mesir kuno Mesopotamia Mesoamerica

mesir kuno

Mesopotamia

Mesoamerica

Mesir (4000 - 3000 SM) _{(4000 - 2000 SM)}Mesopotamia Yunani Romawi Kristen Awal (0 - 400 SM) Romanesque (1000 – 1200 M) Byzantine (400 – 1400 M) Gothik (1200 - 1400 M) Renaissance Baroque Manerisme Klasisisme Rococo Etruria

Mesir Kuno & Mesopotamia

merupakan cikal bakal peradaban Barat

MESIR

Geografis

Terlindung di antara Gurun Barat dan Gurun Timur

Iklim

Tropis – subtropis Sosial – Budaya

Firaun = tuhan

Kekuasaan raja absolut Bertani

Budaya statis dan abadi

MESOPOTAMIA

Geografis

Terbuka di antara 2 sungai Iklim

Subtropis

Sosial – Budaya Banyak dewa Kolonialis

Bertani dan berdagang Budaya selektif

Geografis

• Terletak di sepanjang Sungai Nil

• Terlindung di antara Gurun Barat dan Gurun Timur

Sosial Budaya

• Pandai berorganisasi (pengaturan daerah sekitar sungai)

• Mengembangkan bentuk-bentuk pemerintahan, religi, & keterampilan teknik & budaya sebagai bagian dari peradaban

• Homogenitas budaya

• Sudah mengenal tulisan (hieroglyph) pada papyrus & batu untuk arsip, perintah, sejarah, & syair

• Mengenal ilmu kedokteran dan hitungan

• Memuja dewa alam: Ra (dewa matahari), Isis (dewa bumi), Osiris (dewa Sungai Nil)

• Raja (Pharaoh) dianggap sebagai tuhan, sebagai simbol kekuasaan, bukan pribadi

Sifat-sifat

• Formal  formalitas geometri & bentuk 2D • Frontalitas 

menunjukkan gairah akan keutuhan

• Naturalisme

• Ukuran menunjukkan tingkat eksistensi  arsitektur gigantis untuk menunjukkan kekuasaan • Keabadian 

mengembangkan ars. pasca kematian dengan bahan yang tahan lama

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Arsitektur & Seni

Arsitektur

• Bangunan berorientasi ke Sungai Nil • Eksterior berkembang

• Kolom merupakan elemen penting

• Geometri persegi, termasuk untuk kapling bangunan

• Ornamen: tumbuhan • Material:

– Material alam yang mudah pengerjaannya (pohon) & plester lumpur (bangunan

nonreligius)

– Batu terpotong rapi (bangunan religius) • Produk:

– Makam (makam tebing, mastaba, piramid) – Kuil (kuil pharaoh, kuil dewa)

– Monumen (obelisk, sphinx)

makam

Makam tebing

Mastaba

Piramid

monumen

Obelisk

Sphinx

kuil

Kuil Pharaoh

Kuil Dewa

MAKAM TEBING

• Untuk rakyat biasa

5

makam

MASTABA

• Untuk keluarga bangsawan

• Atap datar, dinding miring, ukuran sedang, orientasi utara-selatan

• Terdiri dari: kuil/chapel, serdab/cellar, tempat mummi, & pintu palsu (untuk keluar-masuk roh)

• Untuk pharaoh & keluarganya  dibangun pada masa pemerintahan pharaoh tersebut

• Berupa satu kompleks bangunan • Dibutuhkan ribuan pekerja 

kekuasaan raja yang kuat • Material: batu terpotong rapi

Kuburan batu Dolmen Mastaba Piramid patah/ false pyramid/ pointed pyramid Piramid tangga/ step pyramid Piramid

PIRAMID

7

makam

PIRAMID

| -2600

Great Pyramid of GIZA

GREAT PYRAMID OF KHUFU - CHEOPS - 3rd Great Pyramid Builder

THE PYRAMID OF KHAFRE - CHEPREN ~ He supposedly built the Sphinx

SPHINX

THE PYRAMID OF MENKAURE

QUEENS' PYRAMIDS - MORTUARY TEMPLE - VALLEY TEMPLE SMALLEST AND FINAL PYRAMID TO BE BUILT AT THE GIZA PLATEAU

The Giza Valley Plateau consists of 11 Pyramids, 4 Valley Temples, 3 Mortuary Temples, 3 Procession ways, a Sphinx, as well as several boat pits all of which follow the blueprint of Sacred Geometry.

solar ships g: Pyramid of Chephren h: Mortuary temple of Chephren i: Causeway j: Sphinx k: Valley temple of Chephren l: Sphinx temple m: Monument of Queen Chentkaue n: Pyramid of Mykerinos o: Mortuary temple of Mykerinos p: Remnants of the causeway q: Remnants of the valley temple

THE GRAND GALLERY

The Grand Gallery has 7-step corbeled side walls. Some parts of the Grand Gallery walls contain salt deposits, but not as much as in the Mid Chamber. The length of the Grand Gallery is 1881.5985600+ PI, and its width just above the ramp stones is 82.41 PI. The Grand Gallery is 28 feet high by 1881-1/3 PI long.

KING'S CHAMBER

Above the roof of the Upper Chamber are 5 Ceiling Chambers.

Pyramid: Schematics and Photos

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Arsitektur & Seni

More than 4,000 years ago the valleys of_{the Tigris and Euphrates rivers began to}

teem with life--first the Sumerian, then the Babylonian, Assyrian, Chaldean, and Persian empires. Here too excavations have unearthed evidence of great skill and artistry. From Sumeria have come examples of fine works in marble, diorite, hammered gold, and lapis lazuli.

Dating from about 2400 BC, they have the smooth perfection and idealized features of the classical period in Sumerian art.

Clay was the Sumerians' most abundant material. Stone, wood, and metal had to be imported.

Art was primarily used for religious purposes. Painting and sculpture was the main median used.

The famous votive stone/ marble sculptures from Tell Asmar represent tall, bearded figures with gigantic, staring eyes and long, pleated skirts.

Enlarged eyes were found on many figure

The tallest figure is about 30 inches in height. He represents the god of vegetation. The next tallest represents a mother goddess-mother goddesses were common in many ancient cultures. They were worshipped in the hope that they would bring fertility to women and to crops. (Another connection to

African culture.) Enlarged eyes were

found on many figure

This system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C. in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley, most likely by the Sumerians. The characters consist of arrangements of wedge-like strokes, generally on clay tablets. The history of the script is strikingly like that of the Egyptian hieroglyphic.

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Arsitektur & Seni

_{The detailed drawing above was made from tracing a}

photograph (from Campbell, Shepsut) of the temple vase found at Uruk/Warka, dating from approximately 3100 BCE. It is over one meter (nearly 4 feet) tall.

On the upper tier is a figure of a nude man that may possibly represent the sacrificial king. He approaches the robed queen Inanna. Inanna wears a horned headdress.

The Queen of Heaven stands in front of two looped temple poles or "asherah," phallic posts, sacred to the goddess. A group of nude priests bring gifts of baskets of gifts, including, fruits to pay her homage on the lower tier. This vase is now at the Iraq Museum in Bagdad.

"The Warka Vase, is the oldest ritual vase in carved stone discovered in ancient Sumer and can be dated to round about 3000 B.C. or probably 4th-3rd millennium B.C. It shows men entering the presence of his gods, specifically a cult goddess Innin (Inanna), represented by two bundles of reeds placed side by side symbolizing the entrance to a temple.

The Sumerian temple was a small brick house that the god was supposed to visit

periodically. It was ornamented so as to recall the reed houses built by the earliest

Sumerians in the valley. This house, however, was set on a brick platform, which became larger and taller as time progressed until the platform at Ur (built around 2100 BC) was 150

by 200 feet (45 by 60 meters) and 75 feet (23 meters) high. These Mesopotamian temple platforms are called ziggurats, a word derived

from the Assyrian ziqquratu, meaning "high." They were symbols in themselves; the ziggurat at Ur was planted with trees to make it represent a mountain. There the god visited

Earth, and the priests climbed to its top to worship.

Most cities were simple in structure, the ziggurat was one of the world's first great

architectural structures. White Temple and Ziggurat, Uruk (Warka), 3200 -3000 B.C.

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Arsitektur & Seni

This temple was

erected at Warka or

Uruk (Sumer),

probably about 300

B.C.It stood on a

brick terrace, formed

by the construction

of successive

buildings on the site

(the Ziggurat). The

top was reached by a

staircase. The temple

measured 22 x 17

meters (73 x 57 feet).

Access to the temple

was through three

doors, the main

located at its

southern side.