I eat all the marshmallows to get rid of them.
“I can help you.” She picks at her marshmallows, waves a pink one in the air as she says, “What’s your name?” (495)
And Nathan also met with many people that help him pass through all of problem that he has. Like Jim and Trev, Bob, and Gabriel that explained in each section in Half Bad’s Novel.
3.2.3 External Factor: Supportive Relation
Relationship is the important thing to build a trust. Build a trust is the important thing to make a positive ambience. So, supportive relation is the ideal shape that construct loyalty and integrity in self.
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strong enough to pass through the discrimination and wicked plan from the council. Someone that feel safe will easily to be focus to their purpose than others that doesn’t feel the same. Meadows stated relationships involve not just overt behaviour but expectations, goals, values, feelings, assessments, interpretations, memories, categorizations and norms: the participants are active agents not just passive subjects, and their understanding of the relationship may be as important as what ‘really’ happened (179). In other hands, relationships make a big impact in someone’s life, relationships not just influence some part of someone’s life, more of that, it will involve whole of your life.
Nathan’s life with his little family almost perfect, he has lovely Grandma, old brother, and old sister that always support him. Although he has less affection from his parents, he was very thankful because he had a little family that always protect and love him. He understands the tragedy that make him not able to meet with his parents not too bad right now, because love from his grandma and his sibling is good enough to cover his need about real affection from his parents.
In the following quotation we will find that his small family always gave him love and protection to fight from the discrimination that tended to Nathan.
“Nothing will go wrong, Jessica.” Gran turns to look at her, saying, “I’ll give Nathan three gifts, just as I’ll give them to you and Deborah and Arran.” (71)
Arran comes to sit by me. He puts his hand on my arm and says quietly just to me, “I can’t wait for your Giving. You come to mine and I’ll come to yours.” (72)
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The previous quotation show us how caring they are with Nathan, His Gran, Arran, and Deborah always make him feel comfortable and strong. They understand the position of Nathan at the time, he need support from the closest person in his life. It is not easy to life under discrimination that always haunt Nathan everywhere.
In many cases, support from relatives has the same role as like as support from someone special in life. They are very close emotionally and become the new ‘hope’ for the one that get suffer. Nathan is lucky enough has them in his life, they make Nathan’s step become lighter beside of his burden as the half code.
3.3 The Process of Nathan to Solve His Problems by Using His Integrity and Loyalty in The Novel
3.3.1 Nathan Motivated Himself by His Loyalty
The important role of loyalty is to motivating what people trust to do. It is give a booster for someone to do what they believe in life. By loyalty, it is easier to take decision in the difficult condition. As Boszormenyi stated that the
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our integrity in order to be honest in yourself. Nathan Loyalty can be seen in the following quotation below.
I don’t say anything. For whatever reason, my father has just killed three more people, including a boy only a few years older than me. Was this a misunderstanding? He was trying to explain to them that he wasn’t really evil, he didn’t want to hurt them . . . He just wanted the Fairborn. Maybe he needed the Fairborn, whatever it is, but they wouldn’t give it to him, they wouldn’t listen . . . They attacked him and he was defending himself and . . . (163-164)
In the quotation above, Nathan tried to motivate himself by make a
commitment to not thinking bad about his father, his loyalty arrange him to search the truth and override the bad opinion about his father. It is not difficult for people that has a good loyalty like Nathan.
People will easily motivated when they have a loyalty to something that they trust. Motivation come from the inside of human unconsciousness, it is gradually become our behavior by the process. Id as the desire lead our
unconsciousness to search a pleasure, the pleasure can come from everything in surround us, loyalty make the id hold the desire that still seeking randomly become more focus to the one object. So, by controlling his ego, Nathan get more value that stopping him to be a murderer by all of his motivation to protect someone in his life like in the following quotation below.
“Let’s suppose something more realistic. The Council threatens a member of my family: Arran, say. The only way I can stop them killing Arran is by killing Marcus.”
“And?”
“I won’t kill my father.”
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Deborah, and Arran are being tortured.” “I know the Council would kill them All. They are murderers. I’m not.”(135)
In the quotation above, we can identify that Nathan uses his motivation to protect his father although the council also threaten his family. He has been known about the threat, so he also understand that everything that Celia said is just an intimidation. In there, Nathan just thinking about his father safety and how he changes all of bad perspective about his gene as half blood.
So, loyalty gives Nathan more power to face some problems in around him. It motivates him to be strong in the trouble and also upgrade his mentality to grab his dream, get his gift and meet his father.
3.3.2 Integrity as Defense that Help Nathan Loose From Any Trouble Alicke and Sedikides define self-enhancement and self-protection as interests that people have in advancing one or more self-components or defending themselves against negative self-views (4). They also describe self-enhancement and self-protection as instrumental in maintaining, promoting, or safeguarding pivotal interests, and consider the relation between these interests and the ways in which they are regulated. In the other hands, self-enhancement and self-protection worked as defense mechanism that protect self-integrity of someone, they
maintain, promote, and safeguard the personal interest become a power to protect from negative self-views.
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statement, we can understand that integrity has the system that safeguard the integrity itself which automatically will respond all of threat by a self-defense mechanism. The following quotation below will explain the defense mechanism that happen in Nathan’s character.
She screeches her laugh again. “Killing is in your blood, Nathan. It’s what you are made for.” (684)
“I’ll work for you for a year. I won’t kill people.”(684)
In the quotation above, we find two contradiction statements. The first statement seems that Nathan has the same potency like his father as murderer, and the second statement is the rejection from the first statement. Both of quotation show to us that Nathan experience the self-defense in the inside of him. Nathan tried to proceed the self-protection by did the rejection to the first statement that judge him as the ‘Murderer’s blood’, he respond the threat from the negative self-view by maintaining, promoting, or safeguarding his pivotal interests to his father.
Nathan put his interest to his father as something that motivated him to hold out from the negative self-view that asserted by Mercury in the Novel, he restore self-worth by focus to his purpose to not become a killer and he made his own regulation that help him to focus only to his pivotal interest. The following quotation will show the regulation that has made by Nathan in the novel.
I shake my head at her. Besides, if I’m going to kill people, I’ll choose who they are. (684)
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than anything. He always trust him and believe that his father always has the reason for all of crime that he has made.
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CHAPTER 4
Conclusion
From the result of data analysis, we understand that the relationship between Nathan and his father are complicated. Nathan as the major character in the novel ‘Half Bad’ get the bad intimidation from the council, they make his existence become restricted. He has father that become fugitive because of his murderer, but when Nathan search the truth he was also understood that the council more cruel than what he was expected. He searched his father in order to get his three gifts to saved his life and leave his longing. Nathan starts his life with some suffering and hoping, he gets suffering from the council and also a new hope from all of people in around him.
By using psychoanalysis theory by Freud and Moshman, we try to analyze internal and external factors that influence Nathan’s loyalty and integrity toward his father. We have found some factors that have important role in Nathan’s personality. The first factors is internal, it is come from inside and need some approach to understand it well. The second factors is external that come from the outside of Nathan but is extremely important to Nathan development in
psychology.
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in the novel. The second is good mentality, the important stuff to figure loyalty and integrity in oneself, without it someone won’t be able to hold out from any pressure and temptation. The third is high motivation, it makes someone can control themselves, out of problem easily because they always trust themselves. No one can stop someone that has high motivation like Nathan that never give up to loyal to his father. The last internal factors is impressive development
psychology, it explains about how the psychology also able to be growth, Nathan success makes him become mature in psychology, because the boy that mature in psychology will has more durability toward a problem, and also has more balance to control his emotion.
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