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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Novel
Novels and short stories are two forms of literature that once called fiction.
Differences between the novel and short stories are a formality in terms of shape,
in terms of story length. A long says hundreds of pages, it cannot be called as
ashort story, but more appropriately called a novel. Novel is able to present the
development of one character. A complicated events occurring in greater detail.
The novel is able to create a complete universe at one complicated. This means
that the novel is both easy and more difficult to read when it is compared with the
short story.Novel is used to show and express an extra ordinary event that
happened to someone. It means that novel is a way for teh writer to find out extra
The word “novel” comes from the Italian, Novella, which means the new
staff that small. The novel was originally developed in the region from other
forms or narrative nonfiction, such as letters, biographies, and history. But with a
shift in society and development time, the novel is not only based on data
nonfiction, author of novel can change according to the desired imagination.
From the statement, Novel, that gives you imaginative, is a fictional long
prose work that adopted from french and Italy to describe about the element prose.
Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters
and settings are built around. It is meant to organize information and events in a
logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be
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There are five main elements in a plot. The first is the exposition or the
introduction. This is known as the beginning of the story where characters and
setting are established. The conflict or main problem is introduced as well. The
second element of a plot is known as the rising action which occurs when a series
of events build up to the conflict. The main characters are established by the time
the rising action of a plot occurs and at the same time, events begin to get
complicated. It is during this part of a story that excitement, tension or crisis is
encountered. The third element of a plot is known as the climax or the main point
of the plot. This is the turning point of the story and is meant to be the moment of
highest interest and emotion. The reader wonders what is going to happen next.
The fourth element of a plot is known as falling action or the winding up of the
story. Events and complications begin to resolve and the result of actions of the
main characters are put forward. The last element of a plot is the resolution or the
conclusion. It is the end of a story and ends with either a happy or a tragic ending.
Peck and Coyle (1984:102) say, “the novel reflects a move away vrom an
essentially of religious view of life towards a new internet in the complextion of
everyday experience. Most novel are concerned with ordinary people and rheir
problems in the societies in which the find themselves.
Based on three quotations that novel in one form of a literary work in
which a fictional story in writing or words and have intrinsic and extrinsic
elements. The story novel tells the story of human life generally in interacting
6 2.2 Plot
Plot is a literary term defined as the events that make up a story,
particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause
and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. A plot
"insures that you get your character from point A to point Z". Plot according to
Roberts and Jacobs in their book literature (1995;88) said that plot is all the
actions or incidents, speeches, thoughts, and observations are linked together to
make up an entirety, sometimes called an organic unity. The essence of this unity
is the development and resolution of a conflict in hich protagonist, or central
character. The plot is interactions of causes and effects as they develop
sequentially or chronologically. Plot is stories are made up mostly of actions or
incidents that follow each other sequentially. Finding a sequential or narrative
order, however, is only the first step toward the more important consideration. The
plot is the controls governing the development of the actions. In a well- plotted
story , things precede or follow each other not simply because time ticks away,
but more importantly because effects follow causes.
Plot is a series of stories. Abrams in Siswanto (2008:159) say, “that the
plot is a series of stories that formed by the stage of events that weave a story
presented by actors in a story. Goodman (2003:19) says, “The plot important
eventstahtaccour in a story, and plot is the series of incidents in the order which
they take place. Most of the story, the narrator makes the plot .
Shaw (1972:211) says, “That plot is a plan sheme to accomplish a purpose.
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is a series of carefully devised and interrelated actions that progresses through a
struggle of opposing forces (conflict) to a climax and denouement. A plot is
different from story line (the order or events as they accur).
Based on quotation from three critics, that plot is artistic, arrangement of
those events. It means the most important element among other elements of fiction
because a structure events arising out of conflict. In literature, plot refers to
arrangement of events to achieve an intended effect. A plot is a series of carefully
devised and interrelated actions that progresses through a struggle of opposing
forces (conflict) to a climax.
2.3 Character
Burroway (2003: 98) says, “Character as conflict, Rich characterization
can be effectively (and quite consciously) achieved by producing a confict
between methods of presentation. A character can be directly revealed to us
through appearance, speech, action, and though. If you set one of these methods at
ossd with the others, then dramatic tension will be produced.
William whitla (2010:161) says, “Character in the novel is conventionally
discussed in terms of exposition and dialog. Characters can also be, in foster’s
words, either flat or one-dimensional, having a simple function, or round, with
complexity built up through multiple players of description and action.”
Robert and Jacobs (1993:131) say, “in fiction, a character may be defined
as a verbal representation of a human being. Through action, speech, description,
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for, and even loving, although there also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or
even hate.
Round characteris a major character in a work of fiction who encounters
conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed
and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the characters you
most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real
life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer employs a number
of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round, including
description and dialogue.
Flat character is a minor character in a work of fiction who does not
undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as
"two-dimensional characters" or "static characters," flat characters play a
supporting role to the main character, which as a rule should be round. Though we
don't generally strive to write flat characters, they are often necessary in a story,
along with round characters.
From the statement, Character is a person who is responsible for the
thoughts and action within a story. And he or she can learn and become better for
experience or maybe lose point and no change.
Characterizations is the way the author displays the characters in the
story so that can know the character or nature of the figures . Characterizations
can be described through dialogue between characters, another character in
response to the main character , or thoughts of characters . Through
9 2.4 Setting
Setting is background of story that describes palce, time, and atmosphere
in a novel . Abrams in Siswanto (2008:173) say, “Setting is general locale,
historical time, and social circumstance in every episode or part of place. But
Hamalian in Siswanto (2008:149) say, “that setting in fiction not just place, time,
event teh atmosphere and objects in a particular environment, but also can be teh
atmosphere related attitudes, way thinking, and lifestyle of a community in
response to a particular problem.
Gwynn (2002:17) says, “Setting is simply the time and the place of a
story, and in most cases the detail of descriptions are given to the reader directly
by the narrator. Description to place important to give the impression to the
readers and make them knows where the story takes a place. From the study of the
setting would be known the extent of conformity and correlation between
behavior and temprement with community leaders, social situation , and opinion
of society.
Based on three quotatitions, setting means the time, place, and social
reality within which a story takes place. We have no understand where we are, in
which period of time in which society and at which leven in that society if we are
