INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF
GOAT THROUGH REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT
I-G.M. BUDIARSANA dan I-K. SUTAMA Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production
PO Box 221 Bogor 16002 Indonesia budiarsana_99@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
In Indonesia there are two main breeds of goat, i.e. Kacang and Peranakan Etawah (PE) goats. The Kacang goats are categorized as meat producer while meat and milk production for Peranakan Etawah (PE) goats. These goats are well adapted to tropical condition in Indonesia. Reproductive performance is one of main determinants of goat productivity. High reproduction rates will yield high profit. The biological productivity is determined by the fundamental process of reproduction, growth and mortality rate. The objective of this paper is to describe the effect of goat’s reproduction management on goat productivity and economic efficiency and propose development strategies that may have specific applications in Indonesia. Goat farming is significantly affected by productivity and need some efforts to increase reproduction rate. The success of livestock reproduction activity is controlled by hormonal mechanisms, such as estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH and testosterone are that important in process of mating, ovulation, fertilization and pregnancy. Pre-weaning mortality is still high (10 – 50%) is another factors that need farmers attention. The minimum scale of operation may cause limited farmers awareness to raising goats and this is a challenge that must be faced to increase goats productivity. Some efforts need to do to encourage farmers to raise goats as a main bussines, so the introduction of technology could be easier to be transformed.
Key words: Goat, Economics, Reproduction
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, there are two main breeds of goat i.e. Kacang and Peranakan Etawah (PE) goats. The Kacang goats are categorized as meat producer while meat and milk production for Peranakan Etawah (PE). Both of these goats are well adapted to tropical condition in Indonesia, and kept as an important component of farming activities by smallholders. Close to ninety nine percent of goat is raised by smallholders, and has important role in their households.
Small ruminant’s production such as goat and sheep plays an important role as an income generating activity, particularly for the smallholders, whilst being a source of animal protein to support the national program (Soedjana, 1993). The biological and economic function of goat has long been recognized. Besides producing animal products, they also provide manure to maintain soil fertility (Suradisastra, 1993). The contribution of goats within the total farming income for small holder is substantial (Sabrani and Siregar, 1981; Sabrani and Knipscheer, 1992)
Reproductive performance is one of the main determinants of goat productivity, that applied to breeding of animal for meat production (O`Shea, 1993). High reproduction rates are essential for profit in meat goat production (Ezekwe and Lovin, 1996) and determined by the number of progeny delivered in a given period of time (Greyling, 2000).
The biological productivity of livestock is determined by the fundamental processes of reproduction, growth and development, and death. The level of reproductive performance is dependent on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors (Greyling, 2000) and has to be given priority (Barding et al., 2000). The most important factor affecting offtake rates is the number of young weaned per female per year.
The objective of this paper is to describe the role of goat’s reproduction management effect on goat productivity and economic efficiency and propose development strategies that may have specific applications in Indonesia.
REPRODUCTION OF GOATS In a tropical country such as Indonesia, the Kacang and Peranakan Etawah goats are capable for breeding all year round, that means no breeding season for Kacang and Peranakan Etawah goats. Restall (1991) reported that goats in the tropics are aseasonal. This may be because there is little variation in day length in the tropical region and changes in day length are believed to be the signal which control seasonal rhythms in temperate regions. It may be also because Indonesian breeds are incapable of responding to a change in day length (Lindsay et al., 1982).
Reproductive characteristics
Knowing the characteristics of a goat reproduction is important in order to maximize their efficiency on management and maintenance applied. Some reproductive parameters are shown in Table 1.
Growth rate
The body size of Kacang goats is small and well known as a goat with short kidding interval. The goats are also known as a prolific goat, with average litter size as 1 : 56 (Subandriyo et al., 1986), and kidding interval of 6 – 8 months, which means almost 3 times in 2 years of kidding. On the other hand, the PE goats have the ability to produce milk (OBST and Napitupulu, 1984; Sutama et al., 1995; Subhagiana 1998; Adriani et al., 2003).
The relatively slow growth and high pre-weaning mortality of kids from the PE and
Kacang goats are factors that affect into production efficiency. Selection within a breed that has high productivity is alternative to improve genetic quality, although the response was relatively low (Horst and Mathur, 1991).
Crossing is the one of many techniques to increase goat’s productivity, followed by selection Setiadi (2000). Meanwhile, the same study on milk productivity of PE goats reported by Sutama (1999).
Faster productivity improvements that have been reported by Setiadi et al. (2000; 2001) through crossbreeding program (crosses) Kacang with Boer goats as goat meat. Through this program, there was an increase in kid birth weight (13%) and weaning weight (50 – 70%), while the average weight at age 6 months reached 18.7 kg that is equivalent to one year old of Kacang goat. The same result were reported for Boer goat crossed (Boereta) (Sutama et al., 2002d; 2003), although the results were not as high as Boer × Kacang (BKA) (Table 2). This is a shortcut way to improve the productivity, and should be done carefully in order to keep existence of local animal genetic resources.
Sodiq and Sadewo (2008) reported that the average condition size at birth, preweaning mortality, and kidding interval of PE goat the village were 1.64 ± 0.03 kids; 5.9%; and 285 ± 2.59 days, respectively. The results revealed that there were nonǦgenetic factors exerted significant influences on reproductive performance and preweaning mortality. Litter size is defined as the number of kids per kidding. By crossbreeding the weaning weight and survival rate weaning, and doe productivity were increased 7%, 2% and 5%, respectively. Weaning weight and growth
Table 1. Reproductive parameters in goats.
Parameter Mean (Range)
Type of estrus cycle Polyestrus (unaffected season)
The length of estrus cycle 21 days (18 – 24 days) Duration of estrus 36 hours
Surge secretions of LH hormone 3 – 6 hours after onset estrus
Ovulation 12 – 24 hours after the LH hormone or 30 – 36 hours after estrus Mating time (optimal) 24 – 36 hours after onset estrus
Length of pregnancy 150 days (147-155 days) Age of puberty 6 – 8 months
Table 2. Growth rate of Kacang and Boer goats
Parameter
Romjali et al. (2001) Setiadi et al. (2000, 2001) Sutama et al. (2003) Boer PE u Kacang Boer u Kacang Kacang u Kacang PE u PE Birth weight (kg) 2.62 2.04 2.42 2.14 3.68 Weaning weight (kg) 10.50 5.2 13.02 7.67 10.78 ADG (g) 87 35.2 117.8 73.3 78
Body weight in one year (kg)
NA 28.9 NA 25 – 29
during the pre-weaning period is largely determined by milk dam production (Steve, et
al, 2001; Urdaneta et al., 2000). Madibela et al. (2002) concluded that birth weight was
positively correlated with the growth rate. Sex of kid influenced the weight at weaning and male kids tend to be heavier than female (Zhou
et al. 2003) and Lusweti (2000).
Kidding percentage under traditional village condition can be improved through the practice of supplementation, particularly during the preǦmating period (flushing). Supplementation will also contribute to improve the body condition of the does and subsequently result in better kidding performance (Saddul et
al., 1999). With a gestation period of 150 days
and an estrus cycle of 17 days, a minimum kidding interval of 167 days can be expected before a female becomes pregnant in the first day of the cycle. The kidding interval of 9.4 months indicates the ability of the goats to breed throughout the year.
There is a need for supplementary feeding during the whole reproductive period to ensure that the does attain adequate body condition at mating and a rapid recovery of body condition postǦkidding. Rae et al. (2001, 2002) reported the effect lifetime reproductive function of female sheep occured under nutrition during late gestation and early neonatal life. The low protein diet influenced the body weight and weight gain of growing lambs (Polkowska et
al., 2003). Batubara (2004) studied on
utilization of by products on farm and oil palm industries level as additional feed. Bhatta et al. (2007) revealed that the performance of animals was good when fed on complete feed mixture. The development of feeding system which is based on the local resources is the milestone in supporting sustainable and
competitive goat production systems in Indonesia (Ginting, 2004). The residues and byǦproducts of many kinds of food crops, horticultures and plantation crops are potential sources of locally available feeds for goat production.
Productivity improvement
Farmers’ income from animal raising is influenced by their productivity include its production and reproductive performance. Reproductive success of the livestock activity is controlled by hormonal mechanisms, such as hormones of estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH and testosterone are an important reproductive hormone involved in the process of mating, ovulation, fertilization and pregnancy. Amir and Knipscheer (1989) stated that the productivity of a mother (PI) is a product of the parent reproduction index (IRI) with average weaning weight (WW):
PI : IRI × average WW IRI : LS (1-M) / KI LS : Litter size M : Mortality rate (%) KI : Kidding interval (years).
Therefore, efforts to increase the productivity of livestock should be done through increasing litter size and weaning weight, reducing mortality and shorten kidding interval.
Increase in litter size and weaning weight Increase in litter size associated with decreased birth weight, which in turn will result in lower weaning weight as well.
Similarly, higher litter size will be followed by increased in mortality (Sutama et al., 1993). Liter size made efforts to increase a number of eggs in one cycle ovulated. Increasing the number of ovulation called superovulation. In t goats, injection of hormone PMSG as much as 500 – 700 iu /dam at end of progesterone treatment in program synchronized more effective in ovulation and increase the number of kids birth (Artiningsih et al., 1996; Adriani
et al., 2003). Superovulation technology can
also increase milk production by 34% (Adriani
et al., 2003), and associated with higher levels
of progesterone and estrogen hormones. Feeding good quality in a short time before mating time ("flushing") can also increase ovulation and litter size.
Reduce kid mortality rate
The kid mortality pre weaning has cause a high of economic losses to goat farmers. Low survivability and high mortalities result in low weaning percentages. Any attempt made to ensure survival of kids is bound to increase productivity and economic returns (Ademosun, 1987; Lebbie and Manzini, 1989).
Mortality of kids may be reduced by control of internal and external parasites, feeding the dam, vaccination and improved housing (Morand-Fehr et al., 1984; Boomker et
al., 1997; Payne and Wilson, 1999). Weaning
percentage is a measure of survivability of kids from birth to weaning. Prolificacy (number of kids per doe that kidded per year) is a measure of multiple births and does that kidding more than once in a year. Kidding percentage is a measure of the kids born per doe in the flock and is a measure of the flock composition (Donkin, 1993).
Preweaning kid mortality rate could reach 10 – 50% (Sutama et al., 1993, Adriani et al., 2003) is a high losses for goat breeding business. Kid mortality in multiple births of 3 or 4 (26 – 43%) higher than in single or twin births (17 – 18%) (Sutama et al., 1993). The low birth weight, poor dam and lack of milk production are the main cause of death of kid. In period of age of 0 – 3 days is a critical period for goat where death is common. In that period need to have more attentation. Make sure the kid gets enough colostrum because it
will affect the durability and the subsequent growth of kid. Superovulation treatment and/or improvement of feed for pregnant mother can increase birth weight and finally pre-weaning mortality is lower (Adriani et al., 2003). Application of technology "creep feeding" can suppress the level of kid mortality and improving growth rate (Martawidjaja et al., 1995).
Shorten kidding interval
On local goats, generally kidding intervals was 7 – 8 months. Long kidding interval generally occurs due to failure in heat detection and these especially in goats kept in an intensive system. An easy way to overcome this problem is to put the male in the group of females as long as 2 – 3 months after partus.
It could be advised that dam should be mated on the second day after the onset of estrus or heat and repeated 12 hours later. Three are two mating systems in goats which are natural mating and artificial mating (AI). Natural mating resulted in a higher pregnancy rate than AI.
Natural mating
An easy way to get a high pregnancy rate is the natural mating system either by means of hand mating or free mating within a flock. The ratio between male and female in this type of mating could be done in 1 : (10 – 50) head or even bigger under a better management. In tropical areas like Indonesia, heat cycle in goats occurs throughout the year, and this means that goat will be able to have kid as their reproduction cycle, as long as their body condition is good. The period of around birth time is a period that is critical for the does as well as the kids, so it requires more intensive attention. Kid mortality generally occurs within a period of several days after kidding time.
The use of intravaginal progesterone for 14 days in goat could stimulate 90 – 100% dam to become estrus. Some research on the estrus synchronization is shown in (Table 4). Before synchronized is applied, it is important to assess especially in economics term because it uses relatively expensive. Besides hormonal synchronization, there is another estrus
Tabel 4. The effect of synchronization on productivity of PE goat
Parameter synchronization Biological Chemical synchronization Progestagen Progetagen + PMSG
Duration of treatment (days) - 12 – 14 12 – 14
Total estrus (%) 100 95.8 90 – 100 Total pregnancy (%) 30 17 – 83 14 – 80 Ovulation rate 0.9 1.29 2.60 Litter size 1.3 1.29 1.80 Birth weight (kg) 3.9 3.67 4.54 Weaning weight (kg) 9.96 13.11
synchronization technology (biological technique) available which is cheaper. In this technique the does that were previously isolated from buck in a certain time (4 – 6 weeks) then suddenly introduced to each other. Within 2 – 8 days the female animals will show signs of estrus. But this technique the estrus percentage of does is lower than the hormonal technique. (Adiati et al., 1997; Sianturi et al., 1997).
Artificial insemination and embryo transfer Artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET) technology in goat are not much practiced and not as popular as cattle. Several reasons occured, but more prominent is in its efficiency. ET technology is expensive and required handling very well. ET technology in goats in Indonesia has not been so urgent to do, although through ET technology will able to accelerate the genetic improvement of livestock quality and productivity. AI is associated with estrus synchronization, semen storage technology. Technically, goat semen can be stored in form of frozen semen, and from some research, it is known that the tris-citrate diluent is quite effective in maintaining the quality of spermatozoa stored in frozen form (Deka and Rao, 1987; Azawi et al., 1993;
Iritani, 1980; Situmorang, 1990; Tambing et
al., 2000; 2001; 2003; 2004; Budiarsana et al.,
2001; Sutama et al., 2002 c). A difficulty in conducting intra-uterine semen deposition is one constraint on AI in goats. Generally in AI practiced, semen deposition can only be done in the cervix or vagina.
While the capacitation time on goat spermatozoa is not certain but is estimated to be equal to bovine spermatozoa capacitation time, that is 5 – 6 hours (Bearden and Fuquay, 1997). The results of AI research on goats showed very different results. AI carried out about 20 – 25 hours after onset of estrus tend to give the pregnancy rate (37.5%) lower than the AI performed 35 – 40 hours (37 – 5%) after the onset of estrus (Budiarsana et al., 2001). In contrast to the results obtained Ngangi (2002) in which the AI before 23 hours of onset lust produces a higher pregnancy rate of AI that was carried over 27 hours after the onset of lust (Table 5). These results are still lower than the 67 – 75% in AI performed 12 hours after the onset of estrus (Leboeouf et al., 2000), but still comparable with the results of 33 – 73% that have been reported by Baril et al. (1993) and Roca et al. (1997). Low levels of pregnancy, which was obtained the AI goats and other technical reasons, may be one factor that led to the implementation less developed of AI in
Table 5. Pregnancy rate of AI and natural mating on goats
Treatment Pregnancy rate (%) Reference
AI Time 20 – 24 vs 35 – 40 hours after onset estrus 37.5 vs 40.9 Budiarsana et al. (2001) AI Time 14 – 23 vs 27 – 34 hours after onset estrus 46.7 vs 27.7 Ngangi (2002)
goats. The technology has a significant contribution in improving the productivity of livestock, especially in the use of superior males (superior) good ang right, nating management/AI is necessary in order not to harm the farmers due to low pregnancy rate obtained. For does that are not pregnant, the choice of natural mating or AI back in the next cycle should be considered as well.
CONCLUSION
In general, local goat Indonesia has been quite prolific, but reproductive failures still occured as a result of various factors. The minimum scale may cause limited farmers’ attention to raising goat production of operation. This is a challenge that must be faced to develop and increase productivity in goats. Biologically there is significant room for improvement of productivity of local goats although the local goats (Kacang and PE) are quite prolific. Superovulation technology has been able to improve the reproductivity of the goat (LS, birth weight and pre-weaning growth shorten kidding interval). Pre-weaning mortality is still high are other factors that need to sort it out due to, mis management.
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DISCUSSION
Question:
1. Could you please explain biological synchronization.
2. Could you compare the PE u PE vs others in economic analysis. 3. What kind of manangement get more survivality.
Answers:
1. Put the moles in the same pen into the female. 2. PE is much better than Kacang.
3. Adding light to kids after born. For pre – weaning management. Floor need to be suitable for kidding.
