OPPRESSION AND IDENTITY IN BRADBURY’S FAHRENHEIT 451.

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OPPRESSION AND IDENTITY IN BRADBURY’S FAHRENHEIT 451

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

forSarjanaSastra Degree

By:

Aulia Ikhsanti

1002686

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Oppression and Identity in Bradbury’s

Fahrenheit 451

Oleh

Aulia Ikhsanti

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Agustus 2015

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhnya atau sebagian,

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

OPPRESSION AND IDENTITY IN BRADBURY’S FAHRENHEIT 451

By:

AULIA IKHSANTI

1002686

Approved by:

Main Supervisor

Bachrudin Musthafa, M.A., Ph.D.

NIP. 195703101987031001

Co-Supervisor

Nia Nafisah, S.S., M.Pd.

NIP. 1971042420060420

Head of English Education Department

Faculty of Language and Literature Education

Indonesia University of Education

Dr. Rd. SafrinaNoorman, M.A.

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Aulia Ikhsanti, 2015

OPPRESSION AND IDENTITY IN BRADBURY’S FAHRENHEIT 451

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

This study explores the oppression and identity in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. It examines the portrayal of oppression in the Fahrenheit 451 society and how

these oppressions affect the main protagonist’s identity construction. To meet the

purposes, the study was designed under cultural materialism approach and applies

Young’s theory on oppression known as Five Faces of Oppression (1990) and

Hall’s theory on identity as the theoretical framework of the study. The findings

reveal that there are five forms of oppression evident in the novel: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. It also shows

that the main protagonist’s identity is constructed by the oppression that he

observes and notices through his interaction with characters and things around

him. As the result of these oppressions, Montag’s identity is transformed from

ignorant to non-conformist. Seeing from the cultural materialism perspective, the fictional world of F451 is a metaphor of a more media-absorbed society of

America 1950s. As such, this oppression should be resisted. In this case, Montag’s

identity construction can be interpreted as the representation of the resistance. Thus, parallel to its context, F451 presages the threat of media dominance and at the same time offers a possible way to fight against it.

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ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini menelaah isu penindasan dan identitas di dalam novel Fahrenheit 451 (F451)karya Ray Bradbury. Secara spesifik penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan penindasan yang terdapat dalam F451 dan juga bagaimana penindasan tersebut mempengaruhi konstruksi identitas protagonis utama F451. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan Materialisme Kebudayaan dan menerapkan teori penindasan yang diajukan oleh Young(1990) dan juga teori identitas Hall sebagai landasan teori dari penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lima bentuk penindasandi dalam novel yang diteliti, yakni: eksploitasi, marginalisasi, ketidakberdayaan, imperialisme kebudayaan, dan kekerasan. Penelitian ini juga mengungkap bahwa identitas protagonis utama dalam novel tersebut dikonstruksi oleh penindasan yang dia amati dan dia sadari melalui interaksinya dengan tokoh lain dan hal-hal di sekitarnya. Penindasan ini pun pada akhirnya berpengaruh pada perubahan identitas Montag dari seseorang yang tidak acuh menjadi seorang pemberontak. Dari sudut pandang materialisme kebudayaan, dunia fiksi F451 ini merupakan sebuah metafora bagi masyarakat Amerika pada tahun 1950an yang sudah begitu dikuasai media massa. Oleh karenanya, kondisi semacam itu harus dihindari. Dalam kasus ini, konstruksi identitas Montag bisa diartikan sebagai representasi perlawanan. Sejalan dengan konteksnya, F451 meramalkan bahaya dominasi media dan juga memberikan solusi untuk melawannya.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Fahrenheit 451 (henceforth F451) is a novel penned by Ray Bradbury as his response and critique to the social climate of the 1950s America. The novel itself

narrates a dystopian future of America in which books become the most illegal

commodities and must be destroyed in order to sustain the status quo. The story

sets in an anti-intellectual world in which the protagonist, Guy Montag, stands up

for what he believes in and challenges the prescribed hegemony of the world he

lives in. Amis (as cited in Barret, 2011, p. 4) proclaims that the novel itself

fundamentally deals with “the dehumanizing effects of modernity on human consciousness.” Indeed, the novel foreshadows the collapse of literacy, creativity,

and at the same time, humanity. However, F451 does not only offer a kind of social criticism. It also offers an insightful view to the effect of the oppression to

the identity of the individuals living in that particular society.

Since the writer interested to examine the text as the historical and cultural

product of a particular period, Cultural Materialism is seen as an appropriate way

to approach the text. Harris (as cited in Elwell, 2013) argues that one of the basic

assumptions about societies from the cultural materialism perspective is that the

various parts of society are interconnected. It means that when a part of society

changes, then the other parts should also change. This view implies that a

culture‟s hegemony is unstable and gradually changed. According to Gramsci (as cited in Goldberg, 2004), hegemony refers to “the success of the dominant classes in presenting their definition of reality, their view of the world, in such a way that

it is accepted by other classes as common sense” and those who offers any

different perspectives will be shunned and marginalized from the society.

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values, sense of right and wrong, and sense of personal self-worth” in a culture in which the people of that particular culture are expected to conform to the

prescribed hegemony, even though it is against one‟s personal belief. In other words, reality is socially constructed and the individuals in the society are being

oppressed (conscious or unconsciously) in order to fit in. The dystopian America

of F451 is made possible because of the hegemony imposed in that particular society.

In the world of F451, the people failed to realize that they are actually being oppressed by the authorities because the suppression of books itself began as a

self-censorship. Indeed, the people of F451 gradually stop reading books by themselves and substitute them with mindless entertainment such as magazine,

comic books, television, and so on. Therefore, when the authorities finally

established a structure to reinforce the suppression of book, the majority of people

did not complain. This phenomenon can be related to Young‟s (1990) oppression

theory in which she categorizes oppression into five „faces‟ or forms: exploitation,

marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence. In contrary to

the traditional view of oppression which is limited to “the exercise of tyranny by a ruling group” (Young, 1990, p. 40), Young argues that oppression can also happened in “awell-intentioned liberal society [that] place system-wide

constraints on groups and limit their freedom” (Ibid). Furthermore, she points out that oppression can be the result of a few people‟s choices or policies which

results in unquestioned norms, habits, and symbols in society. Eventually, these

societal rules become “a restrictive structure of forces and barriers that immobilize and reduce a group or category of people” (Ibid). In other words, she considers

oppression as a system that goes beyond a plain relation between the oppressor

and the oppressed.

Since independent thought and freedom are strictly restricted in an oppressive

regime, a question of identity is often brought up in dystopian literature.

Generally, in dystopian literature, those who are oppressed cannot develop their

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proletarians are brainwashed in some ways that makes them indifferent to the

current situation. This phenomenon can also be found in Huxley‟s Brave New World (1932) in which the citizens of the society regularly take Soma, a drug that gives them hallucination that can conceal their real feelings. This drug gives them

a false sense of happiness that can distract them from questioning their life. In

Bradbury‟s F451 itself, the oppression which exists in the form of book burning aims to keep the people from individual thinking. In these three cases, the fact

that the people are being oppressed by the government does not seem to register in

their minds at all. As the result, the majority of these people are fully submitted to

the higher authority and incapable of developing their own identity.

Although the majority of people are succumb to the status quo, there are also

people who challenged the hegemony of the society and eventually questions their

identity. Related to this matter, Hall (as cited in Grossberg, 1996, p. 89) states that

identity is “always a temporary and unstable effect of relations which define identities by marking differences.” In short, the latter means that throughout one‟s

life, human will continuously going through some phases that allows him to

evolve. In addition to this, Barker (2004, p. 93) points out that “identity is a cultural construction” because the material that forms identity are cultural in

nature. The patterns found in these dystopian novels confirm the fluidity of

identity; its capability to change over time, depending on the existing social and

cultural contexts. This notion eventually leads the writer to question whether

oppression can actually trigger and lead people to rebel and becomes an insurgent.

Departing from the explanation above, this study offers a new perspective in

the study of Bradbury‟s F451 by using a cultural materialism approach and focusing on the relational connection of the oppression and identity construction.

In analysing the text, the writer employs Young‟s oppression theory (1990) and Hall‟s theory on identity as the framework of the study. Furthermore, this study not only extends the scope of the analysis that can be applied to this particular

novel, but also offers a model for examining oppression and identity in literary

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1.2 Questions of the Study

This study proposes two questions which will guide the writer in conducting

it. The formulated questions are:

1. How is oppression portrayed in Fahrenheit 451?

2. How doesthis oppression affect the main protagonist‟s identity construction?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Based on the questions of the study, the aims of the study are:

1. To reveal the oppression experienced and observed by the society.

2. To find out how this oppression affect the main protagonist‟s identity construction.

To fulfil the aims of the study, cultural materialism approach is employed.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the portrayal of oppression in Ray Bradbury‟s Fahrenheit 451 (1953), a story that narrates the life of a fireman named Guy Montag in a

dystopian America. In Montag‟s world, the citizens of the society is oppressed in

a way that the government makes them somewhat less human and much easier to

control. One of the oppressing acts that can be found in F451 world is the book burning. As mentioned before, book is considered as the most illegal commodities

in the society and should be burnt along with the house in which they are hidden.

In addition to the topic of oppression, this study also highlights the identity

construction of Montag, the main protagonist of the story. All his life, Montag

never questions the act of destruction. Until one day, a series of events lead him to

scrutinize his so-called peaceful life. Throughout the novel, as Montag continues

to explore the depth of his life and struggle to escape the claw of the oppressive

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The text itself will be approached from a cultural materialism perspective and

analysed by using Young‟s oppression theory (1990) and Hall‟s identity theory.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The results of this study are expected to offer a new perspective in the study of

Bradbury‟s Fahrenheit 451, which is using the cultural materialism approach to examine the interrelationship between oppression and identity construction of the

protagonist. More specifically, this study is expected not only to extend the scope

of the analysis that can be applied to this particular novel, but also offers a model

for examining oppression and identity in literary text.

1.6 Methodology

The present study is a textual analysis of a dystopian novel entitled Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury. In the analysis, the writer applies a context-oriented analysis, an approach which “do not regard literary texts as self-contained, independent works of art but try to put them within a larger context” (Klarer, 1998, p. 94). More specifically, the approach taken by the writer is a cultural

materialism approach. According to Harris (as cited in Elwell, 2013), one of the

basic tenets of cultural materialism is the assumption that society is a system of

interrelated parts. Itmeans that when a part of society changes, then the other parts

should also change. The approach is relevant to the study since the writer aims to

find out how the main protagonist‟s identity construction is affected by the

oppression that he observes from his interaction with other characters and things

around him.

Since the study focuses on the oppression experienced in the society, the

writer employs Young‟s (1990) theory on oppression in which she categorizes oppression into five forms: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural

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oppression portrayed in the text does not necessarily rely on actual physical

enforcement or coercive acts.

This study also aims to reveal the causal relationship between the oppression

and identity construction. Relating to that, Hall‟s view on identity also supports

the analysis. Hall (as cited in Grossberg, 1996, p. 89) comments that “identities are always relational and incomplete, in process.” In the same vein, Barker (2004,

p. 94) adds that identity is not an entity but rather “an emotionally charged

description” which is flexible and changeable, depending on the social and

cultural context exists. In other words, it is socially constructed. The writer will

further rely on this identity theory to analyse the evolving character.

In addition to that, selected literature such as theoretical books,

encyclopaedias, and journal articles are also used as points of reference to support

the analysis.

1.7 Clarification of the Key Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding of the concepts used in the research, there are

some terms that are needed to be clarified. Those terms are: oppression, identity,

and cultural materialism.

The first one is oppression, an act of oppressing in which the oppressed people

“suffer some inhibition of their ability to develop and exercise their capacities and express their needs, thoughts, and feeling” (Young, 1990, p. 40).It implies that oppression does not only exist in a totalitarian society, but can also be seen in a

well-intentioned liberal society that place a system-wide constraints on groups and

limit their freedom.

The second term is identity. Hall (as cited in Fearon, 1999, p. 5) points out that identity is a kind of ambivalent point of thought and being. He adds that it is

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identity is an ongoing process which results in qualities that makes oneself

different from others.

Last but not least, cultural materialism. According to Elwell (2013), cultural

materialism is “a systems theory that attempts to account for the origin, maintenance, and change of societies.” Moreover, Williams (as cited in Milner,

2002, p. 20) explained that cultural materialism is “a theory of culture as a (social

and material) productive process and of specific practices.” In short, cultural

materialism deals with human socio-cultural systems and aims to seek the

explanation for both similarities and differences of thought and behaviour in

human.

1.8 Organization of the Study

This study consists of five chapters which are: introduction; literature review;

research methodology; findings and discussion; conclusion and suggestions. The

first chapter focuses on the introduction to the study which provides information

on the background of the study, questions of the study, purposes of the study,

scope of the study, significance of the study, methodology, clarification of key

terms, and organization of the study. The second chapter covers the theoretical

discussions of oppression, identity, and cultural materialism. In addition, the

historical and social context of F451and related previous studies are also presented. The next one is the third chapter which consists of brief discussion on

the object and context of the study. It also presents the research design and

procedure. Chapter four will be an analysis of oppression as portrayed in F451

and how it is related to the identity construction of the protagonist. In addition to

that, the fourth chapter will also critically discusses possible meaning(s) of the

findings by using the cultural materialism approach. Conclusion is given in the

fifth chapter to summarize the issue discussed throughout the present study. In

addition to that, the chapter also provides suggestions for further research and

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates the methodology in conducting the study and also explains

the appropriateness of the methodology used in the exploration of the two

research questions formulated earlier in the first chapter. The two research

questions posed by the study is regarding the portrayal of oppression in F451 and

the effect of the latter to the protagonist‟s identity.

3.1 Object and Context of the Study

This study focuses on the portrayal of oppression in Ray Bradbury‟s F451 (1953),

a story which narrates the life of a fireman named Guy Montag in a dystopian

America. The dystopian novel was chosen becausethe writer is interested to

examine the relevance and connection between dystopian work and its historical

background. Although there are many others dystopian works such as Orwell‟s Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), Huxley‟s Brave New World (1932), Collin‟s The Hunger Games (2008) trilogy, Dashner‟s The Maze Runner (2009) trilogy, and

Roth‟s Divergent (2011) trilogy, the writer chose this particular novel because in

F451 world, it is the people who actually start inflicting these oppressions to themselves. In addition, the oppressions reinforced by the government are

invisible and concealed by the façade of a perfect and prosperous life of the

people. Therefore, the issue of invisible oppression in the novel is more

interesting to observe because in a way it is relatable to the present society we live

in. In addition, Bradbury‟s F451 shows the possibility for society to change and

gives hope to the reader through Montag‟s ability to transform his identity from

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In Bradbury‟s F451, the citizens of this particular society is oppressed in a

way that the government makes them somewhat less human and much easier to

control. One of the oppressing acts that can be found in the story is the book

burning. In F451 world, book is considered as the most illegal commodity in the society and should be burnt, along with the house in which they are hidden.

Interestingly, in this society, instead of putting out the fire, the firemen is

responsible for the job.

As mentioned before, the protagonist of the story, Montag, makes his living

by being a fireman. At first, he seems like a happy man who is content with his

life and his job. However, only after a particular series of events happened in his

life that he finally realizes that he is not happy with his life. As the results, he

started questioning his life and even secretly reading the books that he supposed

to burn, hoping that he will find the real meaning of his life by flipping through

the pages of the book. Montag, once a quintessential fireman is now one step

closer to become an outcast. This theme of identity evident in the story is in line

with the discussion of the effect of oppression to the protagonist‟s identity.

The data for this study is taken from the novel F451 by Ray Bradbury which was first published in 1953. However, it is important to note that the writer used

the version of the book which was published by Simon & Schuster Paperback in

2012, considering that there are variations in some versions of the book. One of

them is evident in the expurgated version of the novel published by Ballantine

Books in 1967. In that particular version, words such as “hell”, “damn” and “abortion” were eliminated from the novel. Not only words, but some scenes from

the original version were also altered. For example, in one scene, a drunken man

is changed to a sick man. While in another, cleaning fluff out of a human naval

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3.2 Research Design

This study was designed under cultural materialism approach and employs the

textual analysis technique to analyse the text. As for the theoretical framework of

the study, the writer applied Young‟s categorization of oppression known as Five Faces of Oppression (1990) and Hall‟s theory on identity.

Cultural materialism is a context-oriented analysis, an approach which “do not regard literary texts as self-contained, independent works of art but try to put

them within a larger context” (Klarer, 1998, p. 94). More specifically, it is “an approach to literature and culture that sees literary texts as the material products of

specific historical and political conditions” (Wolfreys, Robbins, & Womack, 2006, p. 116). It implies that in this present study, the historical context of the

novel plays a significant role in the analysis. In fact, the writer takes the historical

(and political) context of the novel into consideration when analysing the text.

This approach is relevant to the study because the writer is interested in seeing

how this novel relates to history and what interpretation might be produced from

the approach which includes the historical contexts as a tool to understand the

meaning of the novel.

In addition to that, Harris (as cited in Elwell, 2013), states that one of the

basic tenets of cultural materialism is the assumption that society is a system of

interrelated parts. Which means that when a part of society changes, then the other

parts should also change. This statement is in line with the aims of this present

study which seeks to reveal the relation between oppression and identity in the

novel. Therefore, the writer thinks that cultural materialism is appropriate for this

study since it covers the aims of the study.

Meanwhile, textual analysis is applied in the present study because the data is

in the form of text and focuses on certain events and people instead of numbers.

Textual analysis itself is considered as a staple of English studies research which

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on its artefact. The highlights of this technique is the understanding that

meaning-making is not only a relational process between the cultural artefact and the

consumer, but also between the consumer and anyone to whom the consumer has

communicate their own meanings of the particular artefact. (Griffin, 2005; Belsey,

2005)

In addition to that, the writer applied Young‟s categorization of oppression

known as Five Faces of Oppression (1990) and Hall‟s theory on identity as the framework of the study. As mentioned before, this present study questioned the

oppression evident in the society of F451 and the effect of the oppression to the

protagonist‟s identity. The writer then formulated an assumption based on the

previous research mentioned in the previous chapter that oppression may affecting

those who is „touched‟ by it. Thus, these theories are chosen as the guidance to

prove the assumption sets by the writer to the novel.

3.3 Research Procedure

There are several steps taken in analysing the text, these steps are: (1) Doing close

reading of the novel for multiple times in order to get a better understanding of the

novel; (2) Collecting the textual evidences by identifying the context of

oppression in the subject of the study; (3) Classifying the textual evidences found

in the text according to Young‟s Five Faces of Oppression (1990); (4) Interpreting

the findings and investigating its relation with the identity construction of the

protagonist by using Hall‟s theory in identity; (5) Drawing a conclusion based on

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusion of the study and offers suggestions for

further research. The conclusion section begins with a brief description of aspects

underlying this study: background, purpose, findings and conclusion. Meanwhile,

the suggestions section offers some recommendations for further research on the

topic.

5.1 Conclusion

This study aims to reveal the portrayal of oppression in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 and examine its impact to the main protagonist’s identity

construction. The findings indicate that there are five forms oppression evident in

the novel: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and

violence. It also shows that the main protagonist’s identity is constructed by the

oppression that he observes and notices through his interaction with others. Since

this study seeks to reveal how the oppression affect Montag’s identity, each interaction opens Montag’s eyes toward the oppression in his society. In this case,

Montag have intense interactions with Clarisse McClellan, Mildred, his work,

Professor Faber, and Granger.

Seeing from the cultural materialism perspective, the fictional world of

F451 portrays the oppressive American society in the 1950s which should be resisted. Since cultural materialism is more interested in the act of resistance,

Montag’s identity construction can be interpreted as the representation of the resistance. In addition, Montag’s identity transformation symbolizes the oppressed

attempt to overthrow the authorities, in this case, the government with mass media

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5.2 Suggestions

This present study has revealed the oppression portrayed in Bradbury’s F451 and

its impact toward the main protagonist’s identity construction by using the

cultural materialism approach. Related to the topic of the study, the writer would like to offers suggestions for future research.

There is little literature in this institution that discuss literary works in

relation to its context of publication, especially by using cultural materialist

approach. Therefore, to broaden and enrich the scope of literary studies, for

future research this study suggests a cultural materialism analysis of another

dystopian novels such as Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, Huxley’s Brave New

World, or other contemporary dystopian works which can be interesting to be

analysed by relating it to the context of publication of the text.

Considering the richness of F451, the future research can be conducted by using different approaches, such as Feminism or Psychoanalysis. From the

feminist perspectives, there are many questions which are left to be answered in

the future research, such as: (1) How does Mildred represent the ideal women

portrayed on television in the 1950s?; (2) Are the roles of women today the same

as they were in the 1950s?; (3) How is the portrayal of women in F451 in comparison to the women in the 1950s?

Meanwhile, from the psychoanalysis perspective, the future research

might questions: (1) What is the significance of the dream-like sequence in the

portrayal of Montag as the evolving character; (2) Which part of the mind seems

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