Calving Interval of Bali Cows in The instalasi populasi dasar Compare to in balai pembibitan Ternak unggul sapi bali, Bali - repository civitas UGM

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under the Royal Patronage of H.R.H. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn 69/1 Phaya Thai Road, Thung Phaya Thai

Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand

Koonawootrittriron, S., T. Suwanasopee, D. Jattawa, T. Jaichansukkit, K. Boonyanuwat and P. Skunmun. 2012. Improving Smallholder and Industrial Livestock Production for Enhancing Food Security, Environment and Human Welfare. Proceedings Full Papers of the 15th AAAP Animal Science Congress held at Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani, 26-30 November 2012. AHAT. 3768 p.

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Previous Venues of AAAP Animal Science Congress and AAAP Presidents

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Proceedings of the 15th_{AAAP Animal Science Congress}

26-30 November 2012, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Thailand

CONGRESS COMMITTEE

AAAP Officials (2010-2012)

President Mr. Chayanon Kittayachaweng (Thailand)

Honorary President Emeritus Prof. Dr. Charan Chantalakhana (Thailand)

Executive Vice President Mr. Suthep Vongruen (Thailand)

Vice-President Mr. Tossaporn Srisak (Thailand) Mr. Yudi Guntara (Indonesia)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Panit Khemthong (Thailand) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kampol Ruchiwit (Thailand)

Immediate Past President Prof. Dr. Liang Chou Hsia (Taiwan R.O.C.)

Secretary General Assoc.Prof. Dr. Supaporn Isariyodom (Thailand)

Deputy Secretary General Mrs. Krongkaew Borisutsawat (Thailand)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koonawootrittriron (Thailand) Dr. Thanathip Suwanasopee (Thailand)

Treasurer: Ms. Chintana Vongnagnagorn (Thailand)

International Advisory Committee

Dr. C. Devendra (Malaysia) Prof. L. Falvey (Australia)

Prof. J. K. Ha (Korea) Prof. Y. Hayashi (Japan)

Prof. F. Infascelli (Italy) Prof. S. Jalaludin (Malaysia) Prof. Z. A. M. Jelan (Malaysia) Prof. Le. Viet Ly (Vietnam)

Prof. H. Makkar (FAO. Italy) Prof. N. Manabe (Japan)

Prof. S. J. Ohh (Korea) Prof. E. R. Orskov (UK)

Prof. P. Rowlinson (UK) Prof. S. de Smet (Belgium)

Prof. J. Wiseman (UK) Prof. P. Wynn (Australia)

National Organizing Committee for Technical Programs

Advisory Committee

Mr. Chayanon Kittayachaweng

Emeritus Prof. Dr. Charan Chantalakhana Mr. Suthep Vongruen

Mr.Tossaporn Srisakdi

Manager, Bank of Agriculture and Cooperatives Dean, Faculty of Science and Technology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chancharat Reodecha Dr. Naiyana Nakhata

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jowaman Khajarern Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somchai Chakhatrakan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sornprach Thanisawanyangkura Mr. Sarakit Thawinprawat

Dr. Suntraporn R. Na Phuket

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supaporn Isariyodom Mr. Anek Boonnoon

Director, Bureau of Animal Nutrition Development, DLD

Director, Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Genetic Improvement, DLD Director, Bureau of Livestock of extention and Development, DLD

Director, Suwanvajokkasikit Animal Research and Development Institute, KU Head, Department of Agricultural Technology, TU

Head, Department of Animal Science, KU-Bangkhen Head, Department of Animal Science, KU-Kamphaeng Saen Prof. Dr. Sanchai Jaturasitha

Assoc. Prof. Kasidit Uechiewcharnkit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chalong Wachirapakorn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yanin Opatpatanakit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuanchan Paraksa

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Boonlom Cheva-Isarakul Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ronachai Sitthiripong

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somchai Suwanpradit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sutipong Uriyapongson Asst. Prof. Sakda Klinsukon

Asst. Prof. Dr. Pawadee Pakdee Dr. Niparat Sritharet

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Improving Smallholder and Industrial Livestock Production for Enhancing Food Security, Environment and Human Welfare

Scientific Session Sub-committee

Chairperson

Dr. Kalaya Boonyanuwat

Committee

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kittapol Sommart Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kan Suksupath Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kunya Tuntivisoottikul Assoc. Prof. Dr. Taweesak Songserm Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pornsri Chairatanayuth Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pipat Somparn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Paichok Panja Assoc. Prof. Dr. Monchai Duangjinda Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amnart Poapolathep Assoc. Prof. Suwanna Kijparkorn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Virote Patarajinda Asst. Prof. Dr. Yuwares Ruangpanit

Asst. Prof. Dr. Chanin Tirawattanawanich Asst. Prof. Dr. Lerchart Boon-Ek

Asst. Prof. Dr. Siwaporn Paengkoum Asst. Prof. Srisuwan Chomchai Asst. Prof. Dr. Supon Katavatin Asst. Prof. Dr. Ornprapun Songserm Dr. Saranya Poapolathep

Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koonawootrittriron

Asst. Secretary

Dr. Thanathip Suwanasopee Dr. Sukanya Rattanatabtimtong

Miss. Navaporn Chauynarong Ms. Phakka-orn Akaramathurakul

Secretariat Group

Mrs. Krongkaew Borisutsawat Dr. Kalaya Boonyanuwat Mrs.Jintana Indramangala Miss.Tipmon Yaigate

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuanchan Paraksa Mrs. Pakapun Skunmun

Dr. Phongthorn Kongmun

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pipat Somparn Dr. Pensri Sornprasitti

Asst. Prof. Dr. Siwaporn Phaengkoum Miss. Siriluk Onnom

Dr. Sukanya Rattanatabtimtong Dr. Sansak Nakavisut

Secretary

Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koonawootrittriron

Deputy Secretary

Dr. Thanathip Suwanasopee Dr. Rapeepong Panivivat

Reviewers:

Prof. Dr. Chanvit Vajrabukka Prof. Dr. Narongsak Chaiyabutr Prof. Shusuke Sato

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Boonrit Thongsong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chanin Tirawattanawanich Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jeerachai Kanjanapruthipong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Keatisak Soisuwan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kris Angkanaporn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Monchai Duangjinda Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuanchan Paraksa Assoc. Prof. Dr. Orapin Jintasathaporrn Assoc. Prof. Dr. Paichok Panja

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Panas tumkiratiwong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pipat Somparn

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pongchan Na-Lampang Assoc. Prof. Dr. Smith Yimmongkol Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somsak Pakpinyo Assoc. Prof. Dr. Srisuwan Chomchai Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suchon Tangtaweewipat Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suthipong Uriyapongson Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sutonya Thongrak

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thira Rakkwamsook Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thongsak Champawadee Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wandee Tartrakoon Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yanin Opatpatanakit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yuthana Siriwathananukul Assoc. Prof. Parntep Ratanakorn

Assoc. Prof. Rachasak Chauychoowong Assoc. Prof. Suwanna Kijpakorn Asst. Prof. Dr. Anut Chanthiratikul Asst. Prof. Dr. China Supakorn Asst. Prof. Dr. Lerchart Boon-Ek Asst. Prof. Dr. Narin Upragarin

Asst. Prof. Dr. Natchanok Amornthewaphat Asst. Prof. Dr. Ornprapun Songserm Asst. Prof. Dr. Pariwat Poolperm Asst. Prof. Dr. Siriporn Khumtrap Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koonawootrittrion Asst. Prof. Dr. Suporn Katawatin Asst. Prof. Dr. Surachai Suwanlee

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Yuwares Ruangpanit Asst. Prof. Sajee Kunhareang Dr. Amonrat Molee

Dr. Autchara Kayan Dr. Chakrapong Chaikong Dr. Chatchai Chansomboon Dr. Chirawath Phatsara Dr. Doungnapa promket Dr. Kalaya Boonyanuwat Dr. Kanokporn Phetdee

Dr. Khanitta Ruangwittayanusorn Dr. Malcolm J. Gibb

Dr. Nitima Chalermsan Dr. Pennapa Matayompong Dr. Rangsun Charoensook Dr. Rapeepong Panivivat Dr. Sansak Nakavisut Dr. Siriporn Peansukmanee Dr. Sonthaya Numthuam Dr. Sopon Wilaisorn

Dr. Sukanya Manein

Dr. Sukanya Rattanatubtimtong Dr. Supawadee Manatrinon Dr. Thanathip Suwanasopee Dr. Warangkana Kitpipit Dr. Wuttigrai Boonkum Dr. Yeni Widiawati Mrs. Jintana Indramangala Mrs. Sukanya Jattupornpong Miss Prapawan Sawasdee Miss Santaya Intachinda Miss Sutida Onsongchun Miss Nattha Jariyapamornkoon Mr. Kongpathom Kanjanaserm Mr. Koonphol Pongmanee Mr. Pairat Srichana Mr. Pinyo Luangmaneewet Mr. Sirichai Phetdikhai Mr. Theerachai Haitook Mr. Yodchai Thongthainan

Organizing Staff:

Mr. Danai Jattawa Mr. Akephun Sornsuy

Mr. Teerapong Jaichansukkit Mr. Udomsak Noppibool

Miss Pimchanok Yodklaew Mr. Bodin Wongpom

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The time interval between one parturition and the next is called the calving interval (Hinojosa et al., 1980). Calving interval is the most important character in productivity of beef cattle and is the best index for evaluating the reproductive of a herd under field condition. Factors influencing calving interval are genetic and environment; genetic factor is permanent while environment factors can be manipulated including feeding and management.

Bali cattle is indigenous cattle, domesticated from Bos sondaicus centuries ago. Superiorities of Bali cattle are good adaptation capability to the harsd environment, high fertility rate and high carcass percentage. Based on these superiorities, Bali cattle serve as a national asset which can be very potential for development cattle production in Indonesia.

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BPTU Bali cattle consist of two important part which are Instalasi Populasi Dasar (IPD) and Breeding Centre in Pulukan. Instalasi Populasi Dasar was a village breeding centre (VBC) own by the farmers and the first location of selection. For that purpose, BPTU carry out mentoring such as counceling, cattle health examination, drug administration, pregnancy detection, etc. The performance of all cattle are recorded and identified; 10 % of the best will be selected and brought to the BPTU for futher testing. BPTU have ten village breeding centers (VBC), and almost all off the cows there have better genetic quality. Based on evaluation and analysis, every year some cows would be replace by the better ones.

BPTU and IPD has a very important rule in the breeding of Bali cattle. However there are differencies in the owner, the breeding management, feeding, daily management, etc.

The objectives of the study were to compare the length of the calving interval and the breeding management of cows in BPTU and in IPD.

MATERIAL AND METODS

The information used in the present study was taken from the reproductive record from 136 Bali cows in IPD and 88 Bali cows in BPTU, Jembrana, Bali, starting from 2009 to 2011. There are three VBCs in IPD which were chosen as location of the present study. Parameters observed in IPD were farmer profile, daily management, and reproduction parameters. Farmer profile including age, education, main occupation and the length of experience in raising cattle.

Reproduction parameters data including capability the farmers to detect estrus, post partum estrus, service per conception, post partum mating, days open, and calving interval.

Data analysis

Percentage and standard deviation of farmer profile and daily management were analysed; calving interval of the cows between the two location of study (in IPD and in BPTU) were compare using independent simple t test. Data analysis were done using SPSS 16.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Farmer profile in IPD consist of age, length of experience in raising cattle, number of cattle owner, main occupation and farmer education (Table 1)

Daily Management

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Feeding management

The main feeding of cattle in IPD was forage. Forage consist of native grasses, rice straw,

casssava leaf, bamboos leaf, banana leaf, gamal leaf, lamtoro leaf, jackfruit leaf, etc. taken

from their own land and neighbour. Forage were given twice a day, 19.4% in IPD only give ones a day. Based on observation forage was given 15 to 20 kg/cow/d. About 42% of farmers mentioned that season was become a limitation for feeding supply, it was mean that sometime the feed supply was limited. Beside forages, 50% of the farmers in IPD gave concentrate for their cows, which was rice brand, was given only ones in a day, around 1 kg/h/d. In BPTU, cows were raised in the paddock with well managed grassland; concentrates gived routine, around 3 kg/h/d.

Mating management

In IPD, the farmers used both artificial insemination (75,6%) and natural mating (24,4%). The Government provided (free charge) the semen and the inseminator for that purposed; for natural mating, the cost was Rp 30.000 to Rp 50.000/mating with the bull ownwer by the farmer group. In BPTU, almost all cows by natural mating in restricted three months breeding season. In these periods, every 30 cows exposed with a selected bull, so we adjusted the fertile cows would be mated by the bull. After breeding period, all cows would diagnosed for pregnancy by rectal palpated. The cows that were not pregnant, should out from the herd, so only pregnant cows remained in the flock.

Table 1. Farmers profile in IPD

No Variables Mean ± s.d.

1 Age (years) 48.0 ± 10.4

2 Length of raising cattle

experience (years)

18.2 ± 12.4

3 Number of cattle/farmer (head) 1.6 ± 0.9

4 Occupation (%)

a. Farmer

b. Farmer + livestock farmer

c. Livestock farmer

d. Enterpreneur

e. Teacher

63.15 28.94 2.63 2.63 2.63

5 Education (%)

a. Elementary School

b. Secondary school

c. High school

d. Graduated

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Reproduction Parameters

Tabel 2. Reproduction parameters in IPD compare to BPTU

No Parameters IPD BPTU

1 Heat detection by

a. Behaviour of the cow

b. Vulva Calving interval of 88 cows in BPTU in 2009 to 2011 was 11.97 ± 0.27 months or 359 days, the shortest interval were 11.10 bln or 333 days and the longest was 12.50 months or 375 days. Statisticall analysis showed that there was significantly different (P<0.05) calving interval between the two locations of study.

The possible explantion for the differencies were the better genetic quality, age of the cows, feeding management, and breeding management in BPTU compare to IPD.

Effect of age of the Dam. Many reported found that age of the dam significantly influence calving interval, i.e. from Hinojosa et al. (1980) studied, they found that there was a significant effect (P<0.01) of age of dam on calving interval; calving interval decreased until the cows reached six to seven years of age. The calving interval was longer for young cows due to the delay in onset of oestrus after calving in lactating heifers (Warnick, 1963 cit Hinojosa et al., 1980) and may be caused by the stress of lactation, which is greater in heifers than in olders cows. Calving interval in IPD longer could be due to some of the cows too old; some cows were culled more than nine parities (Table 2), was around 12 year old. In BPTU culling age was after five to seven parities, or around seven to nine year old. After nine year old, lengthening of the calving interval coincides with teeth problems, increased incidence of joint injuries and general aging (Smith, 1962 cit Hinojosa et al., 1980).

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so these date of calving become the best time where the production system will generally have annual peaks of optimal condition for production. Calving date of the cows in IPD was not managed yet.

Effect of nutrient. Not all the famers in IPD gave concentrates for they cows (Table 2), wheres nutrient was one of the factor that influence calving interval.

Effect of weaning weight of the calf. Doren et al. 1986 reported that selection for higher weaning weights caused calving interval in a grazing-based production system may be increased. From his studied, he found that every kilogram increase in weaning weight caused five days increase in conception post partum, it mean made calving interval longer too. Whether the variation due to weaning weight is a result of lactation or other physical or physiological influences has not been clearly determined. But in contrast, Mac.Gregor and Casey. (2000) reported a decrease of 0.29±0.01 kg for weaning weight resulted a one day increase in calving interval. The same result reported by Osoro and Wright (1992).

In the present study, we not yet counted the effect of weaning weight of the calves either in IPD or in BPTU. May be these was one of the factos that also influence the longer of calving interval in IPD.

Effect of body condition of the dam. Osoro and Wright (1992) founded that body condition at calving were the most significant animal factors affecting reproductive performance. Cows calving in higher body condition had shorter (P<0.001) calving interval. In BPTU, all cows received forage and concentrates continuesly, the body condition of the dam must be better than cows in IPD.

Effect of bull exposure. Exposing primiparous and multiparous cows to the close physical contact (Custer et al., 1990; Zalesky et al., 1984 cit Tauck, 2009) or fence-line contact (Fike et al., 1996; Berardinelli and Tauck , 2007, cit Tauck, 2009) with bulls accelerates resumption

of ovulatory activity (OA). This effect termed the “bios-timulatory effect of bulls”, is

mediated by pheromones secreted into the environment via excretory products of bulls (Berardinelli and Joshi, 2005 cit Tauck, 2009). In BPTU all cows closed to the bull everyday, so possibility to accelerate the ovarium activity was higher, due to reduced calving interval. There were reported, calving interval of Bali cattle in the farmer management system raised in

the natural grassland was 14 months (Gunawan et al., 1998), 12,19 ± 0,06 months (Tanari,

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CONCLUSION

From the present study we founded that still many factors affected calving interval between the two location of research, indicated that environmental variation has a major influence on the variation the length of calving interval. So, eventhought calving interval of the cows in IPD longer than in BPTU, it was still better than in the others farmer level in general. In the future, the calving interval in IPD still can be improved by better management system.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to express the gratitude to the Director of BPTU Sapi Bali and all the farmers in IPD for giving the permission and having made possible the completion of this study.

REFERENCES

Aminudin, A. 2005. Estimasi Dinamika Populasi dan Potensi Sapi Bali di Propinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Thesis. Fac. Of Animal Science, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Doren, P. E., C. R. Long and T. C. Cartwright. 1986. Factors affecting the relationship between calving interval of cows and weaning weights of calves. J. of Anim. Sci. 62:1194-1202

Hinojosa, A., A. franco, and I Bolio. 1980. Genetic and environmental factors affecting calving interval in a commercial beef herd in a semi-humid tropical environment. Trop Anim Prod 5(2): 165-171.

Jan, R. 2000. Penampilan Sapi Bali di Wilayah P3-Balidi Daerah Tingkat I Bali. Thesis. Graduate School of University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.

Kadarsih, S. 1990. Performans Sapi Bali Daerah Transmigrasi di Propinsi Bengkulu. Thesis.Graduate School. University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.

MacGregor, R. G. and N. H. Casey. The effects of maternal calving date and calving interval on growth performance of beef calves. South African J. of Anim. Sci. 30(1):70-76 Osoro, K. and I. A. Wright. 1992. The effect of body condition, live weight, breed, age, calf

performance, and calving date on reproductive performance of spring-calving beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1661-1666.

Putra, B. A. W. 2008. Produksi Pedet Sapi Bali di Balai Pembibitan Ternak Unggul Sapi Bali. Thesis. Fac. Of Animal Science. University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Rosnah, U.S. 1998. Studi Pengaruh Ketinggian Tempat Terhadap Status Faali dan

Produktivitas Sapi Bali di Timor Barat. Thesis. Fac. Of Animal Science. University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Sulistia, I. 2007. Estimasi Natural Increase dan Pola Pemeliharaan Sapi Bali di Kabupaten Panajam Paser Utara, Kalimantan Timur. Thesis. Fac. of Animal Science. University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Tanari, M. 1999. Estimasi Dinamika Populasi dan Produktivitas Sapi Bali di Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali. Thesis. Graduate School of University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Tauck, S. A. , J. R. Olsen , J. R. C. Wilkinson , J. G. Berardinelli. 2009. Duration of daily bull exposure on resumption of ovulatory activity in postpartum, primiparous, suckled,

beef cows.Animal Reproduction Science 118:13–18.

Calving Interval of Bali Cows in The instalasi populasi dasar Compare to in balai pembibitan Ternak unggul sapi bali, Bali - repository civitas UGM



Previous Venues of AAAP Animal Science Congress and AAAP Presidents

CONGRESS COMMITTEE

CONTENTS