Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes

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Information Technology:

Hardware

Kudang B. Seminar, PhD

Abacus

• An abacus is a calculator used first by the Chinese since about 500 BC, for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as fractions and square root.

• The inventor is unknown. However, the abacus as we know it today did not appear in China until about 1200 A.D.

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Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes

• Vacuum Tubes

• Berfungsi

sebagai

penguat,

pengubah,

dan pencipta

sinyal elektrik

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ENIAC (

Electronic Numerical Integrator And

Computer

) 1946, Pennsylvania Univ.

Consisting of 17,468 vacuum tubes

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MARK I Computer 1949

–

Consisting of

1300 Vacuum Tubes

I/O Devices: Saklar, pita dan pencetak

• Manchester Mark I

• Havard Mark I

UNIVAC (

Universal Automatic Computer)

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IAS Computer Developed By John

Von Newmann at Princeton Univ.

1952

• 1st_General

Purpose Computer

• Consists of 23,000 vacuum tubes

• Used for solving complex applications: metereology, astonomy, hydrodynamic s, atomic weapons

• Consist of 3 sub-systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices

IBM 701 developed at 1952 by IBM President:

Thomas J. Watson, Jr.

• Known as the Defense Calculator while in development

• Publically announced in 1953.

• Known as IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines

• Consist of 3

sub-systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices

• Key to IBM's transition from punched-card machines to electronic computers.

• The first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series computers, including the 702, 704, 705 and 709.

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Generasi Komputer Dengan

Rangkaian

Terpadu

(

Integrated Circuit/IC

)

• Jack Kilby adalah penemu sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) yang sekarang digunakan untuk pembuatan

mikroprosesor komputer, ketika Kilby bekerja di Texas Instruments pada tahun 1958.

• Pada tahun 2000, Kilby mendapatkan penghargaan Nobel dalam bidang Fisika berkat penemuan sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) tersebut.

• Rangkaian terpadu yang terdiri dari ratusan/ribuan/jutaan komponen elektronik semi konduktor (transistor) yang dikemas dalam bentuk yang kompak dan ringan dalam bentuk chip, disebut juga micro-circuit,

microprocessor, atau slicon-chip.

• Melahirkan penemuan Mikroprosesor 4004 di tahun 1971.

IBM’s 7000 Series –

Generation of

Transitorized or Chip-Based Computers

• IBM 7010 - high end version of IBM 1410 -introduced in 1962

• IBM 7030 Stretch supercomputer -introduced in 1961

• IBM 7040- scientific - introduced in 1963

• IBM 7070- decimal - introduced in 1960

• IBM 7072- decimal - introduced in 1962

• IBM 7074- decimal - introduced in 1961; used by the U.S. Internal Revenue Servicein 1962

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• IBM 7080- commercial - introduced in 1961

• IBM 7094 II- scientific - introduced in 1964 •IBM 7090's at NASA's Project Mercury, 1962.

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PDP

(Programmed data

Processor)-

1 Computer

• Designed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)

• Built using chip technology.

• The entire computer occupies only 17 square feet of floor space.

MITS Altair 8800 Computer

• It was a microcomputer

designed in 1975.

• Produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS)

• based on theIntel 8080 CPU

• It is considered as 1st _PC

(Personal Computer)

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Jenis Komputer

• Mainframes (Super Computers)

• Minicomputers

• Microcomputers

Mainframes (Super Computer)

• Large in Physical Size

• Fast Computing Speed

• Large Memory Capacity

• Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs)

• Provides many connections to I/O devices

• Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server

• First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, IBM 360

• Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390,

• IBM 360

• Cray-2

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Minicomputers

• Mini physical size

• Fairly fast computing speed

• Fairly large memory capacity

• May consists of multiple CPU/processors

• Used for Library Otomation in since 1970

• First Generation: PDP-1, IBM AS/400

• Used as Computer Servers

• Current Generation: midrange systems(IBM

parlance), workstations(Sun Microsystemsand general UNIX/Linux parlance), HoneyWell 316, GEC 4000 Series, PDP-11

Microcomputers

• Micro physical size

• Slower computing speed

• Smaller memory capacity

• Mostly consists of single or can be 2 CPU/processors

• Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi front-end: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan Pengguna

• First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti XT, AT (286,386,486)

• Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop, PDA (personal Digital Assistant)

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Sistem Komputer

• Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional

secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti

keras (hardware), piranti lunak

(software), piranti data (dataware)

dan

aturan/standar (ruleware) untuk

melaksanakan program/komputasi

berbasis komputer.

• Notes: tidak termasuk manusia

(

brainware

) -> Berbeda dengan definisi

Pusnas.

Komponen Sistem Komputer

• Hardware: Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O).

• Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi, Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi

(Application Sofware).

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Hardware Resources

• I/O (Input/Output)

devices

• Processor

• Memory

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I/O Devices

• I/O Devices

:

to exchange data between

computer systems and external sources

• Input Devices

:

to enter data into a

computer system

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Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital

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Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices

• Kecepatan (Speed)

• Kemudahan (Ease of Use)

• Keandalan (Reliability)

• Obyektivitas & Akurasi

• Kesesuaian dengan jenis data

• Durasi (endurance)

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03/05/2013

Dies Natalis IPB 2001 28

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SENSORS WITH IN

GREENHOUSE

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0 10 20 30

0 300 600 900 1200

Time (seconds)

T Set point Voltage

Time (seconds)

H Set point Voltage

Voltage (v)

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3.5

Time (seconds)

L

Light Intensity Set point Opening Angle

Fin opening Angle

Light Intensity Control

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Weed detection for site-specific

weed management

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•HALOGEN

•LAMP •CHOPPER •MONOCHROMATOR

•INTEGRATING

•SPHERE

• MOTOR

•AMP.

•A/D

•COMPUTER

•DO

•CONT.

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BioControl Systems (BCS)

• BCS development efforts utilize five different types of bioelectric signals: Electrooculogram (EOG),

Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiogram (EKG), and Galvanic skin response (GSR)

• The essence of the biocontroller interface involves three processes: (1) bioelectric signal acquisition, (2) signal processing for pattern recognition or extraction of desired elements of the biosignal, and (3) mapping the results of the signal processing algorithm to some desired output code - which controls external

electronic devices.

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• Sortasi dengan mesin skala besar

•Teknologi

•Sortasi

• Digunakan pada industri besar

• Komputerisasi, mata elektronik

untuk mengimbangi jumlah objek

yang sangat besar

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Processors

the device unit that performs data processing

• High speed

: micro, mini, super computer

• Multiprocessors

: support processor,

coupled processor, parallel processor

• Execution time

: microsecond,

nanosecond, picosecond

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1971 1976

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Produksi Peta

dengan

Teknologi

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Profil kota Profil sumber air _{permukaan bumi}

Profil mineral bumi

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Memory

• Memory Internal (primary storage):

Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM

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Memory Features

• Internal:higher speed, lower storage capacity, volatile, expensive, required for program execution, fully electronic

• External:lower speed, higher storage capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term storage, mechatronic

• Measures:access speed & storage capacity (MByte, GByte, TByte)

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Form factor:

.5-1”4”5.7”

Storage: 18-73GB

Form factor:

.4-.7” 2.7” 3.9” Storage:

4-27GB

Form factor:

.2-.4” 2.1” 3.4” Storage:

170MB-1GB

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Storage Hierarchy

Cost

CPU, Reg

Cache

Memory

Secondary Storage

32-64 bits

4-128 words