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PRINSIP DAN APLIKASI OUTBREEDING

Resume

:

Efek Genetik Out breeding dan heterosis

Jenis dan Manfaat Outbreeding

Manfaat OB:

1.

adanya gen-gen komplementer antar populasi/breed

Contoh Breed Jantan : Sifat A

Breed Betina: Sifat B ---

Breed BARU

2. Efek heterosis

3. Instrumen (tools) peningkatan kualitas genetik

Jenis OB

:

1. Out Breed: 1 bangsa , beda lokasi asal

(2)

2

Outbreeding Systems

Outbreeding (or outcrossing)

Is the mating of individuals

whose relationship is less than the average relationship in the

herd or population.

The effects of outbreeding are the opposite of those for

inbreeding:

- Increase of genetic variance

- Possibility to obtain hybrid vigor (heterosis)

As a mating strategey, outbreeding more commonly refers to

crossbreeding or linecrossing:

1.

Crossbreeding:

mating of sires of one breed or a

combination of breeds with dams from another breed or

combination of breeds

(3)

3

Crossbreeding

• In crossbreeding we look for “

breed complementarity

each breed is good for traits or characteristics

different from the other breed

Maternal breed:

excellent in maternal traits (fertility,

mothering ability, milk production, etc)

Paternal breed:

excellent in paternal traits (growth rate,

meat quality and carcass yield)

Breed complementarity is achieved in

“terminal sire

(4)

4

The main objective of crossbreeding is to obtain

hybrid vigor

or

heterosis.

Hybrid vigor (HV):

an increase in the performance

of crossbred progeny over purebred progeny in traits

affected by non-additive factors (dominance,

overdominance and epistasis). It is an increase in

gene combination value (GCV) that results from the

increase in heterozygous genotypes due to

crossbreeding.

Traits which generally show hybrid vigor in

crossbreeding are the same traits which show

(5)

MODAL YANG DIPERLUKAN “BREED

MURNI

No

Kelebihan

Kekurangan

1.

Adaptasi kondisi lokal bagus

(klimat, sosek)

Rigiditas thd kondisi perubahan

permintaan pasar

(ekonomi

(

2.

Homosigositas populasi dan

kesederhanaan manajemen

(tingkah laku, morfologi,

produksi) memeudahkan

manajemen

Efektifitas seleksi rendah (untuk

sifat dg h2 rendah)

3.

Organisasi peternakan lebih

mudah( identifikasi breed,

kelompok peternak)

Kesulitan dalam seleksi simultan

untk. Bbrp sifat selakigus (untuk

sifat genetik berlawanan (mis

repro vs. prod.)

(6)

RANGKUMAN : STRATEGI OUT

BREEDING

Breed eksotik unggul

Breed silang („F1( ?

Proporsi

darah 100 % eksotik (gradding up) < 100 %

H efek (HE) ?

Tidak ada HE

Pool gens

Breed sintetis/industri

Ada HE

Prod. F1

(7)

MACAM-MACAM OUT BREEDING

I.

Tujuan Genetik:

a. Menghasilkan Breed Baru

Breed A X Breed B

F1 X F1

F2 X F2

Fn

Fn : Disebut breed baru:

Ciri spesifik baru

Tingkat homoginitas

tertentu

b. Perbaikan Genetik

Introduksi gen unggul pejantan pada betina

Pejantan A X Induk Fn

c. Gradding Up:

A X B

AB X B

ABB X B

+ Breed B

Waktu: perlu 4 – 5 Generasi: + 93.75-96.85 %.

(8)

II. Tujuan Komersial

a. Persilangan Industri / terminal

A X B

F1 --- potong

Gabungan: A sifar repro/prod

B sifat daging/susu/pert.

Kelebihan:

• Komplementer dr 2 breed

• Fenomena H efek: repro+ pertbh.

Kekurangan:

• Sulit pemilihan breed tetua:adaptasi

• Teknis pelaksanaan ( dg IB)

• Pemanfaatan F1 kurang untuk bibit

• Replecement betina, perlu memelihara breed murni

b. Persilangan dua tingkat

A X B

AB X A/B/C/D F2 ( dipotong)

Kelebihan:

• 2 Kali gen komplementaire (F1, F2)

• 2 Sumber H efek komulatif

Kekurangan:

• Persilangan kpmpleks

• Perlu breed murni banyak/org. peternak

c. Persilangan alternatif A X B

AB x A

AAB X B

(9)

Praktek Cross breeding

1. Back Cross:

A X B

F1:AB X A/B F2

2. Criss Cross:

A X B

F1 X A

F2 X B F3

3. Rotasi:

A X B

F1 X Breed X

F2 X Breed Y F3 x Breed Z

Catatan: F1 dengan pejantan breed murni scr. bergilirasn

4.I nterbreeding:

A X B

F1 X F1

F2 X F2

Fn

Catatan: disertasi program seleksi ketat

Catatan Umum Cross Breeding:

1. Perkawinan dr. bangsa

berbeda

(10)

10

Terminal Sire Crossbreeding

Sire breed x Dam breed

A B

AB

(Crossbred progeny)

(11)

11

Composite (Synthetic) breeds

A composite or synthetic breed is a breed made

up of various proportions of two or more breeds

designed to benefit from hybrid vigor.

A X B

AB X C

ABC X ABC

(12)

12

Foreign breed x Local breed F L

F X 1/2F 1/2L

F X 3/4F 1/4L

F X 7/8F 1/8L

15/16F 1/16L

Is the mating of males of high

genetic merit with females of

low genetic merit from the

same breed or from a

different breed.

Mainly used to upgrade local

females with males from

foreign breeds.

The hybrid females resulting

from the cross are mated

back to purebred males from

the foreign breed.

(13)

Unit 4, Lesson 15 - Systems of Breeding 13

Grading Up

T ay lo r, Ro be rt E., Scie ntific Farm An ima l Prod uctio n, 4th ed .

Why would we want to use grading up?

In order to make a commercial cow herd a purebred cow herd. Once

an offspring has 7/8 or 15/16 of the genetic make up of the desired

breed, it is considered a purebred.

This would take several generations of breeding up, but may be

(14)

14

Crossbreeding

Why would we want to use crossbreeding?

By crossing breeds the strengths and weakness of each breed will compliment one another.

Also increases heterosis, which increases the productivity of the crossbred offspring above the average of breeds that are crossed.

Outcrossing/ Out

Breed

Why would we want to

use outcrossing

?

Unrelated animals of

the same breed are

mated.

In order not to inbreed, but

have animals maintain

characteristics of the

breed.

Example

Unrelated

(15)

BAGAIMANA PRAKTEK PERSILANGAN ANTAR SPESIES

No. Persilangan Fertilitas Keunggulan F1

Jantan Betina

1. BantengX Zebu - + Laju pertumbuhan 2. Keledai Xkuda - + Kerja + ketahanan

3. Sapi x Yak - - BB/Power/Susu

4. Bos taurusxB. Indicus + + Daging

5. Entog X Itik ? ? Daging ?/pertb.

Catatan:

Bukan penghasil bibit

Secara teknis memungkinkan, tetapi

Tujuan utama bukan genetik .

Species Cross

Why would we want to do a species cross?

If your desired outcome will merit a species cross

(16)

EFEK GENETIK OUTBREEDING

DAN HETEROSIS (

Hybrid Vigor

)

Pertimbangan pemilihan sistim perkawinan:

1. Tujuan peningkatan kualitas genetik 2. Karakteristik lingkungan

3. Potensi dan kemampuan manajemen 4. ekonomis

Contoh Implementasi:

1. Kualitas Genetik-Lingkungan

Sapi-sapi di uji performans di stasiun riset (di Eropa, FH), saat diuji sebarluaskan di lapang

kondisi riil, mis . Di afrika, berubah performans

Di kenal breed Taurin …. Kecil sekali, genetik sama dengan FH

2. Ekonomis-Manajemen

Sapi FH Di Valley Chinois (California) dan di Sharon (Israel), Emirat Arab: Produksi sapi perah : 8500 l/laktasi

(17)

Out breeding, untuk mengatasi permasalahan2 seleksi:

1. Perubahan ekonomi (jenis permintaan produk yang selalu berubah)

2. Jika h2 rendah efektifitas seleksi rendah

3. Beberapa sifat sekaligus

4. Mengurangi resiko penurunan variabilitas genetik

Efek genetik out breeding

Efek Genetik Umum:

1. Meningkatkan heterosigositas dan menurunkan efek inbreeding

2. Memanfaatkan heterosigositas

3. Mengkombinasikan sifat-sifat baik antar breed

(18)

EFEK Genetik Spesifik:

1. Out Breed (silang Luar) : 1 bangsa beda lokasi asal

Kapan dilakukan?:

Jika permintaan pasar (preferensi) berubah

mis ; 2006- 2008: daging dg kadar lemak rendah Standart seleksi, tidak realistis lagi

mis: 1980 ( prod 4500 liter); 2008 (10.000 liter)

Kondisi ?:

Dilakukan, bila dikehendaki perubahan-perubahan drastis (digunakan pada kelompok ternak bibit)

Penekanan pada sifat-sifat produksi yang ekonomis Pada sifat dg h2 (sedang-tinggi)

(19)

EFEK Genetik Spesifik:

Out Cross (silang Luar) : antar bangsa

Tujuan Umum:

Meningkatkan produktifitas secara maksimal

Pada peternakan komersial

(heterosis efek dan peningkatan frek. Gen yang dikehendaki

)

Aspek Genetik:

1. Menyilangkan antar bangsa cenderung untuk menutupi

gen-gen resesif

2. Meningkatkan heterosigositas

3. Produk pada F1,(efek heterosis)

(20)

HETEROSIS EFEK (Hybrid vigor)

Performans hasil silangan melampui rata-rata tetua

Tinggi rendahnya EFEK HEHETOSIS diukur dengan Koefisien heterosis

(P persilangan –P rerata tetua) % H =

---P rerata tetua

Contoh: Persilangan Sapi Madura dengan Limousin Misal ADG: Sapi Madura ( 0.4 kg)

ADG Sapi Limosin ( 0.8 kg)

ADG hasil silangan (F1) = 0.7 kg Maka:

Rerata ADG tetua = 0.6 Jadi koefisien heterosis =

0.7 – 0.6

(21)

21

Measuring Hybrid vigor

%

100

%

1

X

P

P

P

HV

P P F

Average performance of crossbred offspring

Average performance of parental breeds (or lines)

HV can be expressed in % basis:

P

F

P

P

HV

1

Example : Crossbreeding between two dairy breeds:

• Average milk production per year of breed A is 8000 kg

• Average milk production per year of breed B is 6000 kg

• Average of crossbred cows is 7400 kg.

• Calculate the resulting hybrid vigor on percentage basis

.

%

7

.

5

%

100

7000

7000

7400

(22)

BAGAIMANA PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN

THD HETEROSIS (hasil persilangan)?????

Jelek Baik

Performans lokal

lokal

Impor

Rerata tetua

F1, silang

HET

AD EF

HET: Heterosis. ADEF: Additive Effect

impor

Lokal

Rerata tetua

F1, silang

HET

(23)

Hubungan antara H dan h

2

Reproduksi

Pertumbuhan Karkas

1. h2 (heritabilitas) Jelek (0.0

0.15)

Sedang (0,2 – 0.4)

Tinggi (0.5 – 0.70)

Progres genetik (seleksi)

Rendah Sedang Tinggi

2. H (efek heterosis) Tinggi ( 10 – 20 %)

Sedang ( 5 – 8 %)

0 %

Perbaikan genetik (persilangan)

Tinggi Sedang 0

Catatan:

1. Progress genetik =h2 x DS

(24)

ESTIMASI PENYEBAB HETEROSIS

1. Dominansi:

ternak2 breed murni tidak seleuruhnya homosigot pada seluruh lokus dengan persilangan akan terjadi pengurangan proporsi

lokus gen homosigot resesif 2. Over dominansi

Nilai heterosigot melampui nilai pasdangan gen-gen homosigotik (pada sifat yg dipengaruhi oleh gen di banyak lokus)

3. Epistasi:

Interaksi gen dari kombinasi baru gen-gen dari lokus yang berbeda

Secara Ringkas

:

% H = Σ dom (P F1 – P rerata tetua) 2,

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