Silabus Mata-Kuliah THI
Oleh: Hizkia Yosie Polimpungp
Part I
1. Historiography of IR Theorization: Two Approach—Debates and Turns
2. Contemporary Classic I: Realism and its evolution
3. Contemporary Classic II: Liberalism and its evolution
4. Rational Choice & Game Theory
5. Critical Turn: Critical Theory, Feminism, and Green Theory
6. Normative & Ethical turn: Citizenship between Cosmopolitanism & Communitarianism
7. Constructivist & Linguistic Turn: Constructivism and Postmodernism
8. UTS
Part II
9. Global Turn/Order I: International to World Society [English School Theory]
10.
Global Turn/Order II: Globalization to Governance [Liberal]
11.
Global Turn/Order III: Governmentality to Empire [Postmarxism]
12.
Political Turn: Bringing the political back in
13.
2
ndPostmodern /Aesthetic Turn: Photographic, Cinematic & Poetic IR theorizing
14.
Cultural & Religious Turn: Religious, Cultural & Pop IR theories
15.
Non-Western IR Theory; Beyond IR Theory?
N
O TOPIK & BACAAN POKOK BAHASAN
1 Pengantar: Historiograf THI: Pendekatan Debat Paradigma dan Peralihan Baca
an
Wajib
Ole Wæver, “Figures of international thought: introducing persons instead of paradigms” dalam I.B.Neumann and O. Wæver, peny., The Future of
International Relations: Masters in the Making (London, NY: Routledge, 1997)
Brian C. Schmidt, “On the History and Historiography of International Relations,” dalam W. Carlsnaes et.al., peny., Handbook of International Relations (London: SAGE, 2002)
Steve Smith, “The Self-Images of a Discipline: A
Genealogy of International Relations Theory,” dalam K. Booth & S. Smith, International Relations Theory Today (Pennsylvania: Penn. State Uni Press, 1995)
Memahami evolusi studi HI dari perdebatan antar teorisasi di dalamnya Penulisan sejarah Teori
HI
Empat The Great Debates Pendekatan peralihan
dalam memahami evolusi teorisasi HI
Selayang pandang perkuliahan
Rekom.
Brian Schmidt, “International Relations Theory:
Hegemony or Pluralism?” dan Steve Smith, “Debating Schmidt: Theoretical Pluralism in IR” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 36, 2, 2007.
Ken Booth, “Master-Debating in International Relations” dan Iver B. Neumann and Ole Wrever, “A Rejoinder to Ken Booth,” Millennium: Journal of lnternational Studies, 27, 1, 1998.
Alexander Astrov, “Who’s Afraid of Deconstruction? Post-debatism and Beyond,” Cooperation and Confiit, 38, 2, 2003, hal. 149–158.
Peter Wilson, “The myth of the ‘First Great Debate’” Review of International Studies, 1998.
of International Studies (2001), 27, 611–625
2
Contemporary Classic I: Realism and its evolution
Baca an
Wajib
Robert Jervis, “Realism in the Study of World Politics,” International Organization, 52, 4, (Autumn, 1998), hal. 971-991.
Kenneth N. Waltz, “Structural Realism after the Cold War,” International Seiurity, 25 (1) (Summer, 2000), hal. 5-41
Joseph M. Grieco, “Anarchy and the Limits of
Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism,” International Organization, 42, 3, (Summer, 1988), pp. 485-507.
William Wohlforth, “Realism and the End of the Cold War,” International Seiurity 19, 3 (Winter 1994/95), hal. 91-129.
Asumsi dan proposisi teoretik (neo)realism Teori Perimbangan
Kekuasaan
Keuntungan relatif Defensive vs. offensive
Realism
Kritik realisme neoklasik Implikasi realisme bagi
studi HI dan kebijakan luar negeri
Rekom.
Hans Morgenthau, Politiis Among Nations, Part 1. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politiis (Mass:
Addison-Waesley, 1979), Ch. 5 & 6
John Vasquez, The Power of Power Politiis: From Classiial Realism to Neotraditionalism (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press, 1999)
Caverley, J. D., “Power and Democratic Weakness:
Neoconservatism and Neoclassical Realism,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 38 (3), 2010, h. 593-614
3 Contemporary Classic II: Liberalism and its evolution Baca
an Wajib Michael W. Doyle, “Liberalism and World Politics,” The Ameriian Politiial Siienie Review, 80, 4 (Dec., 1986),
pp. 1151-1169
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Power and Interdependence revisited,” International Organization, 41, 4 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 725-753
Andrew Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” International Organization, 51, 4. (Autumn, 1997), pp. 513-553.
James N. Rosenau, Distant Proximities: Dynamiis Beyond Globalization (Princeton: Princeton Uni Press, 2003), Ch. 1 & 2.
Regime Theory/Neoliberal Institutionalism
Varian Neoliberalism (Sociological, commercial dan republican liberalism) Persamaan dan
perbedaan Neoliberalism dan Neorealism
Kritik New liberalism Moravscik
Reformulasi ilmiah atas teori liberalisme
Rekom.
Robert O. Keohane, Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World (London & NY: Routledge, 2002)
James N. Rosenau, The Study of World Politiis. Volume 1: theoretiial and methodologiial ihallenges (London & NY: Routledge, 2006)
Benjamin Miller, “Democracy Promotion: Offensive Liberalism versus the Rest (of IR Theory),” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 38, 3, 2010, pp. 561–591 Beate Jahn, “Liberal internationalism: from ideology to
empirical theory—and back again,” International Theory, 1, 3, 2009, hal. 409–438
4 Rational Choice & Game Theory Baca
an
Wajib
Rudolf Avenhaus & I. William Zartman, "Introduction: Formal Models of, in, and for International
Negotiations,"dalam R. Avenhaus & I.W. Zartman, peny., Diplomaiy Games: Formal Models and International Negotiations (Berlin: Springer, 2007)
Stephen M. Walt, “Rigor or Rigor Mortis?: Rational Choice and Security Studies,” International Seiurity, Vol.
Latar belakang
kemunculan teori rasional dalm teorisasi HI
Kontekstualisasi teorisasi rasional dan permainan HI
23, No. 4. (Spring, 1999), pp. 5-48.
Scott Gates and Brian D. Humes, Games, Information, and Politiis: Applying Game Theoretii Models to Politiial Siienie (Ann Arbor: Uni of Michigan Press, 1997), Ch. 2. George Ehrhardt, “Beyond the Prisoners’ Dilemma:
Making Game Theory a Useful Part of Undergraduate International Relations Classes,” International Studies Perspeitives, 9, 2008, hal. 57–74
pada proliferasi teori pilihan rasional
Model-model teori permainan
Rekom.
Miles Kahler, “Rationality in International Relations,” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, (Autumn, 1998), pp. 919-941.
Robert Jervis, “Realism, Game Theory, and Cooperation,” World Politiis, Vol. 40, No. 3. (Apr., 1988), pp. 317-349. Lisa L. Martin, “The Contributions of Rational Choice: A
Defense of Pluralism,” dalam Michael E. Brown dkk., peny., Rational Choiie and Seiurity Studies: Stephen Walt and His Critiis (Camb. Mass.: MIT Press, 2000)
5 Critical Turn: Critical Theory, Feminisme, dan Green Theory Baca
an Wajib Yosef Lapid, “The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era,”
International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3. (Sep., 1989), pp. 235-254.
Mark Rupert, “Globalising common sense: a Marxian-Gramscian (re-) vision of the politics of
governance/resistance,” Review of International Studies (2003), 29, 181–198
J Ann Tickner, “Gendering a Discipline: Some Feminist Methodological Contributions to International Relations,” Signs, 30, 4 (Summer, 2005)
Robyn Eckersley, “Green Theory,” dalam T. Dunne, M.
Latar belakang peralihan kritis dalam HI
Asumsi dasar & proposisi teoritik peralihan kritis. Debat Besar ketiga dalam
teorisasi HI Kritik idiologi
(kapitalisme dan
Kurki, S. Smith, peny., International Relations Theories: Disiipline and Diversity (Oxford: OUP, 2006)
Rekom.
Nicholas Rengger & Ben Thirkell-White, “Introduction: Still critical after all these years? The past, present and future of Critical Theory in International Relations,” Review of International Studies (2007), 33, 3–24 Steven C. Roach, “Critical International Theory and
Meta-Dialectics”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 35, 2, 2007, pp. 321-342
Richard Wyn Jones, Critiial Theory and World Politiis (Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2001)
Marysia Zalewski, Ann Tickner, Christine Sylvester, dkk. “Roundtable Discussion: Refections on the Past,
Prospects for the Future in Gender and International Relations,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 37, 1, 2008, pp. 153–179
Jane L. Parpart & Marysia Zalewski, peny., Rethinking the Man Question: Sex, Gender and Violenie in
International Relations (London, NY: Zed Books, 2008) Robyn Eckersley, The Green State: Rethinking
Demoiraiy and Sovereignty (Mass.: MIT Press, 2004) Thom Kuehls, “Theories of Ecopolitics: Machines,
Organisms, Cyborgs,” dalam Beyond Sovereign Territory: The Spaie of Eiopolitiis (Minneapolis: Uni of Minnesota Press, 1996)
6 Constructivist & Linguistic Turn: Constructivism, Postmodernism, Postcolonialism Baca
an Wajib Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2. (Spring, 1992), pp. 391-425.
Richard Devetak, “Theories, practices and
postmodernism in international relations,” Cambridge Review of International Afairs, 12: 2, hal. 61-76.
Karin M. Fierke, “Links across the Abyss: Language and Logic in International Relations,” International Studies Quarterly, 46, 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 331-354
Geeta Chowdhry, “Edward Said and Contrapuntal Reading: Implications for Critical Interventions in International Relations,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 36, 1, 2007, pp. 101-116. Emanuel Adler, “Seizing the Middle Ground:
Constructivism in World Politics,” European Journal of International Relations, 3(3), 1997, hal. 319-363.
Asumsi dasar & proposisi teoretik peralihan
linguistik
Asal-usul konstruktivisme Asumsi-asumsi dasar
konstruktivisme dan proposisi teoretiknya Strategi tekstual dan
diskursif
Rekom.
Stefano Guzzini and Anna Leander, peny.,
Construitivism and International Relations: Alexander Wendt and his iritiis (London, NY: Routledge, 2006) Jeffrey T. Checkel, “The Constructivist Turn in
International Relations Theory,” World Politiis, 50, 2 (Jan., 1998), pp. 324-348
James Der Derian, "The (S)pace of International
Relations: Simulation, Surveillance, and Speed," dalam idem., Critiial Praitiies in International Theory:
Seleited essays (London, NY: Routledge, 2009) Jim George, Disiourses of Global Politiis: A Critiial
(Re)Introduition to International Relations (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1994), Ch. 1 & 8.
7 Ethical & Normative Turn: Globalization, Cosmopolitanism & Communitarianism
Baca an
Wajib
Molly Cochran, “Cosmopolitanism: Rawlsian Approaches to International Distributive Justice,” dalam Normative Theory in International Relations: A Pragmatii Approaih (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press, 1999)
Molly Cochran, “Communitarianism: Michael Walzer and International Justice,” dalam Normative Theory in
International Relations: A Pragmatii Approaih (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press, 1999)
James Brassett, “Cosmopolitanism vs. Terrorism? Discourses of Ethical Possibility Before and After 7/7,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 36, 2, 2008, pp. 311-337
Arjun Appadurai, “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy,” Publii Culture, 2, 2 (Spring, 1990)
Asumsi dasar & proposisi teoretik
Kosmopolitanisme dan Komunitariannisme. Perdebatan etik &
normativitas dalam HI. Identitas/Perbedaan
dalam globalisasi.
Rekom.
Mervyn Frost, “A turn not taken: Ethics in IR at the Millennium,” Review of International Studies, 1998 Nicholas J. Rengger, “A City Which Sustains All Things?
Communitarianism and International Society,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 21, 3, 1992, 353
Andrew Linklater, Critiial Theory and World Politiis: Citizenship, sovereignty and humanity (London, NY: Routledge, 2007), ch. 7 & 8.
(Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press, 1999).
Farid Abdel-Nour, “An International Ethics of Evil?” International Relations, 18, 4, 2004, hal. 425–439.
8 Ujian Tengah Semester
9 Global Turn/Order I: International to World Society [English School Theory] Baca
an
Wajib
Hedley Bull, The Anarihiial Soiiety: A Study of Order in World Politiis, edisi ketiga (NY: Palgrave, 2002), Ch. 1. Barry Buzan, From International to World Soiiety?
English Sihool Theory and the Soiial Struiture of Globalisation (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press, 2004), Ch. 1 & 2
Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach, “Post-internationalism and IR Theory,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 35, 3, 2007, pp. 529-549
Mengembalikan studi HI ke studi tatanan dunia Dunia pasca-Westphalia:
Inter-nasional
Anarki, kedaulatan dan tata-dunia
Tantangan terhadap sistem negara-bangsa Negara-bangsa di era
kontemporer
Rekom.
Edward Keene, Beyond the Anarihiial Soiiety: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politiis (Cambridge: Cambrisge Uni Press, 2002), Ch. 5.
Nicholas J. Rengger, IR, Politiial Theory and the Problem of Order: Beyond IR Theory (London: Routledge, 2000), Ch. Introduction
Barry Buzan, “The English School: an underexploited resource in IR,” Review of International Studies, 27, (2001), hal. 471–488
Hendrik Spruyt, “Institutional Selection in International Relations: State Anarchy as Order,” International
Organization, 48, 4 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 527-557. Jenny Edkins & Maja Zehfuss, “Generalising the
10
Global Turn/Order II: Globalization to Governance [Liberal]
Baca an
Wajib
Samuel Huntington , The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1996), Ch. 1.
Francis Fukuyama, “End of History?” The National Interest (Summer 1989).
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Globalization: What's New? What's Not? (And So What?), Foreign Policy, No. 118 (Spring, 2000), pp. 104-119
James N. Rosenau, “Governance, order, and change in world politics,” dalam J.N. Rosenau & E-O Czempiel, Governanie without Government: Order and Change in World Politiis, (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press, 1992)
Tantangan era globalisasi kepada negara-bangsa Proliferasi aktor-aktor
non- & anti-negara Proliferasi entitas sub
nasional
Sistem tata-dunia “poliarki”
Pengaruh kapitalisme global pada global governanie
Rekom.
G. John Ikenberry, “The Liberal International Order and its Discontents,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 38, 3, 2010, pp. 509–521
David Held, “Restructuring Global Governance: Cosmopolitanism, Democracy and the Global Order,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 37, 3, 2009, pp. 535–547
James N. Rosenau, The Study of World Politiis, Vol. 2: Globalization and Governanie (London, NY: Routledge, 2006), Part I, III, IV.
Rodney Bruce Hall and Thomas J. Biersteker, peny., The Emergenie of Private Authority in Global Governanie (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press, 2002), Ch. 1, 2, 6, 10.
Baca an
Wajib
Robert W. Cox, “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10, 2, 1981, hal. 126-155.
Wendy Larner and William Walters, peny., Global Governmentality: Governing International Spaies (London: Routledge, 2004), Ch. Intro.
Suhail Malik, “Global Sovereignty,” Theory, Culture & Soiiety 23(2–3), 2006, hal. 512-17.
Michael Hardt & Antonio Negri, Empire (Mass.: Harvard Uni Press, 2000), Preface-Part 1.
Philip G. Cerny, Rethinking World Politiis: A Theory of Transnational Neopluralismax (Oxford: Oxord Uni Press, 2010), Ch. 1 & 9.
Latar belakang perlaihan global: kapitalisme & unilateralisme AS. Rasionalitas politik
tatanan dunia kontemporer: governmentality
Penataan seluruh aspek kehidupan dan keseharian Konstelasi aktor/kekuatan dalam tatanan imperium global
Rekom.
David Chandler, “The Global Ideology: Rethinking the Politics of the ‘Global Turn’ in IR,” International Relations, 23(4), 2009, hal. 530–547
Stephen Gill, Power and Resistanie in the New World Order, edisi kedua & revisi (NY: Palgrave, 2008), Ch. 7. Ole Jacob Sending and Iver B. Neumann, “Governance to
Governmentality; Analyzing NGOs, States, and Power,” International Studies Quarterly, 50, 2006, hal. 651–672 Ronnie D.Lipschutz with James K.Rowe, Globalization,
Governmentality and Global Politiis: Regulation for the rest of us (London, NY: Routledge, 2005),Ch 1.
Robert A. Denemark , World System History: Frank, Arrighi and the Way Forward. Paper for presentation at the annual meeting of the International Studies
12
Political Turn: Bringing the political back in
Baca an
Wajib
Jenny Edkins, Poststruituralism and International
Relations: Bringing the Politiial Baik In (London: Lynne Rienner, 1999), ch. 1.
Giorgio Agamben, Homo Saier: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, terj. Daniel Heller-Roazer (California: Stanford Uni Press, 1998), part 3.
Michael Hard & Antonio Negri, Commonwealth (Mass.: Harvard Uni Press, 2009), Preface-Part 1.
Ronnie Lipschutz, with James K. Rowe, Globalization, Governmentality and Global Politiis. Regulation for the rest of us (NY: Routledge, 2005), ch 1 & 8.
Latar belakang dan konteks peralihan politis dalam teorisasi HI
Kritik praktik kedaulatan dalam kuliah-kuliah Michel Foucault Unilateralisme &
eksepsionalisme AS Politik vs. Yang-Politis Biopolitik,
Governmentality, dan the Common
Rekom.
Jenny Edkins, Trauma and Memory of Politiis (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Press, 2003), ch. 1. Michael Dillon & Julian Reid, “Global Liberal
Governance: Biopolitics, Security and War,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 30, 1, 2001, hal. 41-66. Jodi Dean, “The Networked Empire: Communicative
Capitalism and the Hope for Politics,” dalam P. A. Passavant & J. Dean, peny., Empire's New Clothes: Reading Hardt & Negri (NY: Routledge, 2004), ch 13 Michel Foucault, Soiiety Must Be Defended: Leitures at
the College de Franie, 1975-1976, terj. David Macey (NY: Picador, 2003), ch 2.
13 2nd Postmodern /Aesthetic Turn: Photographic, Cinematic & Poetic IR theorizing
Baca an
Wajib
Roland Bleiker, “The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 30, 3, 2001, pp. 509-533
Michael J. Shapiro, “The New Violent Cartography,” Seiurity Dialogue, 38, 3, 2007, hal. 291–313
Mark J. Lacy, “War, Cinema, and Moral Anxiety,”
Alternatives: Global, Loial, Politiial, 28, 2003, hal. 611-36.
Prem Kumar Rajaram, “Disruptive writing and a critique of territoriality,” Review of International Studies (2004), 30, 201–228
Gerard Holden, “Cinematic IR, the Sublime, and the Indistinctness of Art,” Millennium: Journal of
International Studies, 34, 3, 2006, pp. 793-818
abstraksi THI: mimetis dan estetis.
Gaya analisis dan aesthetiial sourie Teorisasi HI melalui
artifak kultural (foto, flm, puisi, sastra, dst)
Kebaruan dan dimensi politis teori-teori estetis HI.
Rekom.
Roland Bleiker, “Poetic World Politics,” dalam Aesthetii and World Politiis (London: Palgrave, 2009), Ch. 4-7. Gerard Holden, “World Literature and World Politics: In
Search of a Research Agenda,” Global Soiiety, Vol. 17, No. 3, July, 2003
Heather Johnson, Let us start from that: Aesthetiis in International Relations. Makalah pada Konferensi International Studies Association, San Fransisco, 2008. Emma Hutchison, “Trauma and the Politics of Emotions:
Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing,” International Relations, 24(1), 2010, hal. 65–86
Neta C. Crawford, “The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships,” International Seiurity, Vol. 24, No. 4. (Spring, 2000), pp. 116-156.
14 Cultural & Religious Turn: Religious, Cultural & Pop IR theories Baca
an Wajib Stephen Chan, “Writing Sacral IR: An Excavation Involving Küng, Eliade, and Illiterate Buddhism,”
Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29, 3, 2000, pp. 565-589
Mika Luoma-aho, “Political Theology,
Anthropomorphism, and Person-hood of the State: The Religion of IR,” International Politiial Soiiology, 3, 2009, hal. 293–309
Morten Valbjørn, Culture and IR – Culture in IR: Ignoring, introduiing, up-dating or forgetting the ioniept of iulture in International Relations. Paper prepared for 45th Annual ISA Convention Montreal, Quebec, Canada March 2004
Iver B. Neumann and Daniel H. Nexon, “Introduction: Harry Potter and the Study of World Politics,” dalam idem, peny., Harry Potter & International Relations (Maryland: Lowman & Littlefeld, 2006)
Konteks peralihan
kultural & relijius dalam teorisasi HI.
Identitas/perbedaan: keliyanan (otherness) dalam konstruksi identitas.
Kontribusi pemikiran kebudayaan dan agama dalam teorisasi HI
Rekom.
Vendulka Kubálková, “Towards an International Political Theology,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29, 3, 2000, pp. 675-704
Pavlos Hatzopoulos and Fabio Petito, Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile (NY: Palgrave, 2003)
Angela Bee McCracken, Being diferent: Contesting gendered norms through globalizing youth
iounteriultures? Paper Presented International Studies Annual Convention, New York, 2009
Jutta Weldes, peny., To Seek Out New Worlds: Siienie Fiition and World Politiis (London: Palgrave, 2003), Ch. 1.
15 Non-Western IR Theory; Beyond IR Theory? Baca
an
Wajib
Amitav Acharya and Barry Buzan, peny., Non-Western International Relations Theory: Perspeitives on and beyond Asia (London, NY: Routledge, 2010), ch. 1.
Jeremy Paltiel, “Mencius and World Order Theories,” The Chinese Journal of International Politiis, 3, 2010, 37–54 See Seng Tan, “Can Asians Theorize?” Refeitions on the
Debate over the Plaie of Theory in Asian International Relations. Makalah pada Konferensi International Studies Association 2006.
John M. Hobson, “Is critical theory always for the white West and for Western imperialism? Beyond Westphilian towards a post-racist critical IR,” Review of International Studies, 33, 2007, 91–116\
Douglas A. Van Belle, “Dinosaurs and the Democratic Peace: Paleontological Lessons for Avoiding the
Extinction of Theory in Political Science,” International Studies Perspeitives, 7, 2006, 287–306.
Refeksi teorisasi-teorisasi HI dalam konteks ke-Indonesia-an.
THI non-Barat (ada kah?) Prospek teorisasi HI di
Indonesia
Rekom.
Edward Said, Orientalism (NY: Vintage Books, 1978), Ch. Intro.
Stephen Chan, “Beyond the north-west: Africa and the east,” dalam A.J.R. Groom & Margot Light, peny.,
Contemporary International Relations: A Guide to Theory
(London, NY: Pinter, 1994)
Ole Waever, “The Sociology of a Not So International Discipline: American and European Developments in International Relations,” International Organization, 52, 4, (Autumn, 1998), pp. 687-727.
1988)