BALINESE CASTE SYSTEM: A DECONSTRUCTIVE READING TO OKA RUSMINI’SEARTH DANCE.

(1)

BALINESE CASTE SYSTEM: A DECONSTRUCTIVE

READING TO OKA RUSMINI

’S

EARTH DANCE

A RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted to English Department of FPBS UPI as a partial requirement to Achieve SarjanaSastraDegree

By: SofyanWidianto

0909032

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

(2)

PAGE OF APPROVAL

“BALINESE CASTE SYSTEM: A DECONSTRUCTIVE READING TO OKA RUSMINI’S EARTH DANCE”

By

SofyanWidianto

0909032

Bandung, August 2015

Approved by

Supervisor

Dr. Rd. SafrinaNoorman, M. A.

NIP. 196207291987032003

The Head of English Education Department

Faculty of Language and Literature Education

Indonesia University of Education

Dr. Rd. SafrinaNoorman, M. A.

(3)

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION

I hereby state that this research paper entitled “Balinese Caste System: A Deconstructive Reading to Oka Rusmini’s Earth Dance” is completely my original work regarding the procedure of writing the paper, except where due to

the references or acknowledgements are made in the texts. It does not contain any

material which has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma

in any university or institution.

Bandung, August 2015

(4)

Sofyan Widianto, 2015

BALINESE CASTE SYSTEM: A DECONSTRUCTIVE READING TO OKA RUSMINI’SEARTH DANCE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

BALINESE CASTE SYSTEM: A DECONSTRUCTIVE READING TO OKA

RUSMINI’S EARTH DANCE

Sofyan Widianto (0909032)

Supervisor: Dr. Rd. Safrina Noorman, M.A.

This research aimed to make meaning from the Balinese caste system presented in Oka Rusmini's Earth Dance.The modification of deconstructive reading proposed by Barry (2002) was used as the method of the research to analyze the dynamics and complexities that occurred in the most distinctive binary opposition in the Balinese caste system. This research found that Wangsa Brahmana became the privileged binary in the Balinese caste system. The privilege came in the form of power resulted from wealth and lineage. A reversal of the binary opposition was found in the text when a reversed cross-caste marriage occurred. This reversal strengthened the power of Wangsa Brahmna and makes them remains as the privileged Wangsa in Balinese caste system. The privilege was influenced by the practice of the Balinese caste system through the myth, rules of naming, and traditional ceremonies. This means that Earth Dance can be categorized as a deconstructive text. From the findings, it can be inferred that Earth Dance had successful demonstrated the dynamics of the Balinese caste system in the form of binary opposition between Wangsa Brahmana and Wangsa Sudra. Although it succeeded in sympathizing it concerns to the marginalized Wangsa, the text here made a pragmatic ending for the story. Thus, has made Earth Dance a contemplative for the reader.

(5)

BALINESE CASTE SYSTEM: A DECONSTRUCTIVE READING TO OKA RUSMINI’SEARTH DANCE Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.7.2Data Collection and Data Analysis……….. 4

1.7.2.1 Data Collection……… 4

1.7.2.2 Data Analaysis………. 4

1.8 Clarification of the Terms………. 5

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Deconstruction……… 7

2.2Social Stratification………... 11

2.2.1Definition of Social Stratification……… 11

2.2.2Balinese Caste System………. 12

2.2.3 Balinese Marriage System……… 14

2.2.3.1 Marriage with memadik way (Purposing). 14 2.2.3.2 Marriage with Ngerorord way (Eloped)…. 14 2.2.3.3 Marriage with Ngunggahin way…………. 15

2.2.3.4 Marriage with Jejangkeupan way…….. 15

2.2.3.5 Type of Matrilokal marriage (Nyeburin.).. 15

(6)

BALINESE CASTE SYSTEM: A DECONSTRUCTIVE READING TO OKA RUSMINI’SEARTH DANCE Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method………. 18

3.2 Context of the Research………... 19

3.2.1Object of the research………. 19

3.2.2Synopsis of Earth Dance……………… 19

3.3 Data collection and analysis………. 21

3.3.1Data Collection………...21

3.3.2Data Analysis……… 22

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUCCIONS 4.1 Finding……….. 24

4.1.1 Economic privilege……… 24

4.1.2Privilege Rooted in Tradition………... 29

4.1.2.1Naming……… 29

4.1.2.2The Use of Myth………. 32

4.1.2.3Traditional Ceremonies……… 34

4.2 Discussion………. 36

4.2.1Ways of preserving power……… 36

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions………. 45

(7)

(8)

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the research. It covers the

background of the research, research questions, aims of the research, the scope of

the research, the significance of the research, clarification of terms, and

organization of the paper.

1.1 Background of the Research

Social stratification or class in a particular society has been an interesting

topic to disuss because it has a significant influence in social life. For example

many decicions are made with reference to class. Which has resulted in the

possibility that not every class is treated fairly.

According to Moeis (2008), social stratification is originally based on the word “stratum” which means layers. So, social stratification is a system which differentiates inhabitants of a society based on layers or hierarchal classes. The

system has many kinds of rules which control many aspects of life and it is

obeyed by all members of the society. The system differs from one culture to

another or one place to another.

In relation to this, Bali has their own social stratification system called

SistemWangsa Bali. This system is influenced by Hinduism and divides people

into four social classes which are called Wangsa. They are the Wangsa Brahmana,

Wangsa Waisya, Wangsa Ksatria, and Wangsa Sudra. According to the Veda, the

Balinese Holy Book, every division of caste has its own role and social function in

society. The people of Wangsa Brahama have the authority to decide on the rules

and regulation for the entire people. The Waisya has the role as the people who

(9)

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu

ensures the security of the society, and the people of Sudra have an order to drive

the economical sector.

However, the perception towards the system has shifted. Wiana and Raka

(cited from Budiana, 2009), explained that in Balinese society of today, there is a

concept named Triwangsa which put the Brahmana as the highest class among

any other Wangsa. This assumption directly put the people of Wangsa Sudra as

the lowest and has the role to serve the other Wangsas above.

In relation to this present research, the interaction of the Wangsas in a

novel will be discussed. A translated novel of Tarian Bumi entitled Earth Dance

written by Oka Rusmini (2000) was chosen to be the subject of the research. Earth

Dance is a Balinese novel that addresses the issue of the Balinese caste system.

This novel shows the complicated problems influenced by issues around the caste

system and its practices. The research looked into the complication of problems to

learn more about the Balinese caste system as it is presented in the novel. In order

to facilitate this research, the novel is refefed to as ED therein.

In this present research, a post-structuralism method called deconstructive

reading strategy was used in analyzing the novel. It was focused on the issue of

the Balinese caste system told in ED to reveal meanings which might underlie the

presentation of the Balinese caste system in the novel.

Deconstruction is not a method or a literary critic, but it can be called a

new way of reading to find other possible interpretations by focusing on the role

of binary oppositions depicted in the text (Derrida as cited by Barry, 2002).

Deconstructive reading strategy has to reverse its binary opposition to make new

interpretations regarding to its reversal. Thus, by using deconstruction reading

strategy, the researcher aims to reveal the possible meaning that can be made from

(10)

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.2Research Question

The inquiry will be guided by the following questions below:

1. What meanings can be made from the presentation of the Balinese caste

system in the novel using the deconstructive rading strategy?

1.3Aims of the Research

1. To make meaning from the Balinese caste system as presented in the novel.

1.4Scope of the Research

The research focuses on how a deconstructive reading reveals other

possible interpretation toward Balinese caste system in the novel entitled Earth

Dance written by Oka Rusmini.

1.5Significance of the Research

This research is expected to give contribution to the study of literature by

providing a new way to reveal possible hidden messages behind one particular

literary work and to see it in different perspectives. Besides, this study is also

expected to support and give more references on deconstruction study.

1.6Context of the research

The context of this research was about the Balinese caste system discussed in

the novel entitled Earth Dance written by Oka Rusmini. Thus, any other system

outside this novel and Balinesse will not be considered as the evidences.

1.7Research Methodology

(11)

The research is a textual analysis using a descriptive qualitative method.

According to Belsey (2002), textual analysis was essential to the research. it is

because textual analysis seeks to find new meaning to the text. To be specific the

textual analysis is a deconstructive reading strategy as Derrida introduced and

modified by Barry (2002).

Deconstruction can be called a new way in reading strategy to find other

possible interpretations by focusing on the role of binary oppositions depicted in

the text (Derrida as cited by Barry, 2002). Deconstructive reading has to reverse

the binary opposition to make new interpretations regarding its reversal.

In relation to this research, deconstructive reading strategy was used to

reveal the possible meaning which might underlie on the presentation of the

Balinese caste system in the novel by focusing on the interaction of selected

binary oposition from Balinese caste system in the text.

1.7.2 Data Collection and Data Analysis

1.7.2.1Data Collection

The data were collected from the novel Earth Dance by Oka Rusmini that

was published in 2007. The data used as the evidence in the process of analysis

were the dialogues, description and any conflicts relating to the Balinese caste

system.

1.7.2.2Data Analysis

By using the deconstructive reading strategy, the first thing to do is to

determine the most distinctive binaries in the text. In this case the binaries are two

women characters in the novel who representWangsa Brahmana and Sudra.They

are Luh Sekar and Ida Ayu Ngurah Pidada. The process of determining itself is

through the analysis of the conflicts encountered by the two women characters

stated before. The conflicts chosen to analyze are those related to the Balinese

(12)

After determining the most distinctive binaries in the text, the next thing to

do is deciding which binary that is privileged in the Balinese caste system and

identifying what kind of privilege that is obtained by its binary. This step is

functioned to define the hagemony influenced by the Balinese caste system that is

presented in the novel.

Furtermore, as the requirements of deconstructive reading strategy in

which to reverse the binary opposition in the text, the next process in to identify

the gaps that are potential for a reversal. This can be seen from the

cross-caste-marriage experienced by both women characters in the novel because this

situation tradionally can change their caste. Thus, this situation can be defined as

the reversal of binary oposition.

The next steps is to see the condition of this two women character after

they got married and changed their caste. This step is aimed to see the impact of

the cross-caste-marriage for both women characters in the novel as the

representation of the bianry oposition in the novel. More spesifically, it can give

more information about the condition of the privilege after being reversed.

The final process of analyzing the data is to make an interpretation about

Balinese caste system from the reversal of this binary oposition and make the

conclusion for the research.

1.8Clarification of the Terms

There were several terms needed to explain to avoid misunderstanding and

misconception as follows:

1. Deconstruction

- As implied in its name, deconstruction is to make something collapes so that

its meaning changed, thus Barry (2007) calls deconstruction as reading

(13)

reading strategy which allows the readers to make choices concerning to the

various valid levels of interpretation towards the text.

2. Binary opposition

- Tyson (2006) explains what Derrida stated about binary opposition. It is a

way to know the meaning of a word by their difference. A word could have

meaning because we know the opposite of the word itself. Thus, Binary

opposition is two things which can be contrasted and defined by reversing its

position.

-3. Caste system

- The caste system is an integral part of religious dogma which divides the

people into superior and inferior groups with different responsibilities,

functions and standards of living (Gopal, 2012).

1.9 Organization of the Research

This research was organized into five chapters.

1. Chapter I is Introduction which consists of background of the research,

research questions, aims of the research, scope of the research, significance

of the research, research methodology, data collection, data analysis,

clarification of terms, and organization of the research.

2. Chapter II is Theoretical Foundation. This chapter will provide the theoretical

background about deconstruction and also several previous researches related

to the context how deconstruction works.

3. Chapter III is Research Methodology. This chapter presents the research

method that is used in this present research. This chapter also covers the

(14)

4. Chapter IV is Finding and Discussion. This chapter consists of the analysis of

the data based on the textual evidences found in the novel. Besides, this

chapter will also provide the interpretation of the researcher towards the

finding.

5. Chapter V is Conclusion. This chapter will conclude the finding of the

(15)

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research procedure that explains how the

research is conducted. This chapter includes subject of the research, research

design, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Method

The research is a textual analysis using a descriptive qualitative method.

According to Belsey (2002), textual analysis was essential to the research. it is

because textual analysis seeks to find new meaning to the text. To be specific the

textual analysis is a deconstructive reading strategy as Derrida introduced and

modified by Barry (2002).

Barry (2002) describes that there are three stages of deconstructive reading

strategy: verbal, textual and linguistic stages. Referring to the three stages of

deconstructive reading strategy, this research employs deconstruction on the

modification of the first and the second stage because those two stages are enough

to answer the research question stated in previous chapter.

The first thing to do is to determine the most distinctive binaries in the

text. In this case the binaries are two women characters in the novel who represent

Wangsa Brahmana and Sudra. They are Luh Sekar and Ida Ayu Ngurah Pidada.

The process of determining the most distinctive binaries is through the analysis of

the conflicts encountered by the two women characters stated before. The

conflicts chosen to analyze are those related to the Balinese caste system.

After determining the most distinctive binaries in the text, the next thing to

do is deciding which binary that is privileged in the Balinese caste system and

(16)

functioned to explore the privilege influenced by the Balinese caste system that is

presented in the novel.

The next step is to reverse the binary opposition and to identify the gaps

that caused by the reversal. The reversal in the novel already exist in the text

because the characters experienced cross-caste marriage: Ni Luh sekar as a Sudra

woman married Ida Bagus Ngurah Pidada, a Brahmana man. This marriage

evokes many conflicts on her life. However, on the other side Ida Ayu Telaga

Pidada, Luh Sekar’s daughter married to Wayan Sasmitha, a man come from

Wangsa Sudra. So that, the reversal of the binary oppositions were happen due to

this cross-caste marriage.

The next step is to see the condition of this two women character after they

got married and changed their caste. This step is aimed to see the impact of the

cross-caste-marriage for both women characters in the novel as the representation

of the bianry oposition in the novel. More spesifically, it can give more

information about the condition of the privilege after being reversed.

The final process of analyzing the data is to make an interpretation about

Balinese caste system from the reversal of this binary oposition and make the

conclusion for the research.

.

3.2 Context of the Research

The context of this research is about the Balinnese caste system (system

wangsa) that backgrounds in the novel. Thus, any other system outside this novel

and Balinesse will not be considered as the evidences.

3.3 Object of the research

The object of the research is a novel entitled Tarian Bumi (2007) written

(17)

version of Tarian Bumi entitled Earth Dance. In order to facilitate this research,

the novel is ferefed to as ED that in.

3.4 Synopsis of Earth Dance

Earth Dance tells a story about Balinese society represented by imaginary

characters in the novel. Oka Rusmini, the writer, shows the other side of Bali

which has been well known previously by its culture and the beauty of the nature.

This 200-page-novel mostly tells about the position of women who experienced

suffering life because of the cultural rules in Balinese society, for example

Balinese caste system.

In the begining of the story, Earth Dance tells the strugle of a Balinese

woman named Luh Sekar, one of the representation of Balinese woman who came

from the Wangsa Sudra, the lowest caste in Balinese society. Her weaknesse in

economic condition made her wants to be a part of a noble family. She has an

ambition to marry a noble man named Ida Bagus Ngurah Pidada.

It was not easy for Luh Sekar to gain her ambition, she must sacrifice a lot

of hers, including her prestige and self regard. Luh sekar was a dancer whom

everyone enjoyed her body while watching her dancing on the stage. But, it was

different with Ida Bagus Ngurah Pidada. He did not only enjoyed from a distance

but he can also touch Luh Sekar’s body by his hands and smell her scent while she

was dancing because he had a lot of money to give.

Luh Sekar finally achieved her ambition to marry Ida Bagus Ngurah

Pidada, a Wangsa Brahmana man. It was true that Luh Sekar got the wealth that

she wanted after getting married, but at the same time her marriage could not

guarantee her happiness. She got many problems which made her life more

suffered. Her problems were mostly influenced by Balinese-caste-system and her

(18)

new name. Luh Sekar had to change her name into Jero Kenanga, the name which

initiated a Sudra woman who marries a Brahmana man. This name did not change

her status in the eyes of her new family, Brahmana Family. Instead she still had to

act like a Sudra woman in front of them and often treated disrespect by her

mother-in-law and her husband.

Luh Sekar gave birth for her daughter named Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada.

Contrasted to her mother, Telaga had Brahmana bloodline in her veins. By the

time goes by, its diferrences evoked many conflicts in their life. Telaga grew in

Brahmana family with all the rules that she had to addapt which confusing for her

day by day. Her mother forced her to live with Luh Sekar’s ambition in which she had to married with a Brahmana man. But Telaga did not follow her mother’s

order instead she chose to marry Wayan Sasmitha, a Sudra man. This situation

made Telaga decided to leaved her house and her family. She dared not to live

with the wealth and the prestige of Wangsa Brahmana anymore.

However, after a few years her husband died and since that time Telaga

faced many problem in her life. Her mother-in-law, Luh Gumbreg often blamed

all the misfortune in her family to Telaga. She believed that because of Telaga’s

marriage would invited misfortune due to the Balinese rule which said that a

Brahmana woman is forbidden to marry to a Sudra man. Sadri, her sister-in-law

also blamed Telaga and often cursed.

All the presasure that Telaga’s faced has made her took a decision to do a

ritual called Patiwangi. This ritual being held in order to erase the Brahmana

bloodline in her veins purposing to remove all the misfortune in her life.

3.5 Data collection and analysis

3.5.1 Data Collection

To answer the research question, there were some points that had to be

found. Those points were determining the most distinctive binary opposition in

(19)

redefine which binary got privilege. Moreover, some data were needed to find

those three points in which these data would be then analyzed.

In relation to the first point, which was determining the most distinctive

binary opposition in the text to define which binary that was privileged, the data

were collected from everything related to the main characters in the novel, Luh

Sekar and Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada. It is because those two characters came from

different Wangsa that were opposites. Luh sekar came from Wangsa Sudra while

Ida Ayu Telaga Pidada came from Wangsa Brahmana, which meant those two

characters could be defined as the representative figures of the most distinctive

binary opposition in the text. Furthermore, in order define which binary that was

privileged the data collected from the interactions between the most distinctive

binary opposition in the text, which were Wangsa Brahmana and Wangsa Sudra.

The data taken from the dialogues, monologues, descriptions and conflicts

experienced by those characters. Therefore, by analyzing this data, the researcher

could find which binary that was privilege.

The second point was about reversing the binary opposition in the text and

redefining which binary that was privilege. This was seen by collecting the data

from the dialogues, monologues and description of those two main characters,

who are Luh Sekar and Ida Ayu Ngurah Pidada. It was because these two

characters were uniquely experienced cross-caste marriage. Luh Sekar married a

Brahmana man named Ida Bagus Ngurah Pidada while Ida Ayu Ngurah Pidada,

her daughter, married Wayan Sasmitha, a man came from Wangsa Sudra. This

marriage culturally changed their status which meant this situation indicated as the

reversal of binary opposition.

3.5.2 Data Analysis

From the data analysis was conducted on 137 identified conflicts. These

(20)

system presented in the novel. After that, the next process was analyzing the data

in order to determine which binary that is privileged and unprivileged.

After decided which binary that is privileged and unprivileged, the further

analysis is focused on a detailed explanation of the type of the privilege that were

obtained. Moreover, it also describes the impact of this privilege for the life of the

two woman characters in the novel itself as the representative figure of the binary

opposition; until the researcher gets a certain conclusion about who exactly are

always being privileged and unprivileged. Furthermore, from the whole analysis

process, the researcher discover the existence of a bias in which Balinese caste

system is only privilege one of the Wangsa. This matter will be describes in detail

(21)

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusion of the research and suggestions.

5.1Conclusion

From the analysis of the data, as discussed in chapter IV it can be concluded

that Wangsa Brahmana is the privileged Wangsa in the Balinese caste system.

This privilege is in the form of power which is influenced by their wealth and

lineage. Furthermore, this research also found a reversal of the binary opposition

in the text indicated by the cross-caste marriages that experienced by the two

woman characters in the text as the representative figure of each Wangsa. This

reversal implies that the power of Wangsa Brahmana was strengthened and made

them remains as the privileged Wangsa in the Balinese caste system. This power

was strengthened by the practice of the Balinese caste system itself through the

traditions including myth, rules of naming and traditional ceremonies.

Furthermore, Earth Dance can be categorized as a deconstructive text. From the

findings, it can be inferred that Earth Dance had successful demonstrated the

dynamics of the Balinese caste system in the form of binary opposition between

Wangsa Brahmana and Wangsa Sudra. Although it succeeded in sympathizing it

concerns to the marginalized Wangsa, the text here made a pragmatic ending for

the story. Thus, has made Earth Dance a contemplative for the reader.

Suggestions

There are some suggestions that are based on the difficulties experienced

by the researcher during the research. One of the difficulties is in understanding

how to implement the deconstructive reading strategy to analyze a literary work.

In essence, the literary research is not just about how to apply literary criticism to

literary works alone, but the most important thing is to understand the language

that is used. Therefore, for future researchers who will use the same method, they

(22)

theory, etc, to make it easier to understand the intention and purpose of a sentence

to reduce misconceptions about what it means.

Moreover, because this study used a translated novel, thus for further

researcher it will be better if it is done by the method of comparative literature

research. However, after conducting this research, it can also be proved that the

local literary works also worth to be analyzed because they have a very complex

(23)

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu References

Barry, Peter. (2002). Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural

Theory Second Edition. Manchester, UK. Manchester University Press.

Banerjee, Abhijit; Esther Duflo; Maitreesh Ghatak; and Jeanne Lafortune. (2009).

“Marry for what: caste and mate selection in modern India”. National

Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Working Paper Series, No. 14958.

American Economic Journal.

Bressler, Charles E. (2007) Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and

Practice. Fourth Edition. New Jersey. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Deshpande, Manali S. (2010). “History of The Indian Caste System and Its Impact on India Today”. Senior Project Social Sciences Department

College of Liberal Arts California Polytechnic State University, San Luis

Obispo Fall, 2010. [online]. Available at

digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=s ocssp HISTORY OF THE INDIAN CASTE SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIA TODAY.pdf. 2015

Falth, Sebastian. (2013). Social Class and Status in Fitzgerald’s The Great

Gatsby. [Online]. Available at http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:667768/fulltext01.pdf. 2015.

Kar, Dev. (2007). “ Religion and Roots of India’s Caste System”. The Washington Post. 2014.

Kerbo, Harlod R. (2012). Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in

(24)

Moeis, Drs. Syarif. (2008). S. [online]. Available at: http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._SEJARAH/19590305198 9011-SYARIF_MOEIS/BAHAN__KULIAH__2.pdf. 2014

Montashery and Ruzbeh Babaee. (2011). “Stephan’s Brave New World: A Deconstructive Reading on James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man”. Studies in Literature and Language Vol. 3, No. 3, 2011, pp. 127-132 DOI:10.3968/j.sll.1923156320110303.200. Canadian Academy

of Oriental and Occidental Culture.

Newman, Saul. (2001). Derrida’s Deconstruction of Authority. Sydney, Australia. The Anarchys Library Anty-Copyright.

Norris, Christopher. (2002) Deconstruction: Theory and Practice. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.

Patria, Nezar and Andi Arief. (2003). Antonio Gamsci; Negara dan Hegemoni. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar

Rao, Jasmine. (2010). “The Caste System: Effects on Poverty in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka”. Global Majority E-Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2 (December 2010),

pp. 97-106.[Online]. Available at

https://www.american.edu/cas/economics/ejournal/upload/Global_Majorit y_e_Journal_1-2_Rao.pdf. 2014.

Rapp, Erica R. (2012). Watchmen: Deconstructing the Superhero. Besty Brimingham. English Capstone.

Tanghizadeh, Ali. Metaphorical Signification in Henry James‟s The Wings of the Dove: A Deconstructive Reading. Theory and Practice in Language

Studies, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 1162-1170. Finland. Academy Publisher.

(25)

Wang, Li. (2011). “The Deconstructive Reading on Moll Flanders”. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 1245-1248. Finland.

Academy Publisher.

Wibowo, Suluh Edi. (2010). Pertentangan ANtar Kelas Dalam Novel Germinal

Karya Émile Zola. [online]. Available at: