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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHARACTERS REPRESENTING DON JUAN IN REVEALING THE IDEA OF SUPERMAN SEEN IN GEORGE

BERNARD SHAW’S MAN AND SUPERMAN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

LEONARDO BUDI SETIAWAN Student Number: 024214063

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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I believe.

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he is still guiding me in every single day of my life. My gratitude is also for the persons who gave me inspiration because of the dignity and determination I found from their biography.

A special thank goes to my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum., for guiding me to finish this thesis. My thanks also go to my co-advisor, Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M.A. My appreciation also goes to Elisa Dwi Wardani,S.S., M.Hum. who has gave me suggestions and criticisms.

Next, I want to thank my family for their pressuring support. Without their support, I realize that I would not have a strong urge to finish my thesis. I would also thank my friends in English Letters 2002 who were so friendly during my study in English Letters; Sigit, David, Danang, Dimas, Jeff, Stef, Parjo, Ferdy, Bondhan, Septa, Mia, Ria, Ajeng, Diah Indhy, Shella, Nita, Kuncup, Wawan, Gatot, Sony, Nuke, and the others who I can not mention one by one. I would not forget to express my gratitude to my bestfriends in my several communities; MPK, B2P-PK, Saujana, Café Rendezvous, and ex-CS ‘97. You all are my second family.

Lastly, I would thank my beloved emi who always indirectly makes me reflect that I should do my best. I will always remember that you are the only one person who was accompanying me while I got dizzy with my thesis.

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MOTTO PAGE ……… iv

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ……….. 8

A. Review of Related Studies ……….. 8

B. Review of Related Theories ……… 11

a. Theories of Characters and Characterization ……….. 11

b. Theory of Superman ………... 14

A. Characters Representing Don Juan ……….. 28

1. John Tanner ……….. 28

2. Don Juan Tenorio ………. 40

B. Significance of Characters Representing Don Juan in Revealing the Idea of Superman…………..………. 48

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ABSTRACT

LEONARDO BUDI SETIAWAN (2009). The Significance of Characters Representing Don Juan in Revealing the Idea of Superman Seen in George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University

George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman is a play which tells about Don Juan character. Don Juan himself is a universal figure of a womanizer who has been depicted in many literary works. The play Man and Superman depicts Don Juan from the playwright’s point of view. Don Juan in the play is depicted in two characters. The play indirectly reveals the idea of Superman, the philosophical concept of Friederich Nietzsche.

This study tries to find out the significance of the characters representing Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman. The analysis will be elaborated based on two questions from Problems Formulation. There are two objectives to guide the analysis. The first objective is to understand the Characters Representing Don Juan. The second objective is to find out the significance of the Characters Representing Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman.

In order to accomplish the analysis, the library research method is used. Many data and theories are collected from related books. The philosophical approach is applied in this study. It is used to discuss the philosophical concept of Superman.

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ABSTRAK

LEONARDO BUDI SETIAWAN (2009). The Significance of Characters representing Don Juan in Revealing the Idea of Superman Seen in George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University

Man and Superman karya George Bernard Shaw adalah sebuah drama tentang tokoh Don Juan. Don Juan sendiri adalah seorang figur terkenal penggoda wanita yang muncul di banyak karya sastra. Drama Man and Superman menampilkan Don Juan dari sudut pandang sang pengarang. Don Juan dalam drama ini ditampilkan dalam bentuk dua tokoh. Drama ini secara tidak langsung memunculkan sebuah gagasan tentang Superman, konsep filosofis dari Friederich Nietzsche.

Studi ini dibuat untuk mengetahui arti penting dari tokoh-tokoh yang merepresentasikan Don Juan dalam memunculkan gagasan tentang Superman. Analisa akan dijelaskan berdasar pada dua pertanyaan dalam Rumusan Masalah. Ada dua tujuan dalam analisa. Tujuan pertama adalah mendalami tokoh-tokoh yang merepresentasikan Don Juan. Tujuan kedua yaitu mencari arti penting dari tokoh-tokoh yang merepresentasikan Don Juan dalam memunculkan gagasan tentang Superman.

Dalam rangka menyelesaikan analisa, dilakukan metode studi pustaka. Data dan teori dirangkum dari buku-buku yang relevan. Pendekatan filsafat diterapkan dalam studi ini. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk membahas konsep filosofis dari gagasan tentang Superman.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature is not the same with other kinds of writings. Literature means much more than it says. In literature, there are many representations that are used by the author, playwright, or poet, in order to reveal some ideas. As stated by Colwell, Literature presents life. It shows some ideas using words. Analyzing literature means getting ideas beyond the surface written in the text (1968:3). Literary works have significant effects to the readers. The author indirectly reveals ideas in his works that would be able to be absorbed by the readers. As described by Warren and Wellek (1956:35), the effect of the literary work is to persuade the readers. By reading literary works, the readers are driven to accept the ideas emerged inside literary works. “That is to say, the reader is always led to believe something, and that assent is hypnotic” (1956: 35). Warren and Wellek also argued that the nature of literary works follows its use. It is clear that literature has not only its pleasurable effect but also its function.

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One element used by the author to reveal some ideas, is character. The intended ideas of literary works are usually seen inside the characters. This element is much depicted obviously in literary works. Characters are a soul of literary works. The characters enrol actions to make the literary works tell lively.

Knickerborger and Reninger states that the essence of literature is character (1955: 6). The existence of the characters inside the literary works means there are symbolic truths. In brief, a single character in literary work is a representative truth. Every character does mean something that construct the theme.

Character in literary work is a symbol which represents theme. Knikerborger explains (1955: 8) that symbolic truth of theme can be revealed from the characters, action, and poetry but the essential symbolic truth usually comes from the characters. The author uses the characters in order to illustrate ideas. As also said by Wellek, through the characters, we can understand our nature with complex problems of personality, motivational, and desire (1962: 33).

George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman which is subtitled A Comedy and A Philosophy is a drama of ideas. A. C. Ward (1950:31) describes in his book

Bernard Shaw, that, in Man and Superman, the essence idea is more emphasized

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Friederich Nietzsche’s philosophical concept because Friederich Nietzsche was the one who developed idea of socialism.

The idea of Superman is a philosophical concept made by Friederich Nietzche, a German philosopher. It is a philosophical concept of one man or a society who is able to surpass social boundaries. A superman is supposed to be higher than common men, because he can surpass society’s morality, intelligence, and spirituality levels. The common men refer to the society. Nietzsche describes this philosophical concept in order to draw about the goal of human effort, which are finer and stronger individuals, judges of life, and the creators of values. Life Force is an important value that someone called superman has. A real superman has Life Force as an energy to live (Ward,1950:36).

As argued by Chesterton, every character in George Bernard Shaw’s story has a significant role. George Bernard Shaw’s character is not merely a plain character but a kind of representation (1909:163). Each of character in George Bernard Shaw’s literary works stands for an idea. Furthermore, Chesterton also states that George Bernard Shaw was very careful in creating their characters. He often made characters who have become universal figures such as; Methuselah, Saint Joan, and Don Juan. His stories which included those characters are his reconstructions of ideas.

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retell the legendary character of Don Juan. He was challenged by the critic Arthur Bingham Walkley to write a new version of Don Juan (Shaw: 1903: x).

Reviewing the title of the play, the playwright did not include the name Don Juan, but Superman. Depend on this evidence, George Bernard Shaw wanted

to reveal the idea of Superman using the character of Don Juan, as what he said his preface of Man and Superman ,that the character of Don Juan is someone who is able to distinct the good and bad values. This means George Bernard Shaw compares the character of Don Juan to the characteristics of the Superman, as he said:

Philosophically, Don Juan is a man who, though gifted enough to be exceptionally capable of distinguishing between good and evil, follows his own instincts without regard to the common statute, or canon law; and therefore, whilst gaining the ardent sympathy of our rebellious instincts (which are flattered by the brilliancies with which Don Juan associates them) finds himself in mortal conflict with existing institutions, and defends himself by fraud and farce as unscrupulously as a farmer defends his crops by the same means against vermin (Shaw, 1903: xi)

Don Juan character is usually described as a womanizer or a seducer. He is always seen in a perspective which places him as a person who sees women as his preys. He loves every woman he seduces. Then Don Juan character is known as a universal figure of womanizer. Its name is used to call someone who has characteristics related to women seduction. His seductive ability to women became his popular characteristic (Ferrand,2005: 2).

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the figure of Don Juan is not only a womanizer or seducer but a person in a philosophical manner. By stating his argument, he tries to reconstruct the common mindset that takes Don Juan as only a womanizer without ideological value (Shaw, 1903: xii). Specifically, Don Juan in Man and Superman is drawn in order to represent a man who is supposed to be the Superman.

In particular, inside Man and Superman, the depiction of the unique Don Juan is represented through some characters. George Bernard Shaw retold the legendary character of Don Juan from his point of view by splitting Don Juan into two characters. They take their roles together in revealing the main theme, the idea of Superman. This study is made to get a deep understanding about the theme by analyzing the significance of the selected characters.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to limit the study and to make it clear with its focus, the writer has made two research questions related to the topics. The questions are formulated as follows.

1.How are the characters Representing Don Juan depicted?

2.What are the significances of the characters Representing Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman?

C. Objectives of the Study

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characters representing Don Juan in the story. Secondly, the study is to find out what are the significances of characters representing Don Juan in revealing the Idea of Superman, there will be an explanation why the selected characters, which are related each others, to reveal the idea of superman.

D. Definition of Terms

The writer wants to clarify the meaning of “Superman” that is used in this thesis by defining as follows.

Idea of Superman is Friederich Nietzsche’s philosophical concept about the goal of human effort. It is an expectation of human development. Superman is an idealization of human being. He has more values than the other men. He is the man who can surpass the old values of human being (Copleston,1954: 393-394).

The word ‘Superman’ itself is used as singular but in deeper understanding, it also means plural, as a kind of society type. Superman is a higher type of men. According to Paul Edwards the word “mensch” includes women as well as men. It refers to the higher type of men who create their own values out of their abundance (1967:509). In other words, the Superman refers to a certain high qualified society.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

Well known British playwright, George Bernard Shaw is famous as the great British writer after William Shakespeare. This British writer, who was born in Ireland, was not a playwright in his first career but after he considered that drama has a propagandist value, he turned to be a playwright. George Bernard Shaw believed that the theatre is able to fulfil an important social function by teaching, but the plays that dominated Victorian stage said nothing about the audiences lived in. Then, through his plays, he has become a pillar of modern drama. George Bernard Shaw’s golden period as a dramatist was from 1903-1925, the time when he wrote his best and most popular plays. One of George Bernard Shaw’s great plays is Man and Superman (1903). Man and Superman is a serious and intellectual play, however it is a comedy. Shaw wrote more about his opinions on the issues touched by the play than about the story of the play itself (http //:www.amrep.org/past/superman/super1.html).

The evidence that this play is an intellectual play is in the preface of the play. A characteristic of George Bernard Shaw’s play, as can be seen in Man and Superman, is in the length preface before the acts. Every preface in his drama is

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Shaw was known as the playwright but actually he was an idealist, as said by Ludovici:

It would, however, be a great mistake to suppose, as many still do, that Shaw’s gradual conquest of his Age was the struggle of an innovator whose public required to be educated up to his aesthetic forms and to his ideas before they could appreciate him. This was not the case; for, as a matter a fact, most of his ideas he advanced were already victorious or nearly so before he became their interpreter (1950: 163).

Man and Superman is considered to be a drama of propaganda. In fact,

when Shaw tried to perform it, no one would put it on the stage. Then, he dare to publish it himself, hoping that public would appreciate his philosophical thinking inside the story of Man and Superman. The story of Man and Superman shows a perfect balance between entertainment and intellectual manners. He was inspired by a legendary European figure of womanizer who was found in many European literary works before. It was Don Juan, one of the great legendary characters in European literature (http //:www.amrep.org/past/superman/super1.html).

Utterback in Don Juan and the Representation of Spiritual Sensuousness, defines that the character of Don Juan from Tirso de Molina’s El Burlador de Sevilla to Mozart’s Don Giovanni has always been represented as a libertine and

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Pierre Ferrand, in Some Metamorphoses of Don Juan, states that George Bernard Shaw, through Man and Superman, cynically reversed the conception of romantic Don Juan which was made by Tirso de Molina, Moliere, Mozart, and other popular writers. George Bernard Shaw emphasized Don Juan as a revolutionary person who has superman thinking of mankind’s future. His story of Don Juan reflects his serious ideology although it is a parody of the myth (Ferrand, 2005: 7).

Ward argues that George Bernard Shaw is a believer of Friederich Nietzsche’s philosophical concept. His belief in the Life Force stands as the main trunk of his work, Man and Superman. He was drawn to Nietzsche’s concept of the Superman (Ubermensch), and through Don Juan he dramatizes his belief about the genetic forces that drive mankind forward. So far, related to his view about Life Force, He makes his own view about marriage which is to be an interesting topic inside the story of Man and Superman. Marriage has a stern biological purpose which romantic love is no more than an enticing prelude. A. C. Ward then states that in the disposition of the Life Force, self-sacrifice may be nothing better than the sacrifice of others to one’s own self will, self indulgence, possessiveness, or spiritual pride (Ward,1950: 36).

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existed. George Bernard Shaw, as the playwright, shows his own unique way in order to introduce himself to the public as a Nietzschean (1909:202-210).

The writer considers that the reviews above are very helpful. In this thesis, the writer is going to analyze deeper about the depiction of Don Juan which focuses on the Don Juan’s characteristics to reveal the idea of Superman. However, the other reviews have not analysed deeper about the certain detailed characteristics of Don Juan which represent the idea of Superman. By reviewing the characters representing Don Juan, the idea of Superman is clearly seen so that the readers will understand about the idea of Superman.

B. Review of Related Theories

a. Theories of Character and Characterization

The writer draws some theories about character and characterization because character is the object of this study. Therefore, in order to understand deeply about the characterization, there are some theories about character and characterization which were formulated from some books.

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Meanwhile, Barranger, in his book Understanding Plays (1990:340), states that drama is the most unique representational art because it represents reality by using real human beings. Character in drama is a real fictional aspect that used by the author because it is used to be presented. Even, character in drama is more emphasizing than other literary works because he speaks directly.

Furthermore, Barranger (1990: 341) suggests some several ways in order to approach characters in drama, as follows;

1. What playwright says about them in stage directions. 2. What characters say about one another in dialogue.

3. The moral or ethical choices that determine their destinies.

Another critic, Richard Abcarian (1998: 21) also describes about characters in drama, according to his opinion, the type of characterization in plays is similar to the characterization in another types of literary works like prose. So, how are the way to analyze it is similar too. Especially, In modern plays, characterization is usually described in stage directions that establish physical characteristics: gender, age, physique, clothing, and class.

In A Student’s Guide to Literature, Colwell (1968: 13) elaborates two basic meanings of character. Every character involves two basic qualities, morality and personality. A character’s personality can be seen from his characteristics, while his morality is an idea behind his existence. A character is morality and personality blend.

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and minor. Major character can be called primary character which takes central role in the story. Major character is a character that is relevant to every single event at the story. Meanwhile, minor characters are characters that appear in particular setting. They have an important value to become the background for major characters. Their roles are less important than the major characters because they are not fully developed and functioned in story to support the development of the major characters.

Reviewing about the development of the characters, Perrine in Literature: Sound and Sense (1974: 71) defines that characters inside literary works could be

divided into static or dynamic character. A Static Character is the same type of person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning. In the other hand, A Dynamic Character is a character who undergoes permanent changes in some aspects of his character, personality, or outlook. He could be very different person at the end of the story.

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Roberts in his book Fiction: An Introduction of Reading and Writing differentiates characters into round and flat character. A round character is complex in temperament and motivation. A round character is usually the major figure in a story and usually considered as hero or heroine and also to be a protagonist. A flat character is built around a single idea or quality. He is not strongly depicted as an individual but only a representative. A flat character is usually minor character (1987: 121).

b. Theory of Superman

One of the popular ideas of Friederich Nietzche’s philosophical concept is about Ubermensch. This term is usually translated into Superman. Walter Kaufmann translates Ubermensch into Overman. The word uber is referred to ‘over’. In some resources, Nietzche’s philosophical concept of Ubermensch is translated into Overman. In fact, the term ‘overman’ and ‘superman’ are already same. They stand for Nietzsche’s philosophical idea of Ubermensch. The term ‘over’ and ‘super’ simply define about the philosophical meaning beyond. The value of ‘super’ signifies ‘over’. The Superman is a person who is able to overpass common values. As Kaufman (1956:102) says that the human has overpassed monkey, so that the human will overpass the superman.

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Superman. Nietzsche introduces the idea of Superman in order to attack religion, especially Christianity. Through the character of Zarathustra, he proclaims the Superman to be the meaning of the life and warns the people to ignore those who promise other hopes (Kaufmann,1956:103-111).

According to Paul Edwards (1967:509) the word “mensch” includes women as well as men. As told by Zarathustra, Superman is used as singular but the term is not only applied to individual. It refers to the higher type of people who create their own values out of their abundance. The Superman is a newborn society that will replace the old society. Friederich Nietzsche intended to suggest the socialism as The Superman. The Superman society is socialistic society that will take over the humankind.

The Superman is a superior individual who is rising out of the mass mediocrity. Nietzsche suggests that the aim of human effort is not the happiness of the mass but solely the improvement of the type. Society is only considered as an instrument for the improvement of the superman. As stated by Durant, “Society is used to be machine to the production of a new species” (1954: 425). In addition, the superman can be procreated only by human selection and ennobling education. So the higher individuals should marry other persons in the same level. The best should marry the best. Love does not have its main position in marriage. It is considered as a legal impediment to marriage. “The purpose of marriage is not merely reproduction, it should also be development” (Durant,1954:425).

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Christian God. God is dead means that the idea of God can no longer provide values. Even, Zarathustra said that the idea of God gives a fake hope. The Superman is the creator of new values. In this way, it appears as a solution to the problem of the death of God.

According to Nietzsche as told by Edwards, the only thing that the Superman wants is power. In brief, the human life force is the will to power. It is the urge to dominate and to master. All creatures desire this, but only a man who has achieved sufficient power, is able to turn the Life Force into a flood of creative energy. The ideal man, the "Superman," will achieve the Life Lorce in mastering his own existence. Then, he will follow the will to power that serve to set his existence (1967:511).

As added by Durant, the Life Force builds the character of Superman. In other words, all of his behaviour and attitude are affected by his Life Force which means the will to power. It will make the power of personality in which energy, intellect, and pride are harmonised into a man personality (1954:426). These characteristics are also called ‘Master Morality’, while the mass mediocrity characteristics are called ‘Slave Morality’.

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A Superman is a person who is able to transvaluate the old values which is still existed. Transvaluation is one factor in which the figure of Superman is created. He can create his new values. One of the old values is the idea of God in Christianity. In general, this idea is striking the transcendence because it is a cause of the existence of God. Then, the transcendence is needed to be transvaluated. The transvaluation includes the doctrines of eternal recurrence, atheism, and nihilism (Copleston,1954:395-397).

The transvaluation can be summarized as follows. The eternal recurrence is Nietzsche’s concept the universe. According to him, the universe is cyclist. It has been recurring, and will continue to recur in a same pattern. The universe will be destroyed. Then, the same world configuration will return again eternally. Time is viewed as cyclical. The universe has no start or end. Superman himself is someone who is able to revolute this cycle by his awareness.

The eternal recurrence is related with the idea about the death of God. From this point of view, the God does not exist. The universe is not God’s creature. There is no heaven and hell because the universe will recur in the same pattern again and again. This is also a refusal of the transcendent which is the God. It is also a radical atheism because the God has no role in the world order. That is why Nietzsche called that the God is dead. Then, it can be stated that this is a kind of nihilism.

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figure of Superman does not view this pathetic reality in pessimism. The real Superman would be able to face the reality with joy. Power to say ‘yes’ is his attitude of life to face the eternal recurrence. It was the yes-saying attitude of life, an inner strength of Superman to face the eternal recurrence reality.

By revaluating those values, The Superman is able to know the good and evil. He could distinct things as good and bad. This ability to analyse the reality will lead him to consider reality has good and bad aspects. Then, the Superman is an individual who could make genius decisions (Copleston, 1954: 395-397).

So far, Copleston (1954: 396) defines that The Superman is expected to be the creative genius who will be the highest cultural product. He has some characteristics as the higher type of man. A real Superman is a person who is having the attitude of a free spirit, pragmatist view of truth, sceptical observe of life. He is also critical, rational, optimistic, and, relativistic. The Superman is a synthesis of another Nietzche’s concepts. They are Appolonian versus Dyonisian. A true Superman is a Dyonisian although he also takes some Apollonian values.

Human behaviour is devided into two contradictory valuations. Duran (1954: 407-408) elaborates these, as follows: Apollonian takes Apollo, the god of sun, as its symbol. It means peace, leisure, repose, aesthetic emotion, intellectual contemplation, philosophic calm, and logical order.

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revelry of ascending life, joy in action, ecstatic emotion and inspiration, instinct in adventure, dauntless suffering.

The Superman is the goal of Nietzsche’s philosophy. He creates his new values of morality. According to his view, morality lies in strength not in kindness, so that the goal of human effort is not the elevation of the whole mankind but only the development of the finer and stronger individuals. In brief, the goal of life is not mankind but the Superman. If the Superman does not reveal, the mankind does not improve, even it does not exist. The better and finer individuals who are sensible and able to improve the humankind will be the new hope of humankind (Duran, 1954:424).

C. Review of Don Juan character

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Actually, the character of Don Juan is developed in hundred years. Don Juan lost much of his characteristics which were given by his early creator. The early versions of Don Juan story have depicted this character in philosophical and moral point of view. Tirso de Molina who firstly makes the character of Don Juan was a priest. He made Don Juan character in order to show a portrait of a bad guy who will be punished because of his anti religiousness. Then, the character of Don Juan was transformed into the figure of contemporary Don Juan; the profligate lover or a romantic seeker for ideal womanhood (Banks:1989). Now, the character is always seen figuratively in a perspective which places him as person who sees women as his prey.

The characterization of Don Juan can be divided into two different points of views. There are sexual manner and philosophical manner. The early versions are different from the next versions. The first recorded version, El Burlador de Sevilla by Tirso de Mollina and the previous versions depicted Don Juan as a

negative figure in morality. Don Juan is a villain punished by dragged to the hell. So far, the purpose in using Don Juan character, as shown by Tirso, is about moral value. In deep, this character is shown by practical moralist in order to depict a character that will be punished in hell because of a libertine disregard of God and social norms. (Ferrand,1989:4). Then, in the next versions, Don Juan, has been popular as a womanizer. His description moves to a character that has less philosophical values. Don Juan seems as a passionate lover young man.

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Juan’ is a new term used to call a womanizer man. Don Juan also symbolises a patriarchal system. He is also a symbol of anti feminism because women are considered as objects of men activity . His seductions to many women places him as a picture of the superior man(http://www.gordonbanks/gordon/donjuan.html).

As told by Mozart in Don Giovanni, Don Juan is a Spanish nobleman who is always accompanied by his servant, Leporello. Don Juan is attempting to seduce Donna Anna the daughter of Don Pedro, the Commandatore of Seville. Then Don Pedro angry and challenges Don Juan to a duel, but he is killed. Donna Anna and her Fiancé, Don Ottavio, promise to revenge Don Juan because of Don Pedro’s death. At last, Don Juan is dragged into Hell by the statue of Don Pedro. In hell, Don Juan meets the devil and makes a discussion about what he has done in his life. Then, the next versions of Don Juan depicted the similar minor characters and plot. The characterisation of Don Juan is also not changed because he is always depicted as womanizer (Ferrand,2005:3).

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values, such as: revolution, innovation, creativity, difference, rebellion, and obsession of moral hypocrisy.

The characterization of Don Juan is developed for hundred years. The early versions of Don Juan have revealed the moral values. Then, it has developed into philosophical values. Nowadays, the common figure of Don Juan is more sexual and less philosophical. Concerning about some works about Don Juan, Utterback (1979: 633) argues the topics that represented are much more vary. Don Juan is also represented atheism or anti Christianity. For hundred years, Don Juan is an ideal figure of idealism.

According to Thomas E. Hart, the characteristics of Don Juan can be summarized as follows: philanderer, women pursuer, libertine, prosperous, intellectual, revolutionary, innovative, creative, different, rebellious, and obsessed with moral hypocrisy (http://www.comtehart/jungian/freudian/shaw.html).

As remark by George Bernard Shaw in epistle dedicatory of Man and Superman, there are many authors who give strong contribution in developing the

Don Juan character; they are Moliere, Mozart, Byron, and Goethe. The character of Don Juan in Man and Superman, as told by George Bernard Shaw himself is different. He is a universal character reviewed from particular point of view.

D. Theoretical Framework

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writer will explain the importance of each review and theory in conducting the analysis.

Review of the Related Studies show that George Bernard Shaw was an influential figure in his time. He was a person with some ideas to proclaim. As a socialist, he was intended his ideology. Significantly, his works are his propaganda. His plays were absolutely ideas to be presented.

Theories of character and characterization are composed from some books in order to analyse the depiction of Characters Representing Don Juan. The depiction of characters in drama can be seen from their appearances and competences in enrolling the plot. By understanding their characterization and other factors, using theories on characters, they will be obviously analysed.

Meanwhile, theory of Superman is needed to elaborate its description. After answering the first question of Problem Formulation, this theory will be applied in finding out the significances of Characters Representing Don Juan. Idea of Superman, which is analysed in this play, will be detected on the selected characters using the theory of Superman.

Furthermore, Review the history of Don Juan’s character is needed in order to elaborate the common characteristics of Don Juan figure. Don Juan, who is became a universal figure, later will be compared with the idea of Superman. Don Juan in Man and Superman is a figure who is emphasized. So, the historical side is important because Don Juan who is presented in Man and Superman is a myth who has historical background.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a drama entitled Man and Superman. This drama is sub-entitled A Comedy and A Philosophy. It is a drama written by a famous British playwright, George Bernard Shaw.

Man and Superman was first published in 1903. It becomes George

Bernard Shaw’s popular work. It had been performed many times in London and other cities in Great Britain that time (Chesterton,1909:161). This edition itself was published by Penguin Books in London at 1954. This book contains of four parts.

The first part is the playwright’s preface called Epistle Dedicatory. This part is a long essay made by the playwright. George Bernard Shaw has made this drama in order to answer the challenge of Sir Arthur Bingham Walkley. As explained by George Bernard Shaw himself in the first paragraph of Epistle Dedicatory, he was challenged to make a story about the legendary character of

Don Juan. He also explains deeply his opinion about the character. In this part, the playwright tells his introduction of his remade story of Don Juan from his point of view.

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story of Violet Robinson (Violet) and Hector Malone (Hector). It also shows how the main character (John Tanner and Anne Whitefield) play important ideas to affect the minor characters.

Act II is about John Tanner (Jack). He has conversation with his chauffeur, Enry Straker (Enry) and Octavius Robinson (Tavy), brother of Violet Robinson. In the last of the act, Enry tells that Jack is the true goal of Ann’s Pursuit. Jack recognises it and he decides to leave them in order to escape.

In Act III, Jack tries to escape from Ann by travelling over Europe. Then, a group of pirates kidnaps them. The leader of the pirates, Mendoza has good conversation with Jack. Then, they sleep and the story moves to the dream sequence which depicts a story of Don Juan in hell.

The story of Don Juan in hell is an interlude of Act III. It depicts new characters which are very similar with the previous characters. The main character, John Tanner or Jack, acts as Don Juan Tenorio. And the other characters play as his opponents in philosophical debate. The name of the characters in this sequence is same as the character’s names of the early versions of Don Juan story. They are Don Juan Tenorio, Dona Ana de Uola, Ottavio, and Don Pedro. This part is clearly shown the character of Don Juan which is stated by the playwright in the Epistle Dedicatory. The sequence is over when Jack and Mendoza wake up.

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The third part is called The Revolutionist Handbook. It is divided into some parts. Each part describes about one interesting topic. In the face, it is written that it was written by John Tanner M.I.R.C, Member of Idle Rich Class. This part is an addition of the drama part. Meanwhile, this is an integrated part of the work structure.

Similarly, the forth part is also an addition. It is a compilation of quotes which entitled Maxims of the Revolutionist. It contains many quotes which are related to the revolution idea.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach used in the study is philosophical approach. This approach relates philosophical issues. It is useful to understand George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman which presents a philosophical concept of Friederich

Nietzche. The philosophical approach emphasizes on the philosophical teachings, as Guerin, A Handbook of Critical Approaches, states his idea about philosophical approach as follows:

“This approach goes back as far as classical Greek and Roman critics. Plato, for example, emphasized morals and utilitarianism; Horace stressed dulce et utile (delight and instruction). Among its most famous exemplars are the commentators of the age of neoclassicism in English literature (19660 – 1800), particularly Dr. Samuel Johnson. The basic position of such critics is tat the larger function of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues. They would interpret literature within a content of the philosophical thought of a period or a group” (1979: 29).

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in introduction, Man and Superman is a drama of ideas. It wants to present the idea of Superman. In this thesis, the writer will study the idea of Superman seen from its characters, who representing Don Juan. By using the philosophical approach, the writer is able to probe the philosophical issues of Nietzsche Philosophy about Superman.

C. Method of the Study

In conducting the analysis, the writer applied the following. The first step was reading the main source that is the play Man and Superman itself. The process of reading will be led to the problems related in problems formulation.

The second step was finding the data related to the problems using library research. Library Research is used as the method of the study. Two kinds of data used in this study, they are primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were George Bernard Shaw’s work, Man and Superman, which is sub-entitled A Comedy and A Philosophy, includes all parts inside; Epistle Dedicatory, Man and

Superman, The Handbook of the Revolutionists, and, The Maxims of the

Revolutionists. The secondary sources are some sources that are related to the

research problems. They are theories of characters and theories of Superman by Friederich Nietzche.

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Superman, published by Penguin books, 1954. The next data are taken from the

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In order to answer two questions in Problems Formulation, this part will be divided into two sub-chapters. Each chapter explains the elaboration of the problem one by one. The first part will discuss the characters representing Don Juan. Then, the second part explains their significance in revealing the idea of Superman. The deep analysis of the selected characters and their significance in revealing the theme of the story will be elaborated.

Explicitly, the character named Don Juan Tenorio emerges in the interlude of Act III. This character is absolutely the character representing Don Juan. This interlude is emerged when the main character, John Tanner, gets sleep. He has a dream. In his dream, John Tanner recognises himself as a Spanish noble man, named Don Juan Tenorio. Don Juan Tenorio in dream sequence represents the main character, John Tanner.

The writer considers that both characters, John Tanner and Don Juan Tenorio, are representations of Don Juan. Both of them share the distribution in revealing the idea of Superman as the representations of Don Juan. These two characters have some characteristics related to Don Juan in previous versions.

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A. The Characters Representing Don Juan 1. John Tanner (Jack)

The play itself is a story about Don Juan. The main character, John Tanner, is the playwright’s depiction of Don Juan character. The name ‘John Tanner’ is taken from ‘Don Juan Tennorio’, the previous name character of Don Juan story. The playwright makes an adaptation to the character by changing the name into ‘John Tanner’ which sounds English. Inside the story of Man and Superman, John Tanner is described as the successor of Don Juan Tennorio, the

medieval Spain nobleman.

The first specific characteristics of John Tanner, who represents Don Juan in Man and Superman, is pursued by woman rather than be himself as women pursuer. John Tanner characterization breaks the reputation of the common Don Juan characteristics. Characterization of Don Juan in Man and Superman does not include his ‘womanizer side’. Obviously, George Bernard Shaw declares in his preface that the play is a new story about Don Juan but Don Juan Tenorio in Man and Superman is not like other characterizations of Don Juan in previous versions.

And so your Don Juan has come to birth as a stage projection of the tragi-comic love chase of the man by the woman; and my Don Juan is the quarry instead of the huntsman. Yet he is a true Don Juan, with a sense of reality that disables convention, defying to the last the fate which finally overtakes him. The woman's need of him to enable her to carry on Nature's most urgent work, does not prevail against him until his resistance gathers her energy to a climax at which she dares to throw away her customary exploitations of the conventional affectionate and dutiful poses, and claim him by natural right for a purpose that far transcends their mortal personal purposes (p.xix).

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makes dominant ideas and suggestions in all problems emerged during the dialogues. His action also influences other characters. As Rohberger and Woods (1971:20-21) stated, the major character is the one to whom all the events in the story have relevance.

The characterization of John Tanner who is usually called ‘Jack’ can be found in the stage direction. According to Barranger in Understanding Plays, stage direction gives significant characteristics to the character (1990: 340). From the stage direction, the characteristics which are made by the playwright are clearly shown. John Tanner has certain characteristics which are interesting and extraordinary. His characteristics show his strong existence. He influences other elements of the story because he is described as a megalomaniac, a person who is obsessed with the desire to power.

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Ann’s guardian is a trap. John Tanner compares Ann as a cat with two mice as its guardians.

TANNER. It's only too hideously true. [He throws himself into Octavius's chair]. Ramsden: get me out of it somehow. You don't know Ann as well as I do. She'll commit every crime a respectable woman can; and she'll justify every one of them by saying that it was the wish of her guardians. She'll put everything on us; and we shall have no more control over her than a couple of mice over a cat (Act I:p.51).

John Tanner’s argument to protest shows his sensitivity. His sensitive characteristic is not the same as Octavius Robinson’s sensitiveness. If Octavius Robinson has sensitivity as a naive romantic man who is easily affected by his feeling, John Tanner is able to know the problem beneath the situation. He has sensitivity to recognise mistakes in some events.

  As Barranger (1990: 340) suggests that what characters say one another in the dialogue is very important in order to understand characterization, what John Tanner says to other characters will be significant. John Tanner shows his certain characteristics reviewing from what he does, says, and thinks to other male and female characters. The other male characters are Roebuck Ramsden, Octavius Robinson, and Enry Straker. Significantly, his respective view to the female characters as Ann Whitefield and Violet Robinson is clearly shown. Vice versa, what the other characters reveal are explains what kind of person he is.

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appreciates Violet Robinson, even the other characters do not. Then, it will be explained as follows;

Sarcastically, John Tanner thinks that Ann is dangerous. He warns Octavius about the danger of Ann’s will. He means to tell the hidden dangerous purpose of Ann. Tanner’s description of Ann emphasizes her sexuality power. From Tanner’s point of view, Ann is described as “one of the vital geniuses”, and as “a woman who will probably do everything she means to do without taking account of other people” (Act II,p.95). Tanner compares her with animals. As what he says, Ann is a cat (Act I: p.65.). In the other hand, Octavius respects Ann very much. Even, he confesses that he loves Ann. Tanner warns Octavius many times that Ann is like an animal because Ann’s love is a love of food. The comparison to animal is enlarged from cat, tigress to lioness.

TANNER. Why, man, your head is in the lioness’s mouth: you are half swallowed already – in three times – Bite One, Ricky: Bite Two, Ticky, Bite Three, Tavy: and down you go. (Act I:p.63).

From what he thinks about Ann, Tanner is a person who likes to be different with others. His difference lies in his mindset. He is more critical than the others. As described above, he can critically analyze how Ann action reflects her hidden motivation. Using his smart thinking, Tanner is also able to find out the real danger in Ann’s desire. According to Tanner, Ann’s attitude is similar to an animal’s activity. An animal loves its prey in order to eat, as a Bengal tiger loves its meal (Act I: p.66).

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humbly says she would like Tanner to remain in the joint capacity as guardian with Roebuck Ramsden. In fact, he already knows that she is setting her trap for him.

When the plot reveals about Violet Robinson, the sister of Octavius Robinson, John Tanner still suggests his critical thinking. Violet is pregnant. She confesses that she has married but she refuses to mention the name of her husband. Her family give her a negative prejudice because of this case. In the other hand, Tanner bravely gives her a sympathetic support. Once again, he shows his bravery by opposing the others. Tanner persuades them, that Violet is a representation of human, especially a woman who takes her role to improve humankind evolution.

TANNER. Brutal! Good Heavens, man, what are you crying for? Here is a woman whom we all supposed to be making bad water color sketches, practising Grieg and Brahms, gadding about to concerts and parties, wasting her life and her money. We suddenly learn that she has turned from these sillinesses to the fulfilment of her highest purpose and greatest function--to increase, multiply and replenish the earth. And instead of admiring her courage and rejoicing in her instinct; instead of crowning the completed womanhood and raising the triumphal strain of "Unto us a child is born: unto us a son is given," here you are--you who have been as merry as Brigs in your mourning for the dead--all pulling long faces and looking as ashamed and disgraced as if the girl had committed the vilest of crimes. (Act I: p.67)

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His progressiveness lies in his critical thinking. Tanner is able to reveal the new ideas that oppose convention in society. He says about his hate of obsolete ideas and everything that related to tradition or convention. Explicitly, he expresses his frontal opposes to Roebuck Ramsden, someone who represents traditionalism and anti-progress. He says that Ann is in irony because she is under control of an old man with obsolete ideas.

TANNER. It's all my own doing: that's the horrible irony of it. He told me one day that you were to be Ann's guardian; and like a fool I began arguing with him about the folly of leaving a young woman under the control of an old man with obsolete ideas.

RAMSDEN. [stupended] My ideas obsolete!!!!! (Act I:p.51).

He often reveals controversial topics from the overthrowing of governments to the role of women in the daily life. He negates all the topics revealed by Ramsden because Tanner considers those topics as moral hypocrisies. His radical view places him as a revolutionist who wants to break all the hypocrisies seen in his eyes. What he calls hypocrisies are those which are related to social and moral issues in English society in that time.

TANNER. [seriously] I know it, Ramsden. Yet even I cannot wholly conquer shame. We live in an atmosphere of shame. We are ashamed of everything that is real about us; ashamed of ourselves, of our relatives, of our incomes, of our accents, of our opinions, of our experience, just as we are ashamed of our naked skins. Good Lord, my dear Ramsden, we are ashamed to walk, ashamed to ride in an omnibus, ashamed to hire a hansom instead of keeping a carriage, ashamed of keeping one horse instead of two and a groom-gardener instead of a coachman and footman. The more things a man is ashamed of, the more respectable he is….(Act I: p.55)

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seems that he is the only one progressive man in the middle of obsolete society. Once, he confesses that he is a reformer and an iconoclast (Act I: p.78).

John Tanner makes interesting debates with Roebuck Ramsden and Octavius Robinson in act I. What they reveal in their dialogue shows how brilliant Tanner is. He is able to think and criticize the reality in which Ramsden and Octavius are not. He seems rejecting all the conventional ideas and offering a new paradigm. An example of his view is about the inner force of women. The women, according to Tanner, are the persons who have inner forces to power. They practice several ways to control and manage her emotion and desire. They serve the higher idea of controlling the process of reproduction. Men are instruments of women’s purpose.

TANNER. That is the profoundest of mistakes, Tavy. It is the self-sacrificing women that sacrifice others most recklessly. Because they are unselfish, they are kind in little things. Because they have a purpose which is not their own purpose, but that of the whole universe, a man is nothing to them but an instrument of that purpose (Act I:p.64).

John Tanner also states his argument commenting other issues to show his reversal of tradition. He writes a book entitled The Revolutionist’s Handbook and Pocket Companion, By John Tanner, M.I.R.C. (member of the Idle Rich Class),

which is printed behind the play. In almost issues that are revealed in the dialogues, John Tanner insists on his own argument. He pretends to criticize the government, society, role of women, Christianity, and especially the moral hypocrisy.

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the society do not have the new solution. What he means by ‘Superman’, as a kind of higher humankind that is not yet existed. From his argument, it can be viewed that the Superman he means is not only a super power individual. He refers to the super power society who will replace the common society. Then he admires a new emerging socialistic people as he states in his debate with Enry Straker, his chauffeur;

STRAKER. [unimpressed] That's because you never done any Mr Robinson. My business is to do away with labor. You'll get more out of me and a machine than you will out of twenty laborers, and not so much to drink either.

TANNER. For Heaven's sake, Tavy, don't start him on political economy. He knows all about it; and we don't. You're only a poetic Socialist, Tavy: he's a scientific one. (Act II: p.94)

Tanner indirectly respects Enry Straker, his chauffeur, because he is also a socialist who has progressive ideas. His respect shows his appreciation to the emerging of socialist society. As he confesses, he is a noble english socialist. According to his perspective, the socialist society will take over the old society. His statement about socialism reflects his idea that the conventional things should be replaced by progressive things. Socialist society is qualified people who will offer the renewal for humankind (Act II: p.62-63).

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has developed the human species from the lower level of animals. The purpose of The Life Force is also the motive of life (Act IV: p.218).

When Tanner recognizes that Ann tries to trap her, he escapes by travelling over Europe with Enry Straker. He knows that Ann will pursue him to be her husband. Tanner looses his bravery while recognizing a problem related to relationship and marriage. When his car is crossing Sierra Nevada, a desert in Spain, a group of pirates intercept them. The pirates do not rob them but take them as parts of their debate.

Tanner is very welcome with any persons who have progressive thinking as he has. It can be seen that the leader of the pirate, Mendoza, has a friendly discussion with them. They have a nice discussion about everything. Mendoza is also a revolutionist. He is able to understand Tanner’s idealism. Their discussion shows their revolutionist thinking and radical point of view.

MENDOZA. [with dignity] Allow me to introduce myself: Mendoza, President of the League of the Sierra! [Posing loftily] I am a brigand: I live by robbing the rich.

TANNER. [promptly] I am a gentleman: I live by robbing the poor. Shake hands. (Act II:p.122)

As described before, Tanner very concerns with politics. Then, it is also revealed again that he is a person who has strong urge to make his political view comes true. Like Straker, Mendoza attracts Tanner so much because of his progressive ideas. They respect each other although they have a debate. Tanner is an open-minded person. He can appreciate what Mendoza says. In some aspects they have the same opinion, for example about politics.

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influence: there are too few of them. Until a movement shows itself capable of spreading among brigands, it can never hope for a political majority. (Act II:p.125)

John Tanner is not really a perfect as the main character who roles the story. He has an undefeatable idealism. He is depicted as a perfect hero. In fact, he still has fear. He worries about marriage. He knows that marriage is a way to create Superman. Marriage is one of natural process that can not be rejected. As a man with philosophical view, he accepts the philosophical concept of the marriage, but naturally, he does not like marriage. He rejects marriage in order to live with his own way.

As Perrine (1974: 71) stating about dynamic character, John Tanner is that kind of character. Once, Tanner thinks that he is a Superman but then, he recognized that The Superman does not reveal yet. He declares that Ann is right. Even, Tanner confesses that marriage is an inevitable process that can not be rejected. By accepting Ann as his wife, he surrenders to the natural process of marriage. Lastly, He gets rid of his own will to serve the universe will that is the Life Force.

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TANNER. [seizing her in his arms] It is false: I love you. The Life Force enchants me: I have the whole world in my arms when I clasp you. But I am fighting for my freedom, for my honor, for myself, one and indivisible. (Act IV:p.218)

As a philosophical man, John Tanner views everything from his philosophical point of view. Everything he knows has philosophical aspects and every activity has philosophical motives. His point of view and mindset about philosophical manner also implies in his action. For him, an ideology is needed to improve mankind. His idea about moral hypocrisy, the Life Force, and better generation are the result of his philosophical point of view.

Obviously, Tanner is an exaggerative person. He over reacts about everything he looks. He thinks deeply about every aspect of life and gives comment about everything because he is easily offended or sensitive. His over reactive attitude about his appointment as Ann’s guardian, the hidden inner power of woman, and his escape from Ann’s pursuit are the result of his exaggeration.

So the writer concludes that John Tanner is a unique character with unique characteristics. He is placed as the hero of the play. John Tanner or Jack is a person who reveals the problematic issues. His extraordinary attitudes are made as the result of his powerful qualities as a progressive man who is able to observe mistakes in daily activity.

2. Don Juan Tenorio

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Don Juan but the playwright has made it into a new version which is still related to the previously versions.

This sequence of Act III is a dream interlude which is intended to be a continuation of previously Don Juan story. It begins when John Tanner, Enry Straker, and Mendoza the leader of the pirate group get sleep. The characters, who are similar to the previously plot, reveal. The main characters in the play are presented as dead characters from : Ann Whitefield as Donna Anna, Ramsden as her father, Don Gonzalo the Commendatore, Mendoza, the bandit who captures Tanner, as Lucifer or the Devil, and John Tanner himself as Don Juan Tenorio, as written in stage direction:

……It is all very odd. ………… Don Juan, of course; but where? why? how? Besides, in the brief lifting of his face, now hidden by his hat brim, there was a curious suggestion of Tanner. A more critical, fastidious, handsome face, paler and colder, without Tanner's impetuous credulity and enthusiasm, and without a touch of his modern plutocratic vulgarity, but still a resemblance, even an identity. The name too: Don Juan Tenorio, John Tanner. Where on earth---or elsewhere--have we got to from the XX century and the Sierra?

Another pallor in the void, this time not violet, but a disagreeable smoky yellow. With it, the whisper of a ghostly clarionet turning this tune into infinite sadness:……… (Act III: p.132)

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The story begins when the old woman is asking Don Juan about the way to heaven. Unfortunely, she recognizes that she was in hell. Don Juan suddenly recognizes her as Donna Ana when she turns herself back as a young woman. They talk each other until Don Pedro, Donna Ana’s father, come. Don Pedro appears in the form of a statue. They make a debate about life virtues and sins. Don Juan seems that he is different. He has his own valuation. Don Pedro and Donna Ana are not able to follow Don Juan’s critical view.

Applying the theory of character stated by Abcarian (1998: 21), the characterization of Don Juan Tenorio can be depicted from what he does, what he says, and what other characters say or reveal. The writer will describe the depiction of the character of Don Juan using that theory of character. The other theories of character will be stated later. The character of Don Juan will be described as follows:

According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1981 : 20) the character of Don Juan Tenorio is categorized as a minor character. He appears in particular setting and his role is the background of John Tanner as the major character. Although he enrols an important value as the major characters do, the character of Don Juan Tenorio is not fully developed. His existence is to support the development of John Tanner as the main character.

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to his philosophical concept, he was trapped in undeveloped place which does not support him to surpass higher level of humankind.

He gives strong cynical statements to the ideas, issues, and concepts which are considered as the right things. His first cynical statement is addressed to Ana’s mindset. Ana thinks that praying is a way to do in order to go to the heaven. Ana is not satisfied with her fate of being sent down to hell in spite of all the good conduct piled up in her life. She insists that heaven should be her reward. Meanwhile, Don Juan strikes her misconception by telling that because of what she has done, she must stay in hell. Don Juan explains to her, however, that there are many good people like her in hell. He states that hell is the place of honour, justice, and morality. He states directly that all her prayers deliver her into hell as her reward (Act III:p.148).

Cynically, he argues that Christianity does not improve society. He also criticises Catholicism, although he is a catholic. Depend on his argument, Christianity does not offer the significant improvement to the society. Catholicism which he means Christianity offers the idea of transcendent equality in the name of God. Don Juan denies the equality because some people are not in the same level as the others. According to Juan this idea is unrealistic. He rejects the unrealistic idea of Christianity because that is conventional and obsolete. He points out that the conventional idea of Christianity has a responsibility for moral degradation (Act III: p.155).

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By using cynical statements toward Christianity, he indirectly opposes the transcendent force. He believes that the transcendent idea can be replaced by intellectual idea. Transcendent idea brings down the humankind to the lowest level. It does not also prepare the coming of the better generation. The transcendence he means refers to the hell. With his long speeches, Don Juan, strongly criticize the transcendence as something hopeless and give no advance.

He replaces the idea of transcendence with his concept of the Life Force. He says that the Life Force is the most powerful energy to generate universe to the great advance. The Life Force works to make individual strives and progress. The followers of Life Force will seek the higher purpose of life. By using the energy of Life Force, Don Juan tries to break death and degeneration.

Then, Don Gonzalo, the commander who is transformed into a stone statue, pays visit from heaven. Don Gonzalo is Ana’s father. Once, he has forgotten her daughter’s name. Don Gonzalo takes no offence to Don Juan who has killed him. He wants to get away from heaven because he knows that hell is a place of pleasure. He is bored with his realistic life in heaven. He sometimes descends to hell to ask the devil in order to join with other people in hell.

Next, Lucifer, the devil appears. As the leader of the best society in hell (page 143), he has sympathy about happiness, love, pleasure, and beauty. He refuses the idealistic life view of Don Juan. In his view, a life is an enjoyment.

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different. As the idealistic realist, Don Juan tries to find out the meaning of life, while the statue is a character who wants to find out pleasure.

Don Juan’s cynical view is impressed in his anti-thesis of the mainstream idea in hell. He accuses that the hell morality is not appropriate for him. Hell which is similar to earth is not the place of idealism. As a philosophical idealist man, he rejects the existence of hell. He under estimates the devil and hell by saying that hell is an eternal boring life. It is a place of honor, glory and peace but for him it is nothing.

DON JUAN. Then you must stay here; for hell is the home of the unreal and of the seekers for happiness. It is the only refuge from heaven, which is, as I tell you, the home of the masters of reality, and from earth, which is the home of the slaves of reality. The earth is a nursery in which men and women play at being heros and heroines, saints and sinners; but they are dragged down from their fool's paradise by their bodies: hunger and cold and thirst, age and decay and disease, death above all, make them slaves of reality: thrice a day meals must be eaten and digested: thrice a century a new generation must be engendered: ages of faith, of romance, and of science are all driven at last to have but one prayer, "Make me a healthy animal." But here you escape the tyranny of the flesh; for here you are not an animal at all: you are a ghost, an appearance, an illusion, a convention, deathless, ageless: in a word, bodiless. …….(Act III:155)

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statement that hell is like earth but he refuses Juan’s opinion that hell is a paradise for common people (Act III: p.156).

Don Juan’s criticism against Lucifer shows his rejection of mass morality. For him, hell is other name of mass morality. He makes a protest against hell society although he is a member of hell society. He considers himself as advanced man who is not appropriate to the hell society. As an individualist, Don Juan is preferred to oppose the mainstream idea of the hell. Hell is the place of static ideas, eternal pleasure, and endless idiocy. He resolutely pronounces that he is not belonging to the hell but the other place, the heaven.

DON JUAN. ……… from earth, which is the home of the slaves of reality. The earth is a nursery in which men and women play at being heros and heroines, saints and sinners; but they are dragged down from their fool's paradise by their bodies: hunger and cold and thirst, age and decay and disease, death above all, make them slaves of reality: thrice a day meals must be eaten and digested: thrice a century a new generation must be engendered: ages of faith, of romance, and of science are all driven at last to have but one prayer, "Make me a healthy animal." (Act III:p.148)

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DON JUAN. ….But to Life, the force behind the man, intellect is a necessity, because without it he blunders into death……..so it is evolving today a mind’s eye that shall see, not the physical world, but the purpose of life, and thereby enable the individual to work for that purpose instead of thwarting and baffling it by setting up shortsighted personal aims as at present (Act III, p.151).

As an intellectual, Don Juan tries to criticize every aspect in natural process. His philosophical concept is elaborated in every topic revealed in the discussion. Lucifer also confesses that Don Juan is too intellect for the hell. As Lucifer says, Don Juan is a selfish egoist who is not belong to the hell.

DON JUAN. You are making me ill.

THE DEVIL. There! [Appealing to the statue] You hear, sir! Oh, by what irony of fate was this cold selfish egotist sent to my kingdom, and you taken to the icy mansions of the sky! (Act III;p.143)

His thought also impresses that he is a person who is anti obsolete. Lucifer, the devil as the leader of the hell, is obsolete character. As an obsolete person, he represents his society. When Don Juan debates the devil, he also criticizes the hell as the place of no progression and the people inside it. For Don Juan, the hell is the place of unreal and the home of happiness seekers. This hell condition does not give Don Juan awareness. That is why he considers that the hell and all the peoples inside it are obsolete. He is the only man who opposes that.

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your pretensions, no human comedy, nothing but a perpetual romance, a universal melodrama (Act III: p.148).

Don Juan Tenorio is the only character who shows his optimism despite his sceptical view. He finally, chooses heaven because the heaven is the place of contemplative spirit of self-consciousness and the hell is place of eternal spirit of pleasure seeker. He realizes that he lives in a bad situation but he makes a decision to prepare his better future. The only way to do is to leave hell and to move to heaven because heaven is the place belongs to superior humans like him. He believes that his idealism will be appreciated there, as what he says that heaven is the place which belongs to the masters of reality Act III:p.148).

B. Significances of Characters Representing Don Juan in Revealing the Idea of Superman

The idea of Superman is a philosophical concept raised by Friederich Nietzsche which is revealed in George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman. Reviewing from its title, it is obvious that the playwright depicts about the idea of Superman as the theme.

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Holman (1986:81) states in his theory of characterization that character is a brief draft that describes a personage who has a definite quality. Its quality relates to the idea of moral construction of human personality. In brief, each character has its own values. It can be concluded that the value of the character is a construction of idea. Through the figure of Don Juan the idea of Superman is revealed. Then, the figure of Don Juan which is represented into two different characters is very significant. In this part, the writer wants to elaborate what their significances are.

1. John Tanner

According to Barranger in Understanding Plays, character is a representation. Character is used by the playwright to represent some ideas. It is the most unique representational art because it represents idea throgh human being. In Man and Superman, the character of John Tanner is also a representation. The playwright sets him up as a personalised idea.

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meets the devil and makes some discussion about what he has done in his life. George Bernard Shaw takes Mozart’s version of Don Juan story as a source. It can be seen from the similarity of their name; Don Juan Tenorio as John Tanner, Donna Anna as Ann Whitefield, and Don Ottavio as Octavius Robinson. This also shows that the story of Don Juan in Man and Superman has a close connection with the previous version.

I have adapted this simple device to our occasion by thrusting into my perfectly modern three-act play a totally extraneous act in which my hero, enchanted by the air of the Sierra, has a dream in which his Mozartian ancestor appears and philosophizes at great length in a Shavio-Socratic dialogue with the lady, the statue, and the devil. (Shaw,1903:xvi)

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How far the character of John Tanner represents Don Juan character is seen in his characteristics which are similar to common characteristics of Don Juan in many literature works. The commonly characteristics Don Juan figure are depicted in the personality and the philosophical view of John Tanner.

The characterization of John Tanner can be evaluated in two different ways. There are sexual manner and philosophical manner. This distinction is related to the common characteristics of Don Juan. The review about Don Juan is also divided into two different points of views; sexual manner and philosophical manner (Ferrand, 1989:4-5). In fact, the characteristics of John Tanner reviewed from philosophical manner is closely similar to the common characteristics of Don Juan.

John Tanner, as described in stage direction, is a sensitive, susceptible, exaggerative, earnest man (Act I: p.50). He is also described as a megalomaniac. As he gets into to the story, he is seen as a strong character that is able to affect the events and other characters. He has significant qualities which are different and influential. His significant qualities are depicted in several characteristics, as follows; extraordinary, progressive, philosophical, critical, idealist, and intellectual.

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