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)SBN )NDONES)A - 0 - -0- )SBN V)ETNAM - 0 - - 0 0-0 Co pariso of Cultural Values i Three I do esia Su -Cultures
Mir a Surya Perdha a*
Depa t e t of Ma age e t, Fa ult of E o o i s a d Busi ess, U i e sitas Dipo ego o, I do esia
De ia Arda
Maste of Ma age e t P og a , U i e sitas Dipo ego o, I do esia
*Co espo de e: i a .pe dha a@u dip.a .id
A stra t
The ai of this stud is to o pa e the ultu al alues of po e dista e a d olle ti is a o g th ee I do esia su - ultu es: Ja a ese, “u da ese a d Chi ese I do esia s. “i e ost esea h i the field of oss ultu al a age e t i I do esia ea the p o le of ultu e ge e alizatio , it is ital to i estigate ultu al alues at the su - ultu al le el. Resea h fo usi g o su - ultu al le el is a le to e plo e the ua es a d disti guished ha a te isti s a o g eth i g oups o egio s; espe iall i a ultu all - o ple ou t su h as I do esia.
To o pa e ultu al alues, this stud utilizes Value “u e Module 8 i st u e t a d adopted its al ulatio fo ula. A Total of 6 espo de ts e e i ol ed, ith the o positio of
Ja a ese, 6 “u da ese a d Chi ese I do esia s. The Value “u e Module 8
uestio ai es e e dist i uted th ough a uasi-s o all sa pli g ethod to o pa ies lo ated i Ce t al a d West Ja a.
The a al sis of ua titati e data e ealed the a iatio of po e dista e a d olle ti is s o es a o g the th ee su - ultu es. This fi di g ei fo es the a gu e t that ea h I do esia su - ultu e is u i ue, a d gi es e ide e that easu i g ultu e i a ultu all - o ple ou t su h as I do esia is i a u ate. I pli atio s fo theo a d p a ti es e e also dis ussed.
Key ords: I do esia, Po e Dista e, Colle ti is , “u - ultu al Co pa iso
. Resear h Ba kgrou d
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)SBN )NDONES)A - 0 - -0- )SBN V)ETNAM - 0 - - 0 0-0 pa ti ula atio ha e a olle ti e atio al ha a te that ill efle t thei ultu al e tal p og a i g.
To o pa e the ultu al alues of the Ja a ese, “u da ese a d Chi ese I do esia s, this stud utilize Hofstede’s di e sio of po e dista e a d i di idualis / olle ti is . Po e Dista e is the e te t to hi h less po e ful e e s of o ga izatio s/i stitutio s a ept that po e is dist i uted u e uall . This efle ts the alues of the less po e ful e e s i so iet a d also those ho ha e o e po e Pe dha a, .
Colle ti is is the te de of people to joi i a g oup o olle ti e a d taki g a e fo o e a othe i e ha ge fo lo alt a o g the . Its opposite, I di idualis , is the te de of people to at h the sel es a d thei lose elati e o l . Hofstede's easu e the deg ee of i di idualis i to t o poles of o ti uu : the lo e the deg ee of i di idualis ea s that people a e te di g to e olle ti ist. Colle ti is is the te de of people to joi i a g oup o olle ti e a d taki g a e fo o e a othe i e ha ge fo lo alt a o g the Pe dha a,
.
To easu e the po e dista e a d olle ti is s o e, this stud utilize Value “u e Module , a i st u e t de eloped Hofstede, Hofstede, Mi ko a d Vi ke . The
al ulatio fo ula fo po e dista e a d olle ti is di e sio a e as follo s:
Ta le . Cal ulatio For ula S ore for Po er Dista e a d I di idualis /Colle ti is
Power Distance = 35(m07 – m02) + 25(m23 – m26) + C(pd)
Individualism = 35(m04 – m01) + 35(m09 – m06) + C(ic)
. Ja a ese Perspe ti e o Po er Dista e a d Colle ti is
I elatio to the ultu al di e sio of po e dista e, the e a e se e al Ja a ese ultu al alues that should e take i to atte tio . The fi st Ja a ese alue is the p i iple of espe t. Ja a ese people, oth i spee h o eha io , ha e to espe t othe people i a o da e ith thei so ial status Mag is-“use o, . I di iduals should k o he to ho ou a d espe t people i highe positio , hile espo si le a d a ti g as fathe / othe to those i lo e positio s Mag is-“use o, . This a tio also efle ted i the use of la guage a d gestu e he so eo e talks to othe people i highe usi g Ja a ese k a a o lo e
usi g Ja a ese goko positio .
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)SBN )NDONES)A - 0 - -0- )SBN V)ETNAM - 0 - - 0 0-0 . Method
With the o side atio that ot all of the espo de ts ha i g good p ofi ie i E glish, the Value “u e Module Hofstede et al., e e t a slated i to I do esia . Fi e I do esia g aduate stude ts ho a e ha i g good p ofi ie i E glish had pa ti ipated i pilot testi g to o fi the a u a .
Respo de ts of ou su e s e e iddle a age s o ki g i Ja a ese o ed a d Chi ese-I do esia o ed o pa ies ased i Ce t al Ja a p o i e, I do esia. The “u da ese sa ples o igi ated f o o pa ies i West Ja a. All uestio ai es e e dist i uted th ough a uasi-s o all sa pli g ethod. I ea h o pa , esea he s asked the Hu a Resou e Depa t e t to dist i ute the uestio ai e to a age s ho et the ite ia. “pe ifi fo the Ja a ese a d “u da ese sa ples, all espo de ts ide tified the sel es as Ja a ese a d “u da ese . I Chi ese-I do esia o ed o pa ies, Chi ese-I do esia espo de ts so eti es did ot a t to ide tif the sel es as Chi ese-I do esia . The p efe to all the sel es I do esia . “u h o ditio is u de sta da le, o side i g that i the past, Chi ese-I do esia as a gued to suffe f o dis i i atio f o the Ne O de go e e t Ta , .
All o pa ies pa ti ipati g i this esea h fulfil e tai ite ia su h as ha i g at least e plo ees a d i i u et asset of Billio Rupiah e e applied. I ou su e s, pa ti ipated Ja a ese a d Chi ese-I do esia o ed o pa ies e e ope ati g i a ufa tu i g, fi a ial, health a e, tele o u i atio , i i g, o st u tio a d t adi g se to s. “u da ese o pa ies e e all ope ati g i the a ufa tu i g se to o l .
Fo the pu pose of this stud , all e plo ees ho e e i ha ge of te o o e su o di ate e e o side ed as iddle a age s. The a age s should also ha e o ked i the o pa fo at least fi e ea s.
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)SBN )NDONES)A - 0 - -0- )SBN V)ETNAM - 0 - - 0 0-0 The al ulatio of the ultu al alue s o e of po e dista e a d olle ti is e e ased o Hofstede et al.’s V“M fo ula. The utilizatio of V“M s o e e a le this stud to o pa es the ultu al alues of the Ja a ese, “u da ese a d Chi ese I do esia s.
. Result a d Dis ussio
The al ulatio esults of this stud a e p ese ted alo gside the ultu al alue s o es of po e dista e a d i di idualis / olle ti is a o di g to Hofstede et al. esult. It should e oted ho e e ; that the s o es of this esea h a ot e di e tl o pa ed ith Hofstede et al.’s s o es e ause of the diffe e e i espo de t ite ia, sa ple size, a d i ple e tatio ti e of the esea h. Thus, this stud a al ulate its o di e sio s o es fo a age s i Ja a ese, “u da ese, a d Chi ese-I do esia o pa ies. The al ulatio i this stud as ased o the data p o ided a at hi g sa ple of a age s, a d a o l a al se a d e aluate the elati e diffe e es a d te de ies of these s o es ith Hofstede et al’s s o es.
Ta le . Results of ork related alues of a agers orki g i Ja a ese o pa ies, Su da ese o pa ies a d Chi ese I do esia s o pa ies
CULTURAL VALUES JAVANESE SUNDANESE
CHINESE-INDONESIANS HOFSTEDE
Po e Dista e . . .
I di idualis / Colle ti is . . .
The po e dista e s o e of the th ee g oups of espo de ts is ot as high as Hofstede’s po e dista e s o e of I do esia. A o di g to Hofstede , the lo e le el of po e dista e a e e plai ed; espe iall e ause depe de e o the po e of othe s i a la ge pa t of ou o ld has ee edu ed o e the past t o ge e atio s p. . The de li e i the po e dista e s o e is ai l aused the i ease of li e atio a d e a ipatio o e e t, politi al t e ds, a d the i eased edu atio al le els i a ou t ies. All these aspe ts gi e o t i utio to a d the lo e s o e of po e dista e.
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)SBN )NDONES)A - 0 - -0- )SBN V)ETNAM - 0 - - 0 0-0 a age s o ki g i Ja a ese o ed o pa ies. Ne e theless, the po e dista e of a age s o ki g i all o pa ies is ot as high as the po e dista e of the I do esia s Hofstede, . The de li e i po e dista e s o e o pa ed to Hofstede’s s o e of I do esia efle ts the ha ge i politi al a d espe iall edu atio se to that has ee happe o e the last th ee de ades i I do esia.
At the sa e ti e, a age s espe iall f o the Ja a ese o ed o pa ies a e sho i g te de to a d i di idualis , o pa ed to the “u da ese a d Chi ese-I do esia a age s. Although a age s o ki g fo Chi ese-I do esia o pa ies sho a st o ge olle ti ist attitude, the e is a sig ifi a t diffe e e o pa ed to Hofstede et al. esult hi h stati g that I do esia de o st ates a e st o g olle ti ist attitude. The fi di gs suggest that I do esia s is ad a i g to a d a i di idualisti so iet .
The li itatio of this stud is the ge e aliza ilit . Although this stud a e used to ep ese t illio Ja a ese people i I do esia, illio “u da ese a d illio of Chi ese-I do esia ; ho e e ; still o l fo us o out of hu d eds of ultu al g oups i I do esia. With all of its o ple it , a p ope easu e of I do esia atio al ultu e a e e o ple i te of ti e a d osts. Fu the stud to o pa e othe su - ultu al g oup i I do esia is e ou aged; ith p io it gi e to othe la ge eth i g oup su h as Makassa , Pada g, A eh, Madu a a d A o ese.
Fi all , the fi di g of this stud ei fo es the a gu e t that I do esia’s ultu e is u i ue a d a ied. Measu i g ultu e i a ultu all - o ple ou t su h as I do esia a ot e o du ted ith ge e alizatio app oa h si e it ill lead to false a d i a u ate esult. As a additio , futu e esea h o I do esia’s su - ultu e eeds to o side appl i g ualitati e te h i ue to u o e the u i ue ultu al ha a te isti s of the o se ed eth i g oup.
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