MODULE 5: DEVELOPING
RESILIENCE OPTIONS
USAID Adapt Asia-Pacifc
Last Time We Discussed
•
Threats
,
Exposure
,
Sensitivity
,
Impacts
,
Adaptive (or Coping) Capacity
, and
Vulnerability
•
Strategic
scoping
considerations
for doing
Vulnerability and Resilience Assessments
(VRA)
•
Direct
and
Indirect Impacts
of climate
change
In This Module We Will
Discuss
•
Diferent types of Climate Change
Adaptation and Resilience (CCAR)
options
•
Evaluative criteria for evaluating
CCAR options
•
Procedures for applying evaluative
Where are we in the
process?
Identifying Climate Threats
Identifying Climate Threats
Develop Monitoirng and Evaluation
System
Develop Monitoirng and Evaluation
System
Maintreaming Climate Resilience
PART 1:
GENERATING CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE
OPTIONS
USAID Adapt Asia-Pacifc
The CCAR-DRR Process
• Identify potential impacts of Climate Change
• What are the greatest threats? What are the most
vulnerable groups, places, assets or ‘things’ (urban systems) at risk?
• Identify potential options for high-priority
vulnerabilities
• Establish criteria for ranking options
• Apply criteria to options to select and sequence
actions
• Implement selected actions
Adapting to Climate
Change in Hoi An,
Vietnam
Key considerations in
formulating CCAR options
• Cross-sector
communication and coordination
• Applying the ICEM
“Systems Egg”
Analytic Framework
• Context- and
threat-specifc
considerations?
Process questions to address
• Who participates, and who decides who
participates?
• What are the Ground Rules on participating,
voting, etc.?
• What forms does participation take?
• Consultations vs. Decision-making?
Review List of Priority
Vulnerabilities from VRA
What were your Priority Vulnerabilities from the VRA?
A Powerful Analytic Tool:
The ICEM “Systems Egg”
• Natural System – foundational • Human System – loss of life,
injury, and disease outbreaks
• Economic System – loss of
production & employment
• Social (support) System – social
‘self-help’ networks
• Built Environment – buildings,
roads, and other infrastructure
• Critical Inputs & Outputs – food,
water, waste, energy, transport, etc.
• Institutional System – most
USAID Adapt Asia-Pacifc
Examples of Natural
System Assets
• Mangrove forests protecting coastal cities from
storm surges
• Greenways and tree-lined street in cities providing
shade and reducing urban ‘heat island efect’
• Natural waterways in towns and cities to handle
run-of
• Upland forests and natural areas in watersheds:
infltration, water storage, energy generation, recreation, natural habitat
• Vegetation on steep hillsides and slopes:
preventing mudslides & landslides, soil erosion and
Examples of Social
Safety-Net System
• Promote social safety-net and ‘self-help’ networks
• Organize ‘community social assets’ around
churches, schools, sports clubs, neighborhoods, etc.
• Institute Advance Warning Systems & emergency
protocols
• Pre-position & stockpile Medical Supplies, Assets,
Critical Urban System
Inputs & Outputs
In considering any CCAR option, it is crucial to think about the impacts on, and the services and
functions provided by, critical urban system inputs & outputs, such as:
• Energy system (especially electricity)
• Food Distribution & Back-up Storage
• Transportation (all modes and multi-modal combos)
• Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment
• Solid Waste Collection & Disposal
• Communications system (especially cell phone
responders)
Institutional Capacity &
Resilience
The KEY ‘system’ and biggest asset AND challenge is always Institutional.
• The “core” of the ‘Systems Egg” -- makes it
possible to increase resilience of ALL other elements of the “Egg.”
• Adaptive Capacity is key factor in reducing
vulnerability & increasing resilience (more than Exposure or Sensitivity)
Key Elements of the
Resilience Framework
• Assess how critical ecosystems services and
functions might respond to continued human pressures in the face of climate change
• Assess the capacities of key organizations and
groups to adapt
• Use analysis of system threats and weaknesses,
resilience-Resilience: Quick
Quiz
Are you personally resilient?
• Turn to the person next to you and explain what
makes you resilient.
• If you don’t think you’re resilient explain why you’re
not.
• Take turns.
Now think about your community.
• How resilient is it?
• What are the attributes that make it resilient?
Approaches for
enhancing Resilience
•
Responding to surprise and unexpected
outcomes
•
Adopt
participation
,
transparency
, and
accountability
from the beginning
•
Think about time realistically
•
Identify and prioritize key needs
Urban Resilience
Elements
• Systems—infrastructure systems, food
distribution networks, social services, health systems, supply chains, etc.
• Capacities of Urban Agents—knowledge, skills,
assets of individuals, households, private- and public-sector organizations, other
decision-making “actors”
• Institutions—social rules or conventions that
Urban Systems
• Core or critical systems that are essential to
human well-being include food production and distribution, water, energy, transport,
communication, shelter and ecological systems
• Core systems such as energy, transport and
communication are interdependent. Failure of one core system can lead to cascading failures
• When systems are fragile, and when system
Urban Systems
Vulnerability
Systems, services, functions and infrastructure may be vulnerable because of:
• Location in hazard-prone areas
• Poor construction materials or techniques • Construction/location relative to other
infrastructure [road construction afects drainage patterns]
• Ecosystem degradation
• Damage to one system causes damage to
Other System
Vulnerabilities
• How do laws, rules, and mandates afect system
vulnerabilities?
• What about procurement, construction and
maintenance practices?
• How does treatment of urban waste or other
Urban fooding
Impacts in one area or sector can
lead to ‘cascading’ or ‘ripple’
efects in others…
27
What Makes Urban Systems
Resilient?
• Robustness: ability to withstand impacts of hazards
without signifcant damages or lack of function.
• Flexibility and diversity: Essential tasks can be
performed under a wide range of conditions [e.g., key facilities such as power generators are spatially distributed to insure a single event won’t shut down the whole system]
• Redundancy and modularity: Spare capacity for
emergency situations [e.g., emergency supplies
What Makes Urban Systems
Resilient? (Cont)
• Safe failure: Ability to absorb sudden shocks
without causing total system failure [e.g., ability to guide food waters away from key facilities via temporary dikes and berms]
• Responsiveness: Systems designed to learn and
Making Systems
Robust
• Enforce building codes to require strengthened
buildings in areas exposed to hazards
• Elevate buildings above food inundation levels
• Build foatable/movable structures
• Retroft buildings to withstand climate hazards
• Disaster-proof electrical and mechanical
Creating Robustness by
Increasing Setbacks
60 X erosion rate
or 30 X erosion rate + 105’ whichever is less
(120’ minimum)
First line of stable natural vegetation
Enhancing Natural System
Here is an example of a Sea Wall
augmenting a natural protective
System
Redundancy/Modularity
:
System
Redundancy/Modularity
:
“
Safe Failure
” to Enhance Resilience
Able to
absorb
sudden
shocks or
cumulative
stress to
Natural Systems Response: Biopores
• Drainage and waste
management; water conservation…
Human System Response:
Infrastructure
Response: Porous Roads
• Drainage; land use planning;
Urban Agents
•
Individuals, households
•
Public agencies
•
Large and small businesses
•
Community organizations
•
Religious organizations
•
Advocacy organizations
•
Political parties
Key Capacities of Urban
Agents
• Responsiveness: Ability to identify, anticipate,
plan and prepare for a threat or disruptive event or system failure
• Resourcefulness: Ability to mobilize people,
funds, ideas, energy to respond to a threat [or opportunity]
• Capacity to Learn: Ability to assess experience,
extract lessons and apply them efectively
• Coordination: Ability to align eforts of multiple
Urban
Institutions
• Rules, laws, customs, social norms and conventions
• Councils, legislative bodies, coordinating
organizations
• Guide, enable and constrain people’s behavior.
• Defne the range of perceived possible responses or
actions in a given situation
Institutions Afecting
Resilience [1]
• Decision-making processes: Are decision-making
processes inclusive? Who participates? Are
decision-makers accountable? Are decision-making processes transparent? Are they based on the
latest information? Do they provide opportunities for deliberation?
• Information fow: To what extent do
decision-makers at all levels have access to technically
Institutions Afecting
Resilience [2]
• Rights and entitlements: What land-tenure rights do
risk-prone communities have? What expectations do communities have about opportunities to
participate in decisions that afect them?
• Accessible knowledge and technical assistance: To
what extent are there institutions to generate,
Resilience and technical and
political uncertainty
What do you do in a situation of political and/
or technical uncertainty?
•
Low (no) regrets adaptations
•
Targets of Opportunity
Key entry points for developing resilience
• Climate sensitive land use planning
• Institutional coordination mechanisms and capacity support
• Drainage, food, and solid waste management
• Water demand and conservation systems
• Emergency management and early warning systems
• Responsive health systems
• Resilient housing and transport systems
• Strengthening ecosystem services
• Diversifcation and protection of climate-afected
“Maladaptation”
• Increasing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions
• Disproportionately burdening the most
vulnerable
• Actions with high opportunity costs (if we are
wrong)
• Reducing incentives to adapt
Example of “Path
Resources…
• Building Urban Resilience:
Principles, Tools, and Practice. World Bank 2013.
• Climate Resilience and Social
Change: Operational Toolkit. World Bank 2011.
• ISET-International Climate
Resilience Framework 2013…
• How to Make Cities More
Resilient. UNISDR 2012.
• Designing Climate Change
Adaptation Initiatives. UNDP 2010.
• Tyler, Stephen, and Marcus
Moench. A Framework for
Examples of Human
System Assets
• Steps taken to prevent / minimize Loss of Life &
Injuries
• Prevent outbreaks of disease due to unsanitary
conditions
• Train people to staf Advance Warning Systems
• Train 1st Responders and Medical Personnel to
provide immediate medical attention
• Planned provision of food, water & shelter to
those in need
USAID Adapt Asia-Pacifc
Examples of Economic
System Assets
• Use of economic sanctions or fees to discourage
risky behaviors, activities, or investments
• Create emergency reserve funds &risk-spreading
insurance
• Climate-proof factories, infrastructure & built
environment
• Protect housing stock with revolving loan
programs to climate-proof it, provide subsidized inputs, etc.
Built Environment & Infrastructure
• Climate-proof valuable public infrastructure and
built environment, especially high-value buildings
• Use public buildings as shelters & response
centers
• Protect critical urban systems, services and
functions
• Establish emergency plans and evacuation
routes, 1st response protocols, and
chain-of-command authorities
USAID Adapt Asia-Pacifc
Institutional Capacity Assets
• Community outreach and awareness-building
• Gaining Civil Society and Private Sector support • Land-use planning and zoning restrictions
• Improving coordination within local
agencies/departments
• Improving vertical coordination with other levels
of Gov’t
• Laws, rules, regulations, standards, etc. • Plans, programs, strategies, etc.
• Building codes and standards
• Requirements for new developments &
upgrading requirements for existing built assets
• Financial incentives and sanctions or
Now, let’s apply this Tool to a
specifc Climate Threat – Sea
Sea Level Rise in
Coastal/Riverine Areas
Can you think of some CCAR Options in terms of:
• Natural System Assets or Responses?
• Human Assets or Responses?
• Economic Assets or Responses?
• Social System Assets or Responses?
• Infrastructure & Built Environment
Assets?
Elements of Resilience
•
Safe Fail
•
Modularity
•
Redundancy
•
Flexibility and Diversity
•
Responsiveness and learning
Overview of Resilience Approach [2]
• Identify possible interventions to reduce
specifc vulnerabilities;
• Describe each intervention in detail. Specify
2
ndExample of a Priority Climate
Applying the “Systems Egg,” can you think of Some CCAR Responses to
Increased Flooding?
• Natural System Responses?
• Human Responses?
• Economic Responses?
• Social System Responses?
• Infrastructure & Built Environment Responses?
