KLASIFIKASI MIKROORGANISME

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KLASIFIKASI

MIKROORGANISME

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Taksonomi

Ilmu yang mempelajari teori klasifikasi yang mencakup dasar prinsip serta aturan klasifikasi

Klasifikasi

Praktek taksonomi yaitu proses penataan organisme ke dalam suatu kelompok (takson)

berdasarkan hubungan kemiripan (similaritas) atau hubungan kekerabatan (evolusioner)

Sifat2 biokimia,

filogenetik,

Fisiologi

Genetik

morfologi

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Sejarah Klasifikasi

Carl Linnaeus (1735 M)

 Dunia Plantae (tumbuhan)

 Dunia Animalia (hewan) Ernst Haeckel (1866)

 Dunia Plantae

 Dunia Animalia

 Dunia Protista

Herbert Copeland (1956)

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Monera R.H. Whittaker

(1969)

Dunia Monera

Dunia Protista

Dunia Fungi

Dunia Plantae

Dunia Animalia

Carl Richard Woese (1977)

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Mycota (dunia jamur)

Kingdom Eubacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

 Kingdom Animalia

 Kingdom Plantae

 Kingdom Protista (protozoa)

 Kingdom Chromista

 Kingdom Eumycota

 Kingdom Eubacteria

 Kingdom Archaebacteria

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

Kriteria klasifikasi:

Spora atau Flagella

Hasil pewarnaan Gram

Pigmen spesifik

Aktifitas protein

Reaksi immunologi

Reaksi biokimia

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27/02/2012 Masdiana Padaga

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Dasar klasifikasi:

Aristoteles ( 400 SM – 1800-an) : kenampakan morfologi luar

E. Haeckel (1866): morfologi (mikroskopis) dan fisiologi

E. Chatton (1937) : struktur organisasi interna sel (prokaryotik &

eukaryotik)

R.H. Whittaker (1969) : organisasi internal sel;

nutrisi; struktur organisasi selular

Carl. Woese (1978) : molekul RNA ribosomal (biologi molekular)

16S rRNA (Arkhaea & Bakteria) 18S rRNA (Eukarya)

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Sistem klasifikasi:



Fenetik: berdasarkan kemiripan sifat



Filogenetik: berdasarkan hubungan

evolusi

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Pendekatan/Metode klasifikasi:

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Klasifikasi klasik monotetik

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Klasifikasi numerik-fenetik- politetik (berdasarkan kesamaan morfologi)



Klasifikasi kimiawi (khemotaksonomi)

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Klasifikasi molekular (taksonomi molekular)



Klasifikasi polifasik

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1. Conventional Classification

Major characteristics used in conventional classification:

Cell shape

Cell size

Colonial morphology

Ultrastructural characteristics

Staining behaviour

Mechanism of motility

Cellular inclusions

Carbon & nitrogen sources

Cell wall

constituents

Energy sources

Fermentation products

Growth temperature optimum & range

Osmotic tolerance

Oxygen

relationships

pH optimum &

growth range

Sensitivity to

metabolic inhibitors

& antibiotics

Feature:

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2. Adansonian or Numerical Classification



Numerical taxonomy, the use of computers.



A large number of biochemical, morphological and cultural chara-

cteristics are used to determine the

degree of similarity between organisms (similarity matris) and conversion to

dendogram (phenogram)

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3. Phylogenetic Classification



An evolutionary arrangement of species.



Sharing a recent ancestor as in plants and animals (fossil records)

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In bacteria?

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Possible by Molecular Methods

Genetic Homology:

Base composition (GC ratio)

Nucleic acid hybridisation.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis (16 S rRNA dan 18 S rRNA)

Protein profiles and amino acid sequences

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Tree of Life: Three Domain

Carl. Woese (1978)

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Types of Eukaryotes

Protozoa Algae

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 Unicellular eukaryote

 Absorb or ingest organic chemicals

 May move using pseudopods, cilia or flagella

 e.g. Amoeba

 Unicellular/multicellular eukaryote

 Has cellulose cell walls

 Gain energy through photosynthesis

 Produce molecular and organic compounds

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Fungi (singular: Fungus)

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Eukaryotes



Chitin cell walls



Use organic chemicals for energy



Molds and mushrooms

are multicellular, consists of mycelia (composed of filaments called hyphae)

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Yeasts are unicellular

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Most Species of Eubacteria may be Grouped Based on Staining

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Gram-Negative

Lack thicker layer of peptidoglycan

Stain pink

Endotoxins

 Gram-Positive

Thicker layer of peptidogycan

Stain purple

Exotoxins (released when bacteria die)

Gram- negative Gram-positive

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Viruse s

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 Too small to be observed with light microscope

 Consists of DNA/RNA core

 Core is surrounded by protein coat

 Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

 Viruses are replicated only when they are in living host cell

 Bacteriophage-viruses that infect bacteria

 Viroids-nucleic acid without protein coating

 Prions- Infectious protenacious particles

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Taxonomy

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Domain

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Kingdom

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Phylum

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Class

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Order

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Family

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Genus

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species

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Klasifikasi dan Hierarki Taksonomis:

Hierarki Taksonomis

Dom ain Eukarya Bakteria Arkhaea

Dunia Plantae Bakteria Arkhaea

Phylum Anthophyta Proteobacteria Crenarcheota

Classis Monocotyledoneae Gamma Proteobacteria Thermoprotei

Ordo Commelinales Enterobacteriales Sulfolobales

Familia Poaceae Enterobacteriaceae Sulfolobaceae

Genus Zea Salmonella Sulfolobus

Species Zea mays S. dysenteriae Slf. Metallicus

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Practical taxonomy

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia Ricketsiaceae

Spirochetales - Spirochetes, Leptospira, Borrelia Mycobacterium

Nocardia , Actinomycetes,

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia Ricketsiaceae

Spirochetales - Spirochetes, Leptospira, Borrelia Mycobacterium

Nocardia , Actinomycetes,

Miscellanous bacteria Miscellanous bacteria

P e p t o s t r e p t o c o c c u s P e p t o c o c c u s

S a r c in a R u m in o c o c c u s

a n a e r o b ic

G e m e lla P e d io c o c c u s L e u c o n o s t o c L a c o t o c o c c u s S t a p h y lo c o c c u s

M ic r o c o c c u s S t r e p t o c o c c u s

E n t e r o c o c c u s a e r o b ic G + c o c c i

N o n - s p o r e P r o p io n ib a c t e r iu m

M o b ilu n c u s B ifid o b a c t e r iu m C lo s t r id iu m - s p o r e

a n a e r o b ic

L is t e r ia E r y s ip e lo t r ix

G a r d n e r e lla B a c illu s C o r y n e b a c t e r iu m A r c a n o b a c t e r iu m R h o d o c o c c u s

a e r o b ic G r a m + r o d s

G r a m p o s it iv e

V e illo n e lla M e g a s p h o e r a

a n a e r o b ic

N e is s e r ia M o r a x e lla B r a n h a m e lla

a e r o b ic G - c o c c i

H a e m o p h ilu s L e g io n e lla B a r t o n e lla E ik e n e lla . . .

B o r d e t e lla P a s t e u r e lla F r a n c is c e lla B r u c e lla E N T E R O B A C T E R I A C E A

N O N F E R M E N T E R S P s e u d o m o n a s

A c in e t o b a c t e r S t e n o t r o fo m o n a s . . . .

V ib r io n a c e a e C a m p y lo b a c t e r

H e lic o b a c t e r a e r o b ic

L e p t o t r ic h a W o lin e lla B a c t e r o id e s P o r p h y r o m o n a s

P r e v o t e lla F u s o b a c t e r iu m

a n a e r o b ic G - r o d s

lG r a m n e g a t iv e B a c t e r ia

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• Linnaeus system for scientific nomenclature

• Each organism has two names:

1) Genus

2) Specific epithet

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Naming and Classifying

microorganisms

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Bacterial Taxonomy Based on Bergey’s Manual



Bergey’s Manual of Determinative

Bacteriology – five volume resource covering all known procaryotes

classification based on genetic information – phylogenetic

two domains: Archaea and Bacteria

five major subgroups with 25 different phyla

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Major Groups of Bacteria

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Vol 1A: Domain Archaea

primitive, adapted to extreme habitats and modes of nutrition

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Vol 1B: Domain Bacteria

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Vol 2-5:

Phylum Proteobacteria – Gram-negative cell walls

Phylum Firmicutes – mainly Gram-positive with low G + C content

Phylum Actinobacteria – Gram-positive with high G + C content

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Tatanama (Nomenklatur):

International Code of Bacterial Nomenclature (Sneath, 1992).

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al., 1994)

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride et al., 1985)

Sistem binomial: nama spesies terdiri dari dua kata

Bahasa Latin atau diperlakukan sebagai bahasa Latin

Nama genus : diawali dengan huruf kapital e.g.

Bacillus

Penunjuk spesies : ditulis dengan huruf kecil e.g.

subtilis

Nama spesies : Bacillus subtilis

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Scientific Names

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Italicized or underlined.

The genus is capitalized, and the specific epithet is with lowercase

Could be as an honor for the scientist

A Latin origin

e.g. Escherichia coli (E. coli)

- discoverer: Theodor Escherich

- describes the habitat (colon/intestine)

e.g. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) - Clustered (staphylo), spherical (cocci) - Gold colored colonies (aureus)

In

intestine

On skin

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Binomial Nomenclature

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Examples: Escherichia coli, E. coli, Escherichia spp., and

“the genus Escherichia”

The genus name (Escherichia) is always capitalized The species name (coli) is never capitalized

The species name is never used without the genus name (e.g., coli standing alone, by itself, is a mistake!)

The genus name may be used without the species

name (e.g., Escherichia may stand alone, though when doing so it no longer actually describes a species)

When both genus and species names are present, the genus name always comes first (e.g., Escherichia coli, not coli Escherichia)

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Binomial Nomenclature

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Both the genus and species names are always italicized (or underlined)—always underline if writing binomials by hand

The first time a binomial is used in a work, it must be

spelled out in its entirety (e.g., E. coli standing alone in a manuscript is not acceptable unless you have already written Escherichia coli in the manuscript)

The next time a biniomial is used it may be abbreviated (e.g., E. for Escherichia) though this is done typically only when used in combination with the species name (e.g., E. coli)

The species name is never abbreviated

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Terima kasih

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