4 standar akuntansi perbandingan

(1)

Sesi 4

(2)

Akuntansi dan

Bandi FE UNS: bandi.staff.fe.uns.ac.id

(3)

1. Memahami pentingnya standar akuntansi

keuangan

2. Memahami pentingnya standar akuntansi dlm

lingkungan akuntansi

3. Memahami standar akutansi dan perkembangan

Standar akuntansi

(4)

Bukti Bk

Akti: proses pencatatan, pengelompokan, peringkasan, dan

(5)

• Proses Akuntansi keuangan:

• Proses yg dimulai dari bukti akuntansi s/d laporan keuangan unt pihak eksternal.

• Perlu standar • Perlu standar

• Proses Auditing:

• Proses yg dimulai dari laporan keuangan s/d bukti akuntansi, untuk memastikan kesusuian dg ukuran tertentu.

(6)

FASB

AICPA

Industri

GAAP Manajer

Informasi Ekonomi Industri

Pengungkapan sukarela AICPA

Enforcement and Monitoring Mechanisms SEC _GovernanceCorporate _Auditor

(7)

8-K

(Current Report)

20-F

(Registration Statement/ Annual Report [Foreign])

Other

SEC Filings

14-A

(Proxy Statement/ Prospectus)

(8)

yang berlaku umum di Indonesia (PABU)”

– = “generally accepted accounting principles”)

– adl suatu istilah teknis akuntansi, yg mencakup konvensi aturan, dan prosedur yang diperlukan untuk membatasi praktik akuntansi yang berlaku umum

• Standar Akuntansi Pelaporan Keuangan

– Th 1973: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia)

– Th 1984: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia)

(9)

• Ada banyak faktor yg mempengaruhi

penyusunan standar (Scott, 2006)

– Standar hrs menjadi keputusan yg berguna

– Standar jug harus akseptabel unt konstituen yg lain, khususnya manajemen penyusun standar berada pd situasi konflik & sulit memprediksi apa resolusi yg akseptabel dari konflik ini

memprediksi apa resolusi yg akseptabel dari konflik ini

• Kriteria penyusunan standar

– Kebermanfaatan keputusan – Penurunan asimetri informasi – Konsekuensi standar baru

(10)

• Standar 1984 (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia PAI):

– Ada 6 prinsip (dlm 6 bab)

1. Konsep Dasar & Keterbatasan Ak. Keuangan 2. Prinsip Lap Keuangan

3. Prinsip Pendapatan & Beban 3. Prinsip Pendapatan & Beban 4. Prinsip Aktiva

5. Prinsip Kewajiban 6. Prinsip Modal

– Ada 3 Pernyataan

1. Penjabaran Mata uang asing 2. Bungan dlm periode Konstruksi 3. Koperasi

(11)

• Standar 1984 (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia PAI):

– Ada 3 Pernyataan – Ada 7 Interpretasi

1. Tanggal Efektif berlakunya PAI 1984 2. Selisi Kurs karena Devaluasi

2. Selisi Kurs karena Devaluasi 3. Revaluasi Aktiva Tetap

4. Perubahan Posisi Keuangan

5. Koreksi Masa lau dan pos luar biasa 6. Biaya Emisi Saham dan Obligasi

(12)

• Th 1994-2009: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar

Akuntansi Keuangan)-Sekarang

• PSAK 2004

–

Kerangka Dasar Pneyusunan dan Penyajian Lap

Keuangan Bank Syariah

–

PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Ak Keuangan) 1-59

(13)

No. PSAK Keterangan

PSAK 1 Penyajian Laporan Keuangan (Revisi 1998) PSAK 2 Laporan Arus Kas

PSAK 3 Laporan Keuangan Interim PSAK 3 Laporan Keuangan Interim

PSAK 4 Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasi PSAK 5 Pelaporan Segmen (Revisi 2000)

PSAK 6 Akuntansi dan Pelaporan Bagi Perusahaan dalam Tahap Pengembangan

PSAK 7 Pengungkapan Pihak-pihak yang Mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa PSAK 8 Peristiwa Setelah Tanggal Neraca

(14)

No. PSAK Keterangan

PSAK 11 Penjabaran Laporan Keuangan dalam Mata Uang Asing PSAK 12 Pelaporan Keuangan Mengenai Bagian Partisipasi dalam

Pengendalian Bersama Operasi dan Aset PSAK 13 Akuntansi untuk Investasi

PSAK 14 Akuntansi Persediaan

PSAK 15 Akuntansi untuk Investasi dalam Perusahaan Asosiasi PSAK 16 Aktiva Tetap dan Aktiva Lain-lain

PSAK 17 Akuntansi Penyusutan PSAK 18 Akuntansi Dana Pensiun

(15)

No. PSAK Keterangan

PSAK 21 Akuntansi Ekuitas

PSAK 22 Akuntansi Penggabungan Usaha PSAK 23 Akuntansi Pendapatan

PSAK 24 Akuntansi Biaya Manfaat Pensiun

PSAK 25 Laba atau Rugi Bersih untuk Periode Berjalan, Kesalahan Mendasar, dan Perubahaan Kebijakan Akuntansi

PSAK 26 Biaya Pinjaman (Revisi 1997)

PSAK 27 Akuntansi Perkoperasian (Revisi 1998) PSAK 28 Akuntansi Asuransi Kerugian (Revisi 1996) PSAK 29 Akuntansi Minyak dan Gas Bumi

(16)

PSAK 31 Akuntansi Perbankan (Revisi 2000) PSAK 32 Akuntansi Pengusahaan Hutan

PSAK 33 Akuntansi Pertambangan Umum PSAK 34 Akuntansi Kontrak Konstruksi

PSAK 35 Akuntansi Pendapatan Jasa Telekomunikasi PSAK 36 Akuntansi Asuransi Jiwa

PSAK 37 Akuntansi Penyelenggaraan Jalan Tol

PSAK 38 Akuntansi Restrukturisasi Entitas Sepengendali PSAK 39 Akuntansi Kerjasama Operasi (KSO)

(17)

No. PSAK Keterangan

PSAK 41 Akuntansi Waran

PSAK 42 Akuntansi Perusahaan Efek PSAK 43 Akuntansi Anjak Piutang PSAK 43 Akuntansi Anjak Piutang

PSAK 44 Akuntansi Aktivitas Pengembangan Real Estat PSAK 45 Pelaporan Keuangan Organisasi Nirlaba

PSAK 46 Akuntansi Pajak Penghasilan PSAK 47 Akuntansi Tanah

PSAK 48 Penurunan Nilai Aktiva PSAK 49 Akuntansi Reksadana

(18)

No. PSAK Keterangan

PSAK 51 Akuntansi Kuasi Reorganisasi PSAK 52 Akuntansi Mata Uang Pelaporan

PSAK 53 Akuntansi Kompensasi Berbasis Saham PSAK 53 Akuntansi Kompensasi Berbasis Saham

PSAK 54 Akuntansi Restrukturisasi Hutang Piutang Bermasalah

PSAK 55 Akuntansi Instrumen Derivatif dan Aktivitas Lindung Nilai PSAK 56 Akuntansi Laba Per Saham

PSAK 57 Kewajiban Diestimasi, Kewajiban Kontijensi, dan Aktiva Kontijensi PSAK 58 Operasi Dalam Penghentian

(19)

• Standar Auditing

adl

– 10 standar yang (dirinci dalam bentuk

Pernyataan Standar

Auditing/

PSA), ditetapkan & disahkan olh (IAPI), terdiri dari:

• standar umum, • standar umum,

• standar pekerjaan lapangan, dan

• standar pelaporan beserta interpretasinya.

– mrp pedoman audit atas laporan keuangan historis.

– Di US, disebut

Generally Accepted Auditing Standards

(GAAS)

(20)

–

Standar umum

1.Audit harus dilaksanakan oleh seorang atau lebih yang memiliki keahlian dan pelatihan teknis yang cukup sebagai auditor.

2.Dalam semua hal yang berhubungan dengan perikatan, independensi 2.Dalam semua hal yang berhubungan dengan perikatan, independensi

dalam sikap mental harus dipertahankan oleh auditor.

3.Dalam pelaksanaan audit dan penyusunan laporannya, auditor wajib menggunakan kemahiran profesionalnya dengan cermat dan seksama.

(21)

• Standar Auditing

--

Pernyataan Standar

Auditing/

PSA)

–

Standar pekerjaan lapangan

1. Pekerjaan harus direncanakan, asisten hrs disupervisi

semestinya.

2. Pemahaman atas pengendalian intern unt merencanakan

audit dan menentukan sifat, saat, dan lingkup pengujian.

3. Bukti audit kompeten hrs untuk menyatakan pendapat atas

laporan keungan yang diaudit.

(22)

• Standar Auditing

--

Pernyataan Standar

Auditing/

PSA)

–

Standar pekerjaan Pelaporan

1. Laporan hrs menyatakan kesesuaian dg PABU

2. Laporan hrs menunjukkan atau menyatakan, jika ada,

ketidakkonsistenan dg periode sebelumnya.

3. Pengungkapan informatif dlm LK harus dipandang

(23)

Chartered Accountants

• Amerika--

AICPA= American Institute of Certified Public Accountants

Accountants

• Indonesia—IAI= Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia

(24)

Chartered Accountants

– Komite Standar Akuntansi:

• AcSB (Accounting Standards Board)

• AASB (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board), dan • AASB (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board), dan • PSAB (Public Sector Accounting Board)

– Hasil kerja komite standar akuntansi= CICA

(25)

menunjukkan bahwa prosesnya adl kental dg

politis, dg tekanan pd proses akhir (

due process

)

– Banyak dr konstituen akuntansi diundang unt ambil

bagian

– Konstituen peran: sbg bagian dari proses yg

menyebabkan penyisipan suatu item ke dlm agenda

badan, maupun sbg anggota badan sendiri, atau sbg

responden unt draf ekspos

– Jk proses adl scr ketat ekonomis, perwakilan berbasis

badan tidak perlu slm standar yg benar dpt scr

(26)

US

INDONESIA

INTERNATIONAL

• FASB • Dwn Standar PSAK • IFRS

(27)

Badan standar akuntansi

• Indonesia

• Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia

• Institut Akuntan Publik Indonesia • Institut Akuntan Publik Indonesia

• Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal dan Lembaga Keuangan

• Amerika Serikat

• American Institute of Certified Public Accountants • Financial Accounting Standards Board

(28)

Badan standar akuntansi

• Inggris

• Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW) • Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW) • Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)

• Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) • Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) • Chartered Institute of Public Finance Accountants (CIPFA)

• Association of International Accountants (AIA), a UK Registered • Auditor is being consulted for Standard setting.

(29)

Badan standar akuntansi

• Republik Irlandia

• Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland

• Kanada

• Accounting Standards Board "AcSB“

• Internasional

(30)

Accountants

–

CAP-Committee on Accounting Procedure 1939-1959

• Part-time, volunteer, appointed.

13

• Issued ARBs (Accounting Research Bulletins) listed on text inside front cover.

(31)

the AICPA.

• Issued Opinions, listed on text inside front cover. • Formed to settle problems and do research.

14

• More authority than CAP.

(32)

Wheat Committee formed to address need for coherent approach to theory and practice. Recommended the formulation of:

– FASB-Financial Accounting Standards Board (1973-present)

• Seven highly paid, full-time members from various constituencies

15

(practice, research, users). 5-year terms.

• Independent of AICPA, under the auspices of the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF).

– The FAF selects the members of the FASB.

– The FAF oversees the Financial Accounting Standards

(33)

• Member need not be a CPA. – FASB issues:

•Standards

•Interpretations

16

•Interpretations

•Concepts

•Technical Bulletins

•Industry Guides

(34)

– A topic or project is identified and placed on FASB’s agenda. – A task force is assembled to define problems, issues and

alternatives.

17

– Research is conducted by FASB technical staff.

– A discussion memorandum is drafted and released. – Public hearings are held in a timely manner.

– The FASB committee analyzes and evaluates public response. – The FASB committee deliberates and prepares and exposure

(35)

comments taken.

– The FASB committee evaluates the public

comments and revises the draft as necessary.

18

comments and revises the draft as necessary.

The full board of FASB reviews

final draft and, if approved by a

vote of at least 5 of 7, issues a

(36)

seeks to govern itself directly rather than have the government directly

draw up the GAAP to be followed.

• Should Securities and Exchange Commission exercise direct oversight?

19

• Congressional Actions:

– Metcalf-Moss-Revised due process procedures.

(37)

• Standards Overload v. Timely Guidance – Big GAAP-Complex registrants.

– Little GAAP-Nonregistrants, smaller firms.

– Very specialized standards--Too complex or complex issues?

20

– Very specialized standards--Too complex or complex issues?

– Standard overload-A quick look at textbook inner covers for dates

demonstrates how numerous and complex new standards have become! – Timely guidance-Due process too long? If faster will issues be

(38)

– Set up two sets of standards?: OCBOA-Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting-problems, comparability, consistency.

– Increased use of EITF-Emerging Issues Task Force-to prioritize concerns. • Emerging Issues Task Force:

21

– Set up by FAF to advise FASB.

– 16 members -no user representation! – Prioritizes issues and treatment:

• General consensus there is preferable treatment-no further study. • No consensus but problem narrow-no further action.

(39)

– Vested interest in simplicity and “work product”. – Reduced SEC involvement lately.

– Some wish to change focus of reports from public to management!

22

– Preparers have severely criticized the FASB-not “blue ribbon”. • To prevent abuse Users should remain active!

– Greater SEC involvement; preparers lose most by direct regulation.

– Careful selection of FASB board members.

Members of the FAF selected carefully

(40)

– First group to draw up professional standards.

– 1933 Act--Set up commission and governed initial issuance of shares. – 1934 Act--Governed subsequent trading in shares.

23

– Statutory power to govern profession-uses “veto power”. – Issues :

• FRR (Financial Report Releases)

• Regulation S-X which contains instructions and forms for filing financial statements.

(41)

separation of ownership and control. Regulation of Securities in the U.S. (federal)

– Federal Trade Commission Act (Interstate commerce) – Clayton Act (Interstate commerce)

24

– Clayton Act (Interstate commerce)

(42)

– Kansas 1911-by 1913 22 states had regulatory laws-”blue sky” laws. – Not terribly effective.

• Abuses in 1920’s

– Price manipulation “wash sales”.

25

– Price manipulation “wash sales”. – Purchase on “margin”.

– Insider trading.

• Establishment of the SEC

– Charged to ensure “full and fair disclosure”, concern for fraud and securities registration.

(43)

– From tentative acceptance SEC has grown and become more involved. – 1962-market disruption brought amendments-Exchange Act.

– 1977-Foreign Corrupt Practices Act-Criminal penalties possible for

26

management and accountants; adequacy of internal control. – 1984-Insider Trader Sanctions Act-increased penalties.

• Question still remains as to how effective SEC is in regulating capital markets.

– Exercises veto power over accounting profession although vested with direct authority (as discussed before).

(44)

– Office of the Chief Accountant is the most powerful in the United States! • Responsible for administration of laws.

• Works with the FASB.

• Works with many other organizations (e.g., major stock exchanges).

27

• Works with many other organizations (e.g., major stock exchanges). • Enforcement by SEC:

– Letter of deficiency used if there are questions, irregularities that arise in the financial statements, reports. If the problems persist, a “stop order” will

(45)

Board -1984

– Under the auspices of the FAF.

– Operational structure similar to the FASB.

28

– Operational structure similar to the FASB.

– Deals with state and local governmental issues.

(46)

not mislead the reader.

• GAAP-Rule 203-Code of Professional Conduct--Lends enforceability to GAAP.

• “Expectations Gap” This is the difference between what the public

(47)

– Formed in 1973 to improve standards (as much as possible) in the preparation of the financial statements.

– SEC has indicated international companies may use IASC standards in the US if the IASC meets 3 conditions.

30

• The standards constitute a comprehensive, generally accepted basis of accounting

• The standards are of high quality and

• They be rigorously interpreted and applied.

(48)

• CAP = Committee on Accounting Procedure 1939-1959

• APB = Accounting Principles Board 1959-1973 (Senior Committee of the AICPA).

• FASB=Financial Accounting Standards Board (1973-present), has broader representation than CAP or APB,Member need not be a CPA.

representation than CAP or APB,Member need not be a CPA.

• SEC =Securities and Exchange Commission, First group to draw up

professional standards,1933 Act--Set up commission and governed initial

(49)

• Standar Akuntansi Pelaporan Keuangan

– Th 1973: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia) – Th 1984: PAI

– Th 1994: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan) – Th 1994: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan) – Sekarang....?

• Standar Pengauditan

– Th 1973: Norma Pemeriksaan Akuntan

(50)

– Untuk perusahaan yg go public di Bursa Efek Indonesia – Isu:

• Sesuai aturan perubahaan publik • PAJAK

• PAJAK

– Untuk kepentingan penghitungan & pelaporan pajak – Isu:

• Metode penghitungan persediaan

(51)

– Untuk perusahaan perbankan

– Isu: Selain sesuai SAK juga harus sesuai aturan perbankan

• PEMERINTAH (DepKeu)

SAP

– Untuk kantor pemerintah dan pelayanan umum – Isu:

(52)

• Standar yang berlaku ada 3:

(53)

– Bab: Financial Accounting and Accounting Standard

• Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 2004 (Atau yang terbaru). Standar Akuntansi Keuangan. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.

– Bab: Sejarah Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (sejak 1994), dan Kerangka Dasar Penyusunan dan Penyajian Laporan Keuangan

(54)

• Adikoesoema, 1983. Kamus Akuntansi. Bandung Penerbit Tarsito.

• AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Committee on

Terminology.1953. Accounting Terminology Bulletin Numbe 1, Review and esume. Yew York: The Institute. Hlm 9 (lihat Black et al., 1961)

• Black, H.A; J.E. Champion; R.G. Brown. Accounting in Business Decisions: theory Method and Use. 2nd_{. 1961. USE:}

• Miller, Brandon; Katie Ketelsen; Kira Selser; Stephen Newman; Margaret Larson; dan Patrick Hewitt (Univ of IOWA, slide.ppt)

• Horngren, dkk. Akuntansi, jilid 1. edisi 6. Jakarta:2006. ISBN 979-683-757-9

.

• Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 1986. Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia Keuangan. Jakarta: • Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 1973. Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia. Jakarta:

• Meigs, Walter B. and Robert F. Meigs. Financial Accounting, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1970, p.1. (old edition)

• Scott, William R. 2006. Financial Accounting Theory. 4th. Ed. Prentice Hall.

(55)